Efficient Conditional Privacy Preservation With Mutual Authentication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

It is a challenging issue to provide a secure and conditional anonymous authentication scheme in vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) with low storage space and computational cost. In 2008, Lu et al. proposed a conditional privacy preservation scheme called efficiency conditional privacy preservation (ECPP) protocol. The ECPP protocol provides conditional privacy preservation to vehicles in VANETs. That is, on one hand vehicles can achieve anonymous authentication in the network, on the other hand, allow to be traced and revoked if necessary. However, ECPP scheme suffers from high computational cost and large storage. In this scheme, an improved protocol based on the concept of ECPP protocol has been proposed to achieve more efficiency conditional privacy preservation (MECPP) scheme in VANETs. Comparing with ECCP, the computational cost of the proposed scheme has been decreased by about 54 % while the communication overhead has been reduced by about 10 % . At the same time, a lot of storage space has been saved.

Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a special type of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANETs). In VANETs, a group of vehicles communicates with each other to transfer data without a need for a fixed infrastructure. In this paper, we compare the performance of two routing protocols: Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector protocol (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector protocol (DSDV) in VANETs. We measure the reliability of each protocol in the packet delivery.

Recently, large scale vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs)-based navigation systems have drawn much research attention. Although an enhanced secure and privacy VANET-based navigation (EVSPN) scheme has been proposed to prevent the replay and man-in-the- middle attacks, providing signature and verification on the public key infrastructure (PKI) based signatures of all messages relayed costs much computation resource and incurs a high authentication delay for not only the vehicles but also the roadside units (RSUs), especially when the navigation service is busy. In this paper, we propose a lightweight secure VANET-based navigation scheme (LSVN) that has a lower computation cost and a lower authentication delay. By the LSVN, a vehicle firstly initiates the navigation service with a RSU nearby to request a shared symmetric key for further communication with other RSUs in the VANET. Then, the best route will be calculated. The pseudo identity of the vehicle and the shared keying materials are sent to the RSUs on the route of the vehicle to its destination. At last, the vehicle will be led to the destination by these RSUs in series. We formally verify, by BAN Logic, that the LSVN scheme can provide the guarantee of the integrity of messages and mutual authentication. Performance analysis shows that the LSVN can minimize the use of cryptographic operations and reduce authentication delay significantly comparing with the VSPN scheme and the EVSPN scheme.

Self-organized AdHoc networks have become one of the most interested and studied domains, especially with the rapid development of communication technologies and electronic devices. These networks regroup wireless and self-configuring nodes that communicate independently without a fixed infrastructure. Many applications operate with the AdHoc network due to its rapid deployment and low costs. Security in AdHoc networks is a crucial aspect that protects the exchanges between users and improves network performances. In this paper, a presentation of three AdHoc networks: MANET (Mobile AdHoc Network), VANET (Vehicle AdHoc Network), and FANET (Flaying AdHoc Network) is performed with the focus on their security issues. The paper blends the security requirements and the different attacks faced to the three reviewed networks.

Mobile communication and intelligent transportation system (ITS) show a promising technology as it could enhance the traffic efficiency and promote on-road traffic safety. Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is one of a notable example of successful wireless networking paradigm emerges from the combination of mobile communication and ITS. It allows wireless communication between vehicles and remote application. Many VANET related researches have been done in simulation rather than in real-world due to its inexpensive, repeatable and easily controlled experiment. Simulation of VANET can be divided into two types: network and mobility simulation. In order to develop a vehicular network service, a realistic mobility environment must be generated beforehand as it could greatly affect the performances of developed VANET protocol. In this paper, traffic simulator (SUMO) is used to generate realistic traffic of the city Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Different scenarios are generated to evaluate the performance of VANET on such realistic developed topologies.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are special kind of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), where vehiclescommunicate with each other in ad hoc formation. VANETs consist of Vehicles and Road Side Units (RSUs) that assist inthe network management. Vehicles communicate with each other and RSUs, with the aim to provide infotainment and safety services on road. Security is an important consideration in VANETs as safety of humans (passengers) is an important issue. Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure (VPKI) is an adapted form of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) used to achieve the key management and security services in VANETs. Certificate generation and revocation is one of the primary functions of VPKI. Certificate revocation is used for revoking the malicious nodes and terminate their access rights to the network. In this paper we classify revocation schemes in a novel way into centralized and decentralized manners. This paper covers a survey of different certificate revocation schemes, and provides an overview of the research in the area of certificate revocation in VANETs.

