Energy efficient audio compression scheme based on red black wavelet lifting for wireless multimedia sensor network

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.

In recent years, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) attract great attention. Generally, WMSNs node is equipped with only one single camera for visual observation. In order to achieve wider view-angle, existing solutions, such as node rotation and view-angle adjustment, always cause high cost, high energy consumption and non-real-time response. In this paper, we propose a feasible solution by utilizing four wide-angle cameras to form omni-directional visual sensing for WMSNs node. The omni-directional probability sensing model is analyzed and defined. With DSP processor, we carry out the system architecture in details. Energy consumption is analyzed by comparing with rotatable camera. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that omni-directional vision with multiple cameras is introduced for WMSNs node to monitor the surrounding environment in real time. Experiment results show that the proposed omni-directional sensing can achieve better performance on deployment and energy cost than traditional WMSNs node.

Technological developments in the micro-electronics and wireless communications, in addition to obtain ability of cheap CMOS cameras and micro phones, have led to appearance of next generation networks known as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSN can retrieve image, video, audio and scalar sensor data from the physical environment. Wireless multimedia sensor networks will not only enhance existing sensor network applications like tracking, home automation, and environmental monitor, but they will also enable several new applications such as: Advanced Health Care Delivery, Industrial Process Control, Traffic Congestion Avoidance Systems. In this paper a technique called EEQAR is used to select energy efficient QoS routing which is based on cluster hierarchy. To achieve a enhanced performance, EEQAR routing implements cellular topology to form the cluster structure and balance the energy consumption by structure movement. The simulation results shows that EEQAR performs high efficiency on network lifetime and QoS in wireless multimedia sensor network.

Modern applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) demands stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Multipath routing is a promising solution to accomplish the required level of QoS. Typically, wireless links in WMSN are highly unreliable and unpredictable. The unreliable nature of these links substantially affects the performance of the network. Link quality estimation has been an active area of research in sensor networks for the last few years. This paper presents Energy and ETX aware Multipath Geographic Routing (EEMGR) scheme that reinforces routes with high-quality links. It incorporates adaptive cost function which selects the next hop based on ETX, remaining energy, and distance of the neighboring 1-hop node to the sink. Several node-disjoint routing paths are discovered by EEMGR connecting the source node and the sink node. NetTopo algorithm level simulation results reveal that proposed EEMGR scheme chooses good quality links and improves network lifetime as compared to state-of-the-art Two-phase geographical Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) routing scheme.

The smart grid incorporates a two-way communication system between customers and the utility for advanced monitoring and intelligent control of supply and demand. Wireless multimedia sensor network can be treated as an organic supplement and a peripheral network in this two-way communication system. However, the challenging smart grid environment makes it difficult to achieve a high quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor network. This article proposes a prioritization mechanism that considers the heterogeneous characteristics of smart grid traffic. Specifically, an innovative channel allocation and traffic scheduling scheme, named the preemptive tidal flow queuing model, is presented. This scheme achieves differentiated services for diverse communication data when the wireless multimedia sensor network accesses the core network and ensures the performance for high-priority data at the expense of the performance for low-priority data. Simulation analyses show that the performance for high-priority messages can be reliably guaranteed and that the preemptive tidal flow queuing model satisfies the requirements for a wireless multimedia sensor network operating in the smart grid environment. This article offers three main contributions: the development of a prioritization mechanism specifically for a wireless multimedia sensor network in the smart grid environment, the proposal of the preemptive tidal flow queuing model, and the presentation of formulas and simulations to verify the performance of the preemptive tidal flow queuing model.

Energy efficiency of MAC protocols in low data rate wireless multimedia sensor networks: A comparative study

Collaborative in-network processing has shown to efficiently reduce the per-node processing and transmission requirements in wireless multimedia sensor networks. When the camera nodes are randomly distributed in an area of interest, it is very likely that their fields of view would overlap causing the corresponding visual information to be highly correlated. In applied wireless multimedia sensor networks, heterogeneous camera nodes with different sensing radii and angles of view are usually deployed, which has shown to enhance the overall network performance and lifetime. This paper introduces a new correlation model to exploit the correlation characteristics among heterogeneous camera nodes for wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed model, of which a closed-form analytical correlation function was derived, takes into consideration different sensing parameters of the camera nodes; such as the sensing radii and the angles of view. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of the accuracy of estimating the correlation characteristics, the information gain, and the distortion ratio.

