Economic self-reliance and China's development: changing perspectives

This article investigates China's market reforms and rapid economic development from the late 1970s. The following questions are posed: (1) How did the Chinese ‘peasant revolution’ and the rural policies and institutions of Mao China influence the market reforms and subsequent economic development? (2) How does China's development after the market reforms relate to Marxist and Polanyian notions of proletarization and commodification of land and labour as preconditions of capitalist development? (3) To what extent and why does China's development after the market reforms diverge from East Asian growth with equity? (4) How does China's ‘decentralized developmental state’ influence its growth model and distribution? (5) The present Chinese government tries to promote greater equality and more domestic consumption. Is this a Polanyian ‘double movement’ in response to commodification of land and labour? How likely are these policies to succeed? These questions are addressed through historical–comparative analyses with comparisons of long-term rural dynamics of Mao China and the former Soviet Union. China after the market reforms is compared with England during its transition to agrarian capitalism and industrial capitalism from the sixteenth century through the early nineteenth century and with Taiwan and South Korea from the late 1940s until the 1980s.

Problems of China’s Rural Labor Markets and Rural-Urban Migration* Belton M. Fleisher Ohio State University and Dennis Tao Yang Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Center for China in the World Economy, Tsinghua University October 2005 * We would like to thank Nicholas Hope, John Pencavel, Xiaojun Wang, and participants in Stanford conference on China’s Market Reforms and 2004 Chinese Economists Society meetings for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper.

This paper investigates the impact of technical trade barriers on various aspects of China's economic development, such as enterprise innovation and product exports, based on the research findings of existing scholars. Overall, the influence of technical trade barriers on China's development is more adverse than beneficial. Although there is evidence suggesting that technical trade barriers in China can to some extent promote the development of innovation capabilities in certain enterprises, the comprehensive data analysis indicates that technical trade barriers impede the overall development of Chinese enterprises. Therefore, it is imperative for China to enhance its capabilities in specific areas to partially counteract the impact of technical trade barriers on the export of Chinese products by enterprises and promote China's economic development to some extent. Analyzing technical trade barriers is instrumental in understanding trade patterns, guiding technological innovation, and addressing risks and challenges from various sources, thereby fostering economic development.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which are indispensable in China’s economic development are the main body of China's market economy and the backbone of market economic development. With the continuous development of China's market economy, more and more SMEs have stepped into the "deep water" of economic activities, but a series of problems have come along, such as "small but beautiful", "small but special" and "small but not fine". At present, China's market competition is becoming increasingly fierce, but there are still many problems in the production and operation of domestic SMEs, resulting in more negative impacts. Therefore, this study is an in-depth analysis of the problems in the cost control process of SMEs, which is of great significance to improve the business quality of SMEs. This paper mainly analyzes and discusses the optimal countermeasures for cost control in SMEs in the new era.

Digital marketing is the main marketing method and development trend of enterprises in the era of digital economy. The study of digital marketing is of great significance to the practice of digital economy in China. This paper takes the digital marketing papers published by CNKI database from 2012 to 2022 as the research object, analyzes the authors, publishing institutions and keywords, shows the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and research hotspots of digital marketing research in China, and tracks the most cutting-edge research issues by the CiteSpace tool to draw a visual knowledge graph. The development momentum of digital marketing in China is good, but it needs to be strengthened the cooperative relationship between authors and institutions. The research hot topic is mainly the strategy research in different fields, which needs to be further deepened. The focus of future research is mainly on community, intelligence, diversification and virtual reality.

With China ’s rapid economic development, energy is consumed in a large amount at the same time. It is difficult to achieve sustainable development in the long-term extensive use of energy. Changing the use of energy and developing new energy technologies can not only ease the current energy supply problem in China, but also contribute to the development of circular economy in china. The best path for new energy development is an important guarantee for the development of circular economy, through the use of new energy technologies to achieve sustainable development goals and improve the quality of circular economy, This paper combines the research and application of new energy technologies in the development of China's circular economy to find the problems in the development and use of new energy technologies: insufficient government policy support, lack of talents in the development of new energy technologies, and lack of research and development and innovation capabilities in new energy technologies. Practical solutions are proposed: perfecting policies and regulations, cultivating new energy technology talents through multiple channels, improving independent research and development and innovation capabilities, finding the best path for China's new energy development, accelerating the upgrade of new energy technologies and thus promoting China's development of a circular economy.

What Have Caused the Disorders in China's Market Economy? A Moral and Cultural Analysis Framework in Comparative Perspectives

World economic recession caused by the subprime mortgage crisis is still continuing. China, as an emerging market economy, has also been affected. Although its main financial sectors such as banking, securities, and insurances, have not been troubled directly, the real economy related sectors including the foreign trade production and social consumption, have been influenced severely. Since the beginning of last year, a great number of enterprises and factories have been going bankrupt or shut down, and it seems the situation is getting worse at this moment. China is the largest market in the world. The 30 years’ rapid economic development since the implementation of reform and open door policy in 1978 has made Chinese market system more perfect day by day. China has accumulated huge and abundant national asset and wealth, which is the fundamental element for China to face the challenges and overcome the influence of financial crisis and the world’s economic recession. However, the problem lies in the fact of the weak Chinese financial system itself: the financial openness is in its infancy and seriously lacking innovation. Furthermore, Chinese financial market remains relatively closed and opaque, it also fails to make full use of global resources or claim rights of asset pricing in the world market. In some sense, the conservative and less developed financial market in China has blocked the direct impacts of the world financial crisis on China’s economy.

Pacific ViewpointVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 51-60 ArticleFree Access Some Geographical Implications of the Revolution in Education in China C. K. Leung, C. K. LeungSearch for more papers by this authorT. N. Chiu, T. N. ChiuSearch for more papers by this author C. K. Leung, C. K. LeungSearch for more papers by this authorT. N. Chiu, T. N. ChiuSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.151005Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Ch’ien Chunjui, 1950, “General Policy of Present Educational Construction”, People’s Education, Nos. 1 and 2. 2Chin, Steve, S. K., “The Essence of Development of Marxism-Leninism by Mao Tsetung — The Methods of Thought and the Methods of Work of Dialectical Materialism” (unpublished). 3China News Summary, 1973, “The Debate over College Enrolment Hots up”, No. 480. 4Current Scene, 1971, 9, 6 (June 7) and 9, 9 (Sept.). 5Current Scene, 1972, 10, 7 (July). 6Davis, Kingsley, 1968, “The Urbanization of the Human Population”, in Gerald Breese (Ed.), The City in Newly Developing Countries, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 7Emerson, John P., 1971, “ Manpower Training and Utilization of Specialized Cadrer, 1949-68”, in John W Lewis. ( Ed.), The City in Communist China, University Press, Stanford. 8Freedman, Ronald, 1964, “ Cityward Migration, Urban Ecology and Social Theory”, in E. W. Burgess and D. J. Bogue (Eds), Contributions to Urban Sociology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 9Hawkins, John N., 1971, Educational Theory in the People’s Republic of China: The Report of Ch’ien Chunjui, University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii. 10Kindleberger, Charles P., 1965, Economic Development, McGraw-Hill, New York. 11McGee, T. G., 1971, The Urbanization Process in the Third World, Bell, London. 12Tobin, James, 1973, “The Economy of China: a Tourist View”, Economic Impact, No. 3. 13Ullman, M. B., 1961, Cities of Mainland China: 1953-1959, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Series P-95, No. 95, Washington D.C. 14Yuan Tien H., 1964, “The Demographic Significance of Organized Population Transfers in Communist China”, Demography, Nov., pp. 220– 226. Citing Literature Volume15, Issue1May 1974Pages 51-60 ReferencesRelatedInformation

China has adopted economic reform and an open door policy and decided to establish a socialist market economy, which has not only strengthened her economic power and accelerated her modernization process, but also promoted her educational development and reform. The development of MBA graduate education in China is a very good example of this. However, it has taken quite a long time for the MBA program to receive attention from government, industry, business circles, colleges and universities and people from all walks of life. On the one hand, the development of the MBA program in China shows that the economic reform and modernization process have had a great effect on the demand for qualified personnel; on the other hand, the MBA program suits the design of China's market economic system and promotes China's social and economic development.

The Triumph of Democratic Capitalism--Without the Democracy and the Capitalism Michael S. Sherry (bio) John Lewis Gaddis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. x + 425 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. $30.00. John Lewis Gaddis has written a provocative update of a familiar view of Cold War history. Virtues of his earlier work reappear here: a keen ability to structure materials and stories, an impressive volume of primary and secondary sources that support but do not intrude on his account, a sharp analytical eye for the calculations of leaders, a richly detailed narrative, a competent if rarely soaring prose style. This is high-quality scholarship. What separates it from his earlier work is his use in English translation of the “substantial inundation” (p. vii) of sources from the “‘other side’” (p. vii) that has emerged in the 1990s. What “We Now Know,” Gaddis suggests, is what defenders of American policy have claimed since the Cold War began: the Soviets, in particular Stalin, caused it. “Would there have been a Cold War without Stalin? Perhaps. Nobody in history is indispensable.” But after 1945 Stalin’s “characteristics” were unique. “He alone pursued personal security by depriving everyone else of it. . . . He alone had transformed his country into an extension of himself. . . . He alone saw war and revolution as acceptable means with which to pursue ultimate ends” (p. 25). At least at the Cold War’s start, the United States erred only through excessive caution, not undue provocation. Echoing Republican charges against Democratic presidents, Gaddis wonders “what would have happened had the West tried containment earlier. To the extent that it bears partial responsibility for the coming of the Cold War, the historian Vojtech Mastny has argued, that responsibility lies in its failure to do just that” (p. 31). Gaddis appears to make Mastny’s claim his own. To be sure, this familiar view of the Cold War is given fresh, complex treatment. Stalin, whose monstrousness Gaddis details and emphasizes, is no cardboard figure. For example, Gaddis finds evidence that Stalin authorized Kim Il-sung to attack the South in 1950. But Stalin did so because he was playing and trapped in a complicated game of challenges and weaknesses carried on also by Kim and Mao Zedong—some of the juiciest material here [End Page 531] details the personal meetings and negotiations involving these three grasping rulers. Stalin was also cautious about the Soviet role in the Korean War—clever at having North Koreans and Chinese (and United Nations forces) bear its brunt, careful not to provoke the Truman administration too much, as attuned as Harry Truman and his advisers to the benefits and perils of controlled escalation and limited conflict. No mere ruthless calculator of risk, however, Stalin, like Mao and Nikita Khrushchev, also fell prey to “ideological romanticism” (p. 291), which often led aging rulers to fawn over and misjudge younger revolutionary upstarts like Fidel Castro. Indeed, saying that Stalin caused the Cold War does not keep Gaddis from finding caution, foolishness, and wisdom on both sides. In a typically balanced judgment, this one on American success in overthrowing Guatemala’s Arbenz regime in 1954, he concludes: “The CIA’s intervention was a massive overreaction to a minor irritant” (p. 178). Likewise, he describes an “ambitiously ill-conceived campaign” by American leaders in the early 1960s “somehow to ‘immunize’ the modernization process in Asia, Africa, and Latin America against the possibility that Marxism-Leninism might infect it” (p. 189). Exploring the scale and dangers of the nuclear arms race, he finds Khrushchev more impetuous and less wise than President Dwight Eisenhower, but sees both acquiring hard-won wisdom in the face of technological revolution. In that evenhanded vein, Gaddis offers a fascinating final chapter on the Cuban missile crisis, amid which Khrushchev instructed a trigger-happy Castro, “we are not struggling against imperialism in order to die” (p. 277). Gaddis is also convincing about how the tail often wagged the dog in the Cold War, as when West Germany’s Konrad Adenauer and East Germany’s Walter Ulbricht guided or manipulated Washington and Moscow. In fact, various attractive and malign qualities are doled out...

Preface China at the Death of Mao China in Transition How China's Market Reform Began A Bird in the Cage: Market Reform Under Socialism Growing out of Socialism: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics From Capitalism to Capitalisms

In the early 1990s, leaders allowed market liberalization to proceed in food markets. During this time, markets burgeoned with grain. Faced with tight budgets, leaders saw an opportunity to make the economy more efficient and at the same time reduce government fiscal obligations. Urban grain reforms phased out rationing and provided incentives for city grain retailers, who had been ration shop bureaucrats, to engage actively in market trade (Watson). These policy shifts were closely followed by a series of rural marketing reforms, and, for the first time in many decades, transactions among private and commercialized traders accounted for most of the movement of China's food. While the initial implementation of liberalization policies was considered by most to be successful (Chen 1994b), during the rapid food price inflation in 1994 officials attempted to reverse some of the reforms. A perception of loss of control over agricultural commodity circulation has led to a reassessment of the progress of China's market reform program (Duan). Policy makers and academics have vigorously debated the reasons for successes and failures of the liberalization of food markets and the implications for future policy reform. Some argue that the recent breakdown in agricultural pricing policy calls into question the commitment the government should make to re-

Despite the significant political, economic and geographical diversity in China, there is limited research on spatial differences in intergenerational mobility in China. This research aims to fill this gap by exploring the spatial and temporal dimensions of intergenerational educational mobility in China. The data used for the analysis is the 2010–2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a nationally representative longitudinal general social survey. The analysis incorporates both relative and absolute mobility measures to provide a comprehensive description of intergenerational educational mobility. The results reveal substantial regional differences in intergenerational educational mobility across various economic zones in China, with a rising geographic inequality over time. The southwest and northeast regions stand out as the areas where the educational prospects of the young generation have become not only bleaker but dependent more on their parents. Additionally, this study presents the first education Great Gatsby Curve for China, highlighting the strong relationship between intergenerational mobility and education inequality at the regional level, particularly after China's market reform. The findings highlight the need for regionally targeted policies and levelling up agendas to promote educational opportunities in low‐mobility regions.

This article examines the economic performance of Hong Kong's creative industries. It describes the intermittent growth and economic slowdown of the industries, and, on the other hand, reveals the strategies of the industry sector in penetrating the regional markets of China. By consolidating its financial support to the development of cultural industries in China and/or by extending economic collaboration with the fast-growing economic regions of the mainland, Hong Kong's creative industries demonstrate great flexibility in adapting themselves to the fast-changing scene of the cultural economies in China. Although market barriers remain strong in the mainland market, there is a growing and ever-lasting economic division of labour, as shown in animation and film industries, between Hong Kong and major Chinese cities, which sheds light on the future of Hong Kong's creative sector in the Chinese market.