A survey on authentication schemes in VANETs for secured communication

As urbanization grows and the cost of vehicle production decreases, urban traffic has become a major problem of modern life. Developing intelligent vehicles alongside standardizing inter-vehicle communications promises that this technology will be a part of future life. In this research, we propose a method in which clustering is used to gather vehicles' movements information in a vehicle ad-hoc network. This method is based on extending green wave using road-side units as a fixed agent and on board units (OBU) in vehicles as a mobile agent. This information is then transmitted to traffic lights for decision making. This algorithm evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show this method has a positive effect on reducing the average waiting time and overall stop of the vehicles behind the traffic lights.

The implementation of intelligent driving technology is inseparable from reliable wireless communication and efficient cache scheduling in Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The purpose of cache scheduling in VANETs is to provide efficient and fast data services to vehicles. In response to difficult to handle wireless communication interference and high requirements for communication delay and energy consumption optimization in vehicle-road cooperation, we propose a new communication model of “Retrieving-Cast” to simplify the cache scheduling process oriented by data requirements. In V2I mode, consider the uplink of all roadside units(RSUs) retrieving data from vehicles, and prioritize data retrieving based on factors such as the number, density, and urgency of vehicles within the communication coverage range of RSUs. We hope that as many high-priority RSUs as possible to complete cached data retrieving as soon as possible under wireless communication interference. To overcome the limitations of traditional heuristic algorithms with low scheduling efficiency and deep learning methods requiring a large amount of training data, we propose a double-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula> online reinforcement learning method, which efficiently solves the cache retrieval scheduling problem. Through experiments and analysis, our method achieved better scheduling results compared to traditional approximation algorithms and single <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>-greedy Deep Q-learning methods. The designed data transformation method also addresses the issue of requiring a large amount of training data, enabling rapid computation of scheduling requests in the network at an extremely low training cost, meeting the low-latency computation requirements in VANETs.

