Energy Efficient Coverage Problems in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

Energy efficiency is a key concern and challenging research issue during the design of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to effectively improve the energy utilization of each sensor node and network performance, mobility technology has been widely concerned. Since the implement of mobile sink node is relatively easier than normal sensor nodes, sink mobility technology has attracted much research interest in recent years. In this paper, we propose a mobile-sink routing algorithm based on energy and distance for WSNs. Trajectories of mobile sink nodes is predictable to improve energy efficiency of sensor networks. We first lay emphasis on the study of the selection of mobile sink node number and the selection of park positions, as well as their impact on energy consumption and network lifetime. Simulation results show that both the mobile sink nodes number and park positions have great influence on network performance, and our algorithm outperforms random movement and LEACH algorithm in terms of performance like energy consumption.

One of the major challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s) deployment is efficient energy consumption. Critical distance, proper routing algorithm and error control coding techniques can be used for energy optimization. As WSN contains a large number of power constrained sensors, the sensed data from the environment should be transmitted in a cooperative way to the base station (BS). The pattern of the clustering structure can extend the sensor network life time, reduce the total consumed energy and regulate the data transmission. Clustering concept combines group of sensors which are located in the same communication range. Some of the routing protocol like, SEED, LEACH, SEP, Z-SEP etc., suffers from idle listening problem, which cannot cope with an environment with sensor nodes. It leads to energy wastage across the network. To manage energy efficiency and traffic heterogeneity issues, a new routing protocol called enhanced energy efficient sleep awake aware intelligent sensor network (EEESAA) is proposed. Here, one sensor in each group will be in active mode whereas other sensors entered in sleep mode. Based on the nodes energy, sleep and awake node pairs will be altered. In the proposed method, one slot is allotted for group of pairs. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared against LEACH, SEP and Z-SEP protocols. Simulation results show that EEESAA protocol performs better than LEACH, SEP, Z-SEP in terms of cluster head selection, throughput, number of alive & dead nodes and network lifetime.

Efficient sensor localizations are techniques for efficiently identifying sensors' positions for different Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) applications (e.g., environmental monitoring). Most existing localization techniques are designed for low scale sensor networks. Moreover, existing localization approaches are mostly range based that use some powerful nodes equipped with expensive GPS and/or extra hardware (or techniques) for distance estimations. On the other hand, most researchers focus only on the energy efficiency of sensor networks when designing localization method though 1) cost, 2) accuracy, and 3) scalability should also be considered as major design factors. In this paper, we propose Range-free Energy efficient, Localization technique using Mobile Anchor (RELMA) for large scale WSNs that improves accuracy and energy efficiency by reducