Elliptic Curve Cryptography Performance Evaluation for Securing Multi-Factor Systems in a Cloud Computing Environment

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that communicates with each other without any supporting infrastructure. These networks have some unique features such as dynamic mobility, open nature, lack of infrastructure, limited physical security and they are vulnerable to several security threats. Malicious node can drop all or partial received packets instead of forwarding them to the next hop through the path. In order to find the malicious nodes, an initial transmission is made between the source and destination nodes. Using fuzzy rules, the trust value of each node is computed and it varies from 0 to 1. A common threshold value is set for each node and by using this threshold value, every node in the network can be identified as either a malicious node or a regular node. After identifying the malicious nodes, these nodes are eliminated by muting the power to off state. As the malicious nodes are eliminated between source and destination nodes, source node can select another trusted path to its destination
 node. For security and authentication of routing information, hybrid cryptography is employed, using advanced encryption standard (AES) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms. AES algorithm is used as symmetric algorithm to encrypt the routing information and ECC algorithm is used as asymmetric algorithm to encrypt the public key. During encryption, the original plain text is converted into cipher text with encrypted public key and similarly during decryption cipher text is converted into original plain text with decrypted private keys. So the proposed method involves both AES and ECC algorithms which provides security mechanism as efficient and sufficient one. The experimental simulations are carried for the proposed model using network simulator 2 (NS-2) for Throughput, Delay, Packet delivery ratio, Packet overhead and Packet drop.

Multi cloud storage is one of the most important services in cloud computing, used to store and access the data remotely. With the advancement in internet technology, the use of cloud computing has improved rapidly in many countries. Data security is considered as one of the most critical aspects in cloud computing due to the valuable and sensitive information stored in the cloud for the clients. To enhance the privacy and security of the information in the multi cloud, a robust technique is presented in this paper. The main focus of this study is to address the privacy and security risks of data in the multi cloud storage. The proposed technique is based on the cryptographic technique with dynamic file slicing method for securing data in multi cloud. Specifically, data is fragmented into many slices. The number of slices is defined by the data owner. The sliced files are encrypted with 3 DES (data encryption standard) and elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated using latency time. Efficacy of the technique is analyzed by varying the file size and format. Results reveal that the proposed technique outperforms the other methods. In addition to this, five prime security issues such as privacy, confidentiality, data integrity, malicious files and insider attacks are also examined and compared with the other existing models.

With the increasing popularity of network technology and information concepts, Big Data (BD) and cloud computing technologies have emerged and are widely used in all industries. BD technology can fully utilize the application value of information. Cloud computing can store a large amount of data, and improve data usage efficiency, so as to make full use of the value of data. At the same time, data security issues have become increasingly important. However, due to various factors, many users are faced with data breaches and privacy violations in the BD cloud computing environment. In this case, there are some data security risks, and the key issue is to consider how to avoid these risks. By analyzing the relationship and differences between BD and cloud computing, this article studied the issues and influencing factors of Artificial Intelligence (AI) data security in the BD cloud computing environment, and proposed corresponding optimization strategies, so as to improve data security and provide users with a brand new experience. Through comparison, it could be seen that the data processing speed and legal integrity after using the optimization strategy significantly improved. Among them, data processing speed increased by 7.2% and legal integrity increased by 10.4%. BD cloud computing could effectively improve AI data security performance.

 Abstract—Cloud computing is an emerging technology that is still unclear to many security problems. Ensuring the security ofstored data in cloud servers is one of the most challenging issues in such environments. Accordingly, this schema presents a Hybrid Encryption algorithm that is based on RSA Small-e and Efficient RSA (HE-RSA) for improving the reliability in cloud computing environments. The main aim of this project is to use the cryptography concepts in cloud computing communications and to increase the security of encrypted data in cloud servers with the least consumption of time and cost at the both of encryption and decryption processes.In the proposed model, the number of key generation exponents has been increased in comparison to the original RSA. Moreover,a dual encryption process has been applied in this algorithm to prevent common attacks against RSA algorithm. In addition, this schema also presents the comparison between HE-RSA and original RSA in terms of security and performance. For this purpose, Key Generation, Encryption and Decryption Time in Original RSA and HE-RSA have been compared according to the different size of exponents. Moreover, some of the common attacks against RSA algorithm have been analysed to detect the resistance of the proposed algorithm against possible attacks. Finally, the effects of using HE-RSA on cloud computing environments have been reviewed in more depth and details.

Cryptography is one of the sciences used to maintain confidentiality and data security has been developing since ancient Greece. One cryptographic method that is quite reliable, stable and the parent of the popular cryptographic algorithms today is Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). In this case the previous block encryption results are feedback into current block encryption. The trick, the current plaintext block is XORed first with the ciphertext block from the previous encryption, then the XOR results are entered into the encryption function. With ECC mode, each ciphertext block depends not only on the plaintext block but also on the all previous plaintext blocks, Implementation of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm in this study was carried out by using an application built using visual basic programming language. Net 2008..

This article mainly discusses the history of progress regarding the legislation and updates through scrutiny, its current architecture, and its standards applied around the world, such as eIDAS and eIDAS 2.0, which are used not only as technical but also as purely political standards. The penetration of the digital economy has largely promoted the evolution of cyber platforms for public and private use, so that e-signatures have become one of the pillars in the national IT architecture. 1) Legislation The e-signature operations in Türkiye are regulated by Electronic Signature Law No. 5070 and its secondary regulations. However, today, the infrastructure groundwork relies heavily on RSA-based cryptography. RSA is attracting greater and more debate these days, with concerns about whether it will continue to be useful given the increasing importance of security requirements for mobile devices, performance expectations, and the threat posed by quantum computing. This article also examines the extent to which Turkish law is compatible with the EU regulation of compliance. In this paper, we study whether the Turkish legislation complies with the European legislation. This covers security, performance, key size, and support for RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms. This paper discusses technical, institutional, and legal requirements for the transition of the national e-signature infrastructure to ECC. Furthermore, ECC’s contribution is evaluated in terms of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), and a roadmap is suggested for transitioning to hybrid (ECC + PQC) architectures. Finally, policy and technical suggestions are proposed to facilitate international electronic and mobile signature interoperability under eIDAS 2.0.

Internet of Things (IoT) as a ubiquitous paradigm is a new concept in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and has the ability to connect wireless and mobile embedded devices and things to the Internet. IoT is emerging as a key component of the Internet and a vital infrastructure for millions of smart and interconnected objects that are potentially vulnerable to different attacks. Thus, the security of resource-constrained devices in IoT is highly important. As an important solution, cryptographic algorithms are used to provide confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data between the sender and receiver. Hence, this paper proposes a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm based on Rivest cipher (RC4), Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) to protect sensitive information in IoT-based smart irrigation systems. In this paper, the RC4 key is encrypted by the ECC algorithm, and the output of this encryption process is transformed to SHA-256 for hashing and generating enigmatic data. SHA-256 algorithm encrypts RC4 based cipher text to improve data integrity. Comprehensive analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is secure to various known attacks such as the Man-in-the-middle (MiM) attack, and has a better performance than other cryptographic algorithms. Also, the obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model and robustness in order to confidentiality based on analyzing secrecy.

The Internet of Things (IoT) as an important technology consists of a heterogeneous and huge number of devices that generates an enormous amount of data in various applications. However, generating and transmitting huge amount of data in the IoT makes it crucial to implement a secure and safe data transmission scheme. Cryptography methods can secure the confidentiality, data integrity, access control, and authentication. Due to constrained resources in IoT devices, providing classical cryptography schemes isn’t efficient for IoT applications, so a lightweight cryptography scheme is one of the most important solutions to overcome security challenges in IoT. In this paper, a new security scheme called ECCCSASHA256 based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) has been proposed for secure data transmission in IoT devices. The ECCCSASHA256 model uses the CSA for generating a private key to encode the elliptic curve. Furthermore, the proposed scheme uses SHA-256 model for hashing the incoming encoded data using ECC. The simulation results indicate that the average throughput of the proposed model was about 8.22% and 8.97% higher in encryption and 8.72% and 9.81% higher in decryption compared to 3DES&ECC&SHA-256 and RC4&ECC&SHA-256, respectively.

In opportunistic networks, the nodes connect to each other wirelessly and use the store-carry-forward technique to transmit the data from one node to another node. The nodes in opportunistic networks are heterogeneous, having high mobility, limited power, low density, short radio range, and numerous security threats to unauthorized nodes. The fundamental challenge in an opportunistic network is to secure and protect the information during communication in networks to achieve the user’s confidence. This issue is technically resolved by incorporating the cryptography algorithms that make both the virtual and modern world in a safer position. Asymmetric Cryptography makes information unintelligible to an unauthorized user and provides confidentiality to genuine users. Encryption and decryption technology are solutions to protect data from unauthorized users. There are many opportunistic network algorithms in the existing literature that provide optimal performance. However, in this research work, we propose the NTRU post-quantum algorithm because of its high performance, low cost, and fast execution during encryption and decryption of the data over the network. We also implemented and analyzed the performance of the proposed NTRU algorithm and compared its results with the Elliptic Curve Cryptography and ElGamal algorithm. After the result analysis, we conclude that our proposed technique is highly effective and secure.

Cloud computing is one of the most research hot topics in IT industry nowadays. A lot of startup organizations are adopting cloud eagerly due to massive cloud facilities available with minimal investment; but as every coin has two sides, so with cloud. In the cloud, the user data is stored at some off-site location. So cloud data security is one of the main concerns of any organizations, before shifting to the cloud. The data owners can ensure the data security at its premises using firewalls, VPN (Virtual Private Network) like most used security options. But as data owner stores their sensitive data to remote servers and users access required data from these remote cloud servers, which is not under their control. So storing data outside client premises, raises the issue of data security. Thus, one of the primary research areas in cloud computing is cloud data protection. In this research paper, strategies followed include categorization of the data on the basis of their sensitivity and importance, followed by the various cryptography techniques such as the AES (a Symmetric Cryptography technique), SHA-1 (a Hashing technique), and ECC (Elliptic curve Cryptography (an Asymmetric Cryptography technique). Till date, most of the authors were using a single key for both encryption and decryption which is a weak target of various identified malicious attacks. Hence, in the designed hybrid algorithm, two separate keys are used for each encryption and decryption. The cloud user who wants to access cloud data, need to first register with CSP and cloud owner. After registration, user login id, password and OTP (One Time Password) sent to the user registered mobile number, are required to access the encrypted cloud data.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are systems made up of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly over short distances, with adaptability and functionality at their coreessence. These networks have traits. Face challenges in devising effective strategies for identifying and thwarting attacks due to limitations, in individual sensor node processing power and the essence of wireless communication. Securing WSN poses a challenge given the constrained processing abilities of sensor nodes and the inherent nature of communication while facing various security threats that have emerged alongside the widespread adoption of these networks. To protect against these dangers it's crucial to put in place the security measures Encryption's key, to keeping data safe from unauthorized users Nevertheless not all encryption methods are equally strong as some are vulnerable Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is considered the best option due to its smaller key sizes offering strong security with efficiency in space and energy As technology advances conventional encryption techniques are seen as inadequate, for ensuring data privacy and security Utilizing principles from physics to ensure data transmission, between the sender and receiver is a groundbreaking advancement in network security known as quantum cryptography. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) combined with ECC is highlighted in this study, for authentication processes, key management and energy efficiency. A novel method called QKD ECC has been put into practice. Compared against ECC and other encryption methods to bolster the security of WSN and safeguard the confidentiality of data exchange.

Cloud computing represents a significant challenge for securing data due to its inherently distributed model. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) will provide substantial security with smaller key sizes, creating a strong candidate for cloud-based environments. This review critically examines ECC based security architectures in cloud computing with the aim of reducing the cipher space for efficiency and scalability. A comprehensive examination of recent ECC implementations guided this review, including identity-based and lightweight ECC Architectures. Specific consideration was given to cipher space reduction techniques incorporating point compression and optimized scalar multiplication. The review provided evidence of a gap in the literature regarding the ability to counterbalance strength of security with the compactness of the cipher across a range of cloud scenarios and use cases. Most models considered provide little flexibility for real-time or post-quantum alternatives. None of the literature considered cipher space optimization for ECC to date. The ongoing optimization of cipher space is essential to progressing security based on ECC implementations for cloud scenarios. Future research efforts must centre on adaptive, efficient, quantum resilient ECC schemes, in ways that yield high security with minimum impacts on the operational scale, and the associated computational loads.

In 2006, cloud computing existed after Amazon’s deployment of the first of its category of cloud services. Cloud computing is now simply the topmost in every record of existing theme as a research topic, for computer science in view of the fact that of its across-the-board implications in various areas in computing and which has become present day’s most recent research area because of its capability to decrease the operational costs linked with computing. A rapid growth in cloud computing adaption has been observed but, still, the data security concerns have not been fully countered. Data security anxiety is still an obstacle to the expansion of cloud computing to some extent and needs to be determined. Earlier we have used techniques for cloud environment security in our research work like two-factor authentication (OTP), AES algorithm, RSA cryptography, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), hyperelliptic curve cryptography (HECC), homomorphic encryption, steganography, usage control (UCON) collective with encryption and the digital watermarking technology. Apart from used techniques, blockchain has come into view as a key technology to ensure security particularly in aspects of authenticity confidentiality and integrity. Therefore, this time we have selected blockchain technology to avoid the security concerns of the cloud environment. This time we will review the various features of security in blockchain and further analyze the application of blockchain in cloud environment for computing security.

Cloud is the next generation platform that affords distributed computing environments and dynamic resource pools. Cloud computing is used to crack the daily computing problems providing a full time solution. But the problem related with cloud computing is the data security and data integrity over the Network. This paper is dealt with data security in the cloud environment using RSA digital signatures and robust reversible watermarking technique. In this research paper, we have to tried to increase the MSE and PSNR value of the Decrypted and De-watermarked image in order to prevent more distortion and degradation. In cloud, the cloud service provider or some other person may illegally try to hack customer's information. So, in order to avoid that, customer can encrypt their data by using their own encryption key and watermark their information at the user end. Furthermore, RSA algorithm is the most powerful encryption method used in internet security and Robust Reversible Watermarking technique works good in both lossy and lossless environment. So this combination may generate high PSNR value with minimum mean square error.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), comprising of tiny nodes with limited energy, computational and communication resources, are being widely used in various application areas ranging from pollution and weather monitoring to military. Even though every application may not require data to be exchanged in a secure manner, few WSN applications may have certain security requirements. The data is encrypted by a sender and sent over the wireless links and the same is decrypted at the receiver. To meet this purpose, symmetric key cryptographic (SKC) algorithms may be used. Such SKC primitives require keys to be made available before carrying out the data transfer between the nodes. Alternately, Public Key Cryptographic techniques, such as RSA algorithm can be considered. Even though, RSA is a popular algorithm providing good security level, it is computationally intensive involving large key sizes. The RSA can not be used in WSNs, as the nodes have limited resources. Presently, it is infeasible to implement the RSA algorithm using any of the WSN nodes commercially available. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), another public key cryptographic (PKC) algorithm providing same level of security with smaller key size requirements, can be used as an alternative in order to provide security in WSN applications. ECC encryption and decryption use domain parameters, which includes the Generator point to be published. In most of the outdoor WSN applications, the deployment of the nodes is random and the nodes could be captured and an attacker could launch man-in-middle (MIM) attack, and break the public key thereby leading to security breach in the network. A technique to overcome such an attack is proposed in this work and the same is compared with two other similar approaches.