The advanced services provided by vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) often require vehicles to process complex computing tasks that may not be completed by individual vehicles within a required delay limit. Offloading tasks to road side units (RSUs) is a typical approach to enhancing service performance in VANET; however, RSUs may not always have sufficient resources for handling all task offloading requests. With the increasing amount of computing capacities available on vehicles, offloading tasks to other vehicles offers a promising alternative to RSU-based task offloading. However, vehicle-to-vehicle task offloading in VANET faces some new challenges that have not been fully addressed, among which is the degraded delay performance caused by vehicle mobility. In order to solve this problem, we propose an Online Pre-filtering Task Offloading System (OPTOS) that is able to mitigate the impact of vehicle mobility on task offloading performance. OPTOS comprises a process that selects candidate vehicles for hosting offloaded tasks and an HGSA algorithm that assigns tasks to vehicles for minimizing task completion delay while balancing utilization of computing capacities on different vehicles. We have conducted extensive experiments using a real-world dataset for evaluating the performance of the proposed OPTOS. Obtained results indicate that OPTOS is effective for reducing task completion delay and increasing task success rate in various VANET scenarios with different levels of vehicle mobility.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provides infrastructure less, rapidly deployable, self-configurable network connectivity. The network is the collection vehicles interlinked by wireless links and willing to store and forward data for their peers. As vehicles move freely and organize themselves arbitrarily, message routing is done dynamically based on network connectivity. Compared with other ad-hoc networks, VANETs are particularly challenging due to the part of the vehicles' high rate of mobility and the numerous signal-weakening barrier, such as buildings, in their environments. Due to their enormous potential, VANET have gained an increasing attention in both industry and academia. Research activities range from lower layer protocol design to applications and implementation issues. A secure VANET system, while exchanging information should protect the system against unauthorized message injection, message alteration, eavesdropping. The security of VANET is one of the most critical issues because their information transmission is propagated in open access (wireless) environments. A few years back VANET has received increased attention as the potential technology to enhance active and preventive safety on the road, as well as travel comfort Safekeeping and privacy are mandatory in vehicular communications for a grateful acceptance and use of such technology. This paper is an attempt to highlight the problems occurred in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks and security issues.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a special application of traditional Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) in traffic roads, which has attracted extensive attention due to its important role in intelligent traffic and road services. In order to ensure the safety of road traffic and protect the privacy of users, it is of vital importance to provide effective anonymous authentication in VANET. In this paper, we propose an efficient mutual authentication framework with conditional privacy protection (EMAPP), which can achieve the security authentication from vehicles to infrastructure and vehicles to vehicles. In the proposed framework, we are combined with pseudo ID and temporary pseudonym to protect the privacy of vehicles, and use the identity-based signature scheme to achieve authentication between vehicles and infrastructure. At the same time, with the assistance of the roadside unit (RSU), we utilize an online/offline signature scheme to achieve authentication between vehicles in the same RSU area and different RSU area. Our scheme has reusability, and we have conducted a performance evaluation. Without expensive and time-consuming operations such as bilinear pairing and mapping to point (MTP) functions, our framework can produce better performance and is appropriate for practical application. In addition, we also use the Internet Security Protocol and Application Automatic Authentication (AVISPA) tools to provide formal security analysis.

Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) created between vehicles or between vehicles and centralized infrastructures is a dynamic network. Specifically, VANET can support many services such as safety, traffic management, and user-oriented services to improve transportation efficiency. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in VANETs not only responds the different requirements of these services but also improves the efficient broadcasting safety messages. One such protocol is to employ both TDMA and CSMA schemes in the Control CHannel (CCH), called a hybrid MAC protocol. A vehicle will send safety message without collision on the TDMA-based period during its reserved time slot and utilize the SCH resources on the CSMA-based period for the non-safety message. In addition, the TDMA-based period can be adjusted according to vehicle density. Hence, these systems can adapt themselves to various traffic conditions and improve the throughput for safety messages. In this survey, we compare different hybrid MAC protocols using dynamic TDMA-based periods as well as their benefits and limitations. Finally, we discuss some issues and promising future research which can be satisfied different QoS requirements and efficiently support both safety and non-safety services.

Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless network consisting of vehicles and roadside communication devices. As VANET is associated with life-critical applications, it is important to consider each component of VANET design, functionality, software, and problems before introducing them. The important goal of VANET is to offer seamless communication for people traveling on the road to collect and relay message from every nearby vehicles in the event of urgent situations such as severe traffic jams, collisions, lane shift, speed limit, hazard or road condition alerts, position alert services, and in the event of climatic disasters, etc. Due to the high mobility of the vehicles, frequent network disconnection happens and many problems emerge in VANETs such as routing, synchronization, network congestion, network control, information management, privacy, security, etc. This chapter reviews the current state of the research on recent artificial intelligence techniques based VANET routing. The chapter also addresses on-going research works on the usage of artificial intelligence techniques for routing in VANET and future challenges need to be addressed in providing the artificial intelligence techniques for routing in VANETs.

VANET is short for Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a special class of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) where nodes self-organize and self-manage information in a distributed fashion. They consist of vehicles and/or roadside units that assist in the management of the network. A public key infrastructure (PKI) was widely adopted by recent research efforts as a solution to security problems. One part of a PKI solution is certificate revocation. Certificate revocation is one way to terminate the membership of a vehicle from the network. Revocation can also be conducted by the other vehicles participating in the network. This paper is a survey of different revocation schemes developed for VANETs. The purpose of the paper is to survey the literature, and provide an overview of the extent of the research done in the area of revocation in VANETs.