Electronic safety systems used on a vast railway area – operational problems

The article presents the results of research electric and magnetic fields in the field of higher frequencies, which are produced by electronic security systems in large logistics areas. The paper also presents the background of the electromagnetic environment. Distorted electromagnetic environment can interfere with the operation of electrical and electronic equipment that are used in the railway area. Particular attention has been paid to the impact of electromagnetic interference on selected electronic security systems.

The article presents research results and issues related to of magnetic component of electromagnetic field on the environment and electronic systems used in the electric traction unit. The electronic systems used and built into an electric power unit are operated in a wide variety of environmental conditions. Electrical and electronic systems with different purposes coexist on the vast railroad area, and an important operational problem, apart from environmental changes in which these technical objects are operated, is also the issue of external and internal electromagnetic compatibility. Depending on the extent of the railroad area, the intentional or unintentional emission of electromagnetic fields over a range of frequencies, the construction, technical configuration and method of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility for the electrical and electronic systems in use and electronic systems in use are different. It is necessary to skillfully and appropriately use all measures included in the electromagnetic compatibility pyramid to ensure the appropriate level of robustness, immunity and susceptibility of the above mentioned systems. Due to the impact and propagation of electromagnetic waves in the railroad environment, individual frequency bands of interfering signals should be considered separately for the whole spectrum of interfering signals. The article presents the results of research on the generated magnetic fields from the very low frequency (ELF) range by electric power units. Diagnosing the electromagnetic environment over the entire frequency range enables the realization and proper protection of the electrical and electronic systems used in an electric power train from the effects of unintended interference. Knowledge of the parameters of interfering signals - e.g. amplitude, frequency range, spectrum, etc. - will enable designers of electrical and electronic train systems systems to properly protect these facilities from adverse environmental conditions.

In this paper, the electromagnetic interference resulting from the non-lighting electric cloud on the electronic security system is studied. Through analyzing the main influential factors and mechanism of atmospheric electrical environment, the models of two kinds of non-lightning electric cloud interferences have been built. Besides, with the different aircraft flight paths, the intensity and the rate of change of the induced electric field of the electronic security system is analyzed quantitatively. Then it is concluded that the electric cloud has no interference on the electronic security system.

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference affecting the electrical circuits of electronic security systems (ESS) operating over wide areas. The Earth’s electromagnetic environment is heavily distorted by intended and unintended (stationary or non-stationary) sources of radiation. The occurrence of electromagnetic interference in a given environment where an ESS is in use is the cause of damage or malfunction of the entire system or its individual components, e.g., detectors, modules, control panels, etc. In this article, the authors conducted an assessment of the electromagnetic environment where ESS are operated and conducted studies of selected sources of interference. For selected ESS structures, they developed models of the impact of conducted and radiated interference on the process of using these systems in a given environment. For selected technical structures of ESS, the authors of this article developed models of the operation process. They also carried out a computer simulation to determine the impact of natural and artificial electromagnetic interference occurring on the process of using these systems in a given environment over a wide area. The considerations carried out in this article are summarized in the conclusions chapter about the process of using ESS in a distorted electromagnetic environment.

A study performed at Westminster College recommended that an electronic security system plus various supplementary deterrents be installed as security measures in both the main and science libraries. The study also concluded that door checkers would not be an acceptable alternative to the electronic systems. This paper discusses the reasoning underlying the latter decision. Door checkers can be either students or adults. Students are largely ineffective, and cost more than the electronic systems in no more than a few years. Adults are more effective than students but not as effective as electronic systems, and they cost considerably more than these systems in only one year's time.

In a culture of fear, everyday life is experienced through the feeling of safety, part of which can be secured through certain electronic home security systems. Three films – Unlawful Entry (1992), Panic Room (2002) and When a Stranger Calls (2006) – will be used as examples in the attempt to consider the relationship between the fear of criminal activity – in this case break ins – and electronic home security systems. The basic premise of the research is that the culturally manufactured fear encourages the electronic home security system industry, the presence of which can, in turn, exasperate one’s fear of the risk of falling victim to violent crime.

Transport safety systems and electronic security system Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) steering systems constitute a spatially formed set of elements that operate together in order to achieve the assumed level of security at a railway station or during the performance of transportation operations. Occurring intended or unintended electromagnetic interferences in the process of exploitation electronic systems may cause the occurrence of catastrophic damages or can be the reason of a reduction of the work quality of these systems. Small frequency range electromagnetic interference (up to 100 kHz) that occurs in an extensive “railway” area should be considered separately, i.e. the electric and magnetic components of this field should be distinguished. Because of measurements and legal regulations concerning the impact of this interference on elements, devices and electronic systems. Any disruption of the primary functions of the steering system can be the cause of the occurrence of human life and health hazards. The present article discusses the impact of electromagnetic interference: the electric component of the field on the process of the operation of the PRT steering and security system.KeywordsSmall frequencyelectromagnetic interferencesecurity system

Cable supported bridges are typically part of community-critical infrastructure and therefore the consequences arising from extensive structural damage due to a fire and the subsequent operational discontinuity could be significant beyond the damage to the bridge itself and the cost of repairs. Bridge design standards generally do not provide guidance and hence fire resistance requirements are often informed by first principles assessments of the thermal and structural response of the structure to proposed fire scenarios. A deterministic assessment can provide a reasonable worst-case scenario but it does not allow bridge stakeholders to make informed decisions with regards to uncertainty and the low likelihood of fires occurring to identify the benefits of investments in structural fire protection. This is because the target reliability required for each bridge may be different depending on its characteristics, and the expected fire severity has a probabilistic nature. This research aims to fill this gap by undertaking a reliability-based analysis to assess the probability of structural failure by considering the probability of a fire of a given size occurring and the uncertainty in the incident location and wind. The methodology is demonstrated through the case study of an operational 450 m long cable supported bridge section and a fire scenario based on a liquid fuel tanker. Liquid tankers can result into two type of fire scenario: first, a fire being contained within the tanker; and secondly, a fire due to a pool on the deck. Both fire scenarios have been characterised and it was determined that the contained tanker scenario presents a more onerous design case owing to its more prolonged duration. A Monte Carlo analysis was undertaken for a total of 10,000 independent trials of the combination of the location of the fire and the wind direction. The frequency of the fire was also examined to establish the probability of structural failure of a cable. It was established that the inclusion of wind can sometimes reduce the estimated height at which cables may experience temperatures with the potential to cause cable failure. However, for a number of the cases, the estimated height can remain broadly similar (i.e. within a couple metres difference) to the worst-case calculated value. Based on this analysis, the influence of the required level of reliability as well the fire protection duration specification agreed with bridge stakeholders can be used to determine the height at which cable fire protection is necessary to reduce the probability of structural failure to a level acceptable to the stakeholders. This approach allows bridge designers and stakeholders to make informed decisions with regards to provision and extent of fire preventive/protective measures for cable supported bridges.

This article discusses the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) standards that cover fire departments, fire alarm systems, fire prevention, and building departments, in addition to water supply. The article discusses how the NBFU insures that any standard revisions needed are made in accordance with recognized modern engineering practice. The first edition of the grading schedule was submitted to qualified water supply engineers and fire protection authorities for their approval, and attention to outside suggestions from municipal officials, individual engineers, fire chiefs, and organizations interested in municipal fire protection, has helped to develop and maintain quality fire protection standards.

This project developed the traditional prescriptive-based design analysis of the fire protection features of an existing office high rise building in the city of Sao Paulo, in Brazil. The analysis was then complemented by performance-based analysis of the building. The building is a high rise office located in a metropolitan area, provided also with underground car parking garages and a small theater. The fire protection analysis was conducted based on the local Sao Paulo state fire codes, mainly the Sao Paulo State enactment (Decreto Nº56.819/2011) and Sao Paulo Fire Department Technical Instructions; and, in addition to the local codes, the analysis was also conducted in accordance with internationally recognized codes, primarily the International Building Code (IBC 2012) and NFPA standards. The local codes requirements were compared with the international codes requirements in each section, with the objective of providing an overview of the main differences and possible opportunities for improvement or further studies. The main differences between the codes were observed in the construction features to avoid vertical fire spread, egress design, standpipe design and overall reliability and maintenance requirements for fire protection systems. A detailed discussion is presented in Section 5 Conclusion. The design of the building has been evaluated based on prescriptive requirements for construction fire resistance and compartmentation, fire detection and alarms, automatic and manual fire suppression systems, smoke management systems and egress arrangement and capacity. A performance based design was developed for six selected fire scenarios, being three fire scenarios for existing office floors of different arrangements, one for existing theater building and two proposed improvement scenarios for a specific office floor with customized internal layout. Fire scenario simulations were developed in Pyrosim to evaluate the ASET (Available Safe Egress Time) calculations and Pathfinder was used to determine the RSET (Required Safe Egress Time). A successful scenario was determined by the ASET being greater than RSET with an appropriate margin of safety, so that all occupants will reach a safe area before the environment becomes untenable. The main conclusions and recommendations are presented in Section 5 Conclusion. The building is mostly compliant with the local regulations with a few recommendations being presented. In addition, comments were made for it to be safer and, where possible for an existing building, compliant with the reference international regulations. The most important recommendations refer to the egress features (remoteness and common paths of travel), considering that there is the possibility

The safety of public utility facilities is a function not only of effectiveness of the electronic safety systems, used for protection of property and persons, but it also depends on the proper functioning of their power supply systems. The authors of the research paper analysed the power supply systems, which are used in buildings for the access control system that is integrated with the closed-circuit TV. The Access Control System is a set of electronic, electromechanical and electrical devices and the computer software controlling the operation of the above-mentioned elements, which is aimed at identification of people, vehicles allowed to cross the boundary of the reserved area, to prevent from crossing the reserved area and to generate the alarm signal informing about the attempt of crossing by an unauthorised entity. The industrial electricity with appropriate technical parameters is a basis of proper functioning of safety systems. Only the electricity supply to the systems is not equivalent to the operation continuity provision. In practice, redundant power supply systems are used. In the carried out reliability analysis of the power supply system, various power circuits of the system were taken into account. The reliability and operation requirements for this type of system were also included.