Wireless multimedia sensor networks with sensing and processing abilities of multimedia data have recently emerged as one of the most important technologies for high quality monitoring. The routing scheme for multimedia data is an important research issue addressed in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a disjointed multipath routing scheme for real-time data transmission in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid routing protocol based on Bluetooth and Zigbee in order to overcome the limitation of low bandwidth in conventional sensor networks. The proposed scheme also performs disjointed multipath routing based on competition to alleviate the delay of routing path setup. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, we compare it with the existing scheme through performance evaluation. Our experimental results show that our proposed scheme reduces the end-to-end delay by about 30% and the routing path setup costs by about 22% over the existing scheme. Our scheme also increases data reception rates by about 690% over the existing scheme on average.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

Transmission of multimedia data over wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is a challenging task and requires an effective design for the transport layer protocols to meet both the resource‐constrained WMSN and the requirements of multimedia streaming. The standard transport layer protocols (eg, UDP, TCP, SCTP, and DCCP) have been shown inefficient to transport multimedia data over WMSN without modification in the design of end‐to‐end (ETE) reliability and the congestion control mechanisms. This paper proposed a lightweight reliability mechanism for datagram congestion control protocol (LW‐DCCP) over WMSNs. The lightweight reliability mechanism consists of caching and retransmission algorithms that consider the resource‐constrained WMSNs and the requirements of video streaming over WMSN. Moreover, this paper presents an important modification to TCP‐friendly rate control congestion control mechanism that calculates the loss interval based on intracoded frame sending time. The LW‐DCCP has been evaluated through comprehensive simulation experiments and compared with baseline transport protocols using the 2 frameworks (Eval‐SCTP and Eval‐DCCP) that we developed in NS‐2 environment. The experimental results show that LW‐DCCP ensures effective congestion control and ETE reliability for video transmission over WMSN. In addition, LW‐DCCP experiences better performance in terms of energy consumption, ETE delay, jitter delay, frame delivery ratio, frame peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, and visual quality of the received video as compared to the baseline transport layer protocols.

One of the remarkable challenges in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is how to route the collected data and transfer them in the nodes. Due to the high rate of packet loss, guaranteeing reliable and efficient packet transfer and delivery is considered to be one of the hot issues in the area of WSNs. Indeed, due to energy limitation of nodes in WSNs, reliability and energy are regarded as critical parameters in these networks. In this paper, a method has been proposed for optimizing the parameters of reliability and energy consumption in multimedia WSNs. In the proposed protocol, Increasing the Delivery Ratio with Network Coding (IDRNC) a network coding mechanism has been used for transmitting data which enhances the reliability of the network. Furthermore, reducing the number of transmissions and receptions in network nodes results in the reduction of energy consumption. In the proposed protocol, the transmitted packets are first coded and transmitted to the sink through the shortest route. In the middle of the route, in case packets are lost, median nodes can detect and recover the lost packet through the coded packet. The simulation results indicated that the method proposed in this study operates better than the LIEMRO method with respect to the following features: system efficiency, average remaining energy of the network, the number of lost packets and reliability. Keywords: Multipath Routing, Network Coding, Reliability, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)

Wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) comprising of miniature sensor nodes is capable of processing multimedia data traffic such as still images and video from the environment. There is a wide range of applications which get benefited from such network. Unprocessed multimedia transmission is always expensive in terms of processing power, storage, and bandwidth. So, data processing is a challenge in WMSN. Exploring low-overhead data compression technique is a solution towards this problem. In this work we propose an energy saving image compression technique for WMSN using curve fitting technique considering the application of post-disaster situation analysis through image capturing of the affected area. Upon employing the method on the macroblocks of sensory image, curve fitting coefficients are generated and transmitted towards the sink thereby saves energy by transmitting reduced volume of data. Finally the design feasibility along with simulation results including statistical analysis is presented to evaluate efficacy of the scheme in terms of two conflicting parameters viz. energy consumption and peak signal to noise ratio. The comparative results confirm our scheme’s supremacy in WMSN application domain over existing methods.

Improvements in nanotechnology have introduced contemporary sensory devices that are capable of gathering multimedia data in form of images, audio and video. Wireless multimedia sensor networks handles such type of heterogeneous traffic. Since these networks are an emergent of wireless sensor networks, they inherit constraints that exist in these traditional networks. This paper is a survey of characteristics and requirements of wireless multimedia sensor networks and approaches to mitigating existing challenges in these networks. Further presents a review of recent research on multipath routing protocols and multi-channel media access protocols that offer quality of service assurances in handling multimedia data. The survey shows that there still exist bottlenecks in current routing solutions when applied to wireless multimedia sensor networks due to the nature of traffic involved as well as inherent characteristics, requirements and constraints. The findings are useful in the discovery of solutions to the challenges and issues. The authors further suggest approaches and plausible solutions to the problems in order to assist in the development of protocols that achieve quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has limited resources such as energy, computation and transmission capacity. These resources are not sufficient for transmitting large amount of data collected by the sensor nodes. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) generates large amount of data that requires more energy and transmission capacity as compared to scalar data. So it is desired to perform in-network data compression in WMSN. In this paper the authors have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique for data compression. PCA can be efficiently used in wireless multimedia sensor network to reduce the energy consumption, reduce the network load and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that PCA based compression conserves energy of sensor nodes and prolongs the lifetime of WMSN.

New security approach in real-time wireless multimedia sensor networks