The article examines the requirements for the functional purpose of access control and management systems (ACMS), the functional composition of ACMS and general requirements for it, integration and network construction of ACMS, burglar alarm systems, fire alarm systems, access control and management systems, ACMS capabilities, control systems access control, video surveillance systems.

In the era of smart home technology, early warning systems and emergency services are inevitable. To make smart homes safer, early fire alarm systems can play a significant role. Smart homes usually utilize communication, sensors, actuators, and other technologies to provide a safe and smart environment. This research work introduced a model for the fire alarm system and designed a fire alarm detection (FAD) simulator to produce a synthetic dataset. The designed simulator utilizes a variety of sensors (temperature, gas, and humidity) to simulate fire alarm scenarios based on real-world data. The produced data is investigated and analyzed to classify the possible fire behaviors based on key assumptions taken from real-world scenarios. Different classification models are used to determine an optimal classifier for fire detection. The proposed technique can identify the false alarms based on parameters like temperature, smoke, and gas values of different sensors embedded in a fire alarm detection simulator.

This report provides a summary of the fire protection and life safety features for UW Medicine Lake Union, a research and laboratory building, in accordance with Seattle Building Code (SBC), International Building Code (IBC), and Life Safety Code (NFPA 101). The objective of this report is to identify if UW Medicine Lake Union meets both the prescriptive and performance based code. The primary fire safety goal is to provide life safety system that reduced the risk of fire-related injuries and loss of life due to fire. The prescriptive analysis is used to identify the building integrity per code. This evaluates the egress capacity, fire detection, fire suppression and structural fire protection. The UW Medicine Lake Union includes numerous laboratories that regularly utilize various hazardous materials. According to the literature in the Architectural drawings, the design team worked with the university does that the chemical quantities in these areas would not exceed the limits set forth in the code. With these limits in place, portions of the facility did not need to be classified as hazardous occupancy, and the special provisions associated with a hazardous occupancy. Although its spaces are used in various ways, the building was able to be classified as business occupancy. Hazardous occupancy areas were not required because hazardous materials were limited to the code-defined exempt quantities. These details helped simplify the overall life safety and egress system, while providing appropriated levels of life safety. UW Medicine Lake Union Building is high rise building with seven story research and development laboratory and two levels of below grade parking garages. It includes testing and research laboratories, laboratory support, offices and conference room. It is approximately 317,382 square feet in gross area and a building height of 109 feet. It is classified as B occupancy classification. The facility is protected throughout by automatic sprinkler and fire alarm systems. The building was constructed in 2011 in accordance with the 2009 Seattle Building Code with a Type 1A construction. See 2.6 Type and Description of Construction. The total occupant load is 2797 occupants. See Table 4: Summary of Occupant Loads. The UW Medicine Lake Union building has six (6) exit discharge. The Main and Back Entrance exit door have 72” doors; P1 (Stair 1), Retail and South exit (stair 3) door have 36” doors, and the garage exit door (stair 4) have 44” door that leads to the public way. See Figure

This study aimed to explore the impact of perceived operational risks (supply chain disruptions, food safety, and IT - technological risks) on customer satisfaction at Panda Retail Company in Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a descriptive, survey-based approach, data was collected from a random sample of 100 Panda customers through an online questionnaire. The findings revealed that 76% of customers acknowledge the negative impact of essential product shortages on the perceived value of service, with 79% expressing frustration when encountering seasonal product shortages. Regarding food safety risks, 72% of customers emphasized the detrimental effect of non-compliance with hygiene standards on their satisfaction, while 73% indicated that the presence of expired products diminishes the service value. Although 81% of customers expressed overall satisfaction with their shopping experience at Panda, only 62% were satisfied with product prices. Furthermore, 76% of customers recognized the impact of electronic payment system malfunctions on service value, and 65% expressed concern over potential personal data loss due to technical glitches. The study concluded that a statistically significant but weak relationship exists between perceived operational risks and customer satisfaction, indicating other factors might influence customer satisfaction. Based on these findings, the study recommends Panda to enhance supply chain management to ensure product availability, tighten food safety control measures across all stores, invest in technological infrastructure to guarantee stable and secure electronic systems, and strengthen loyalty programs and effective communication with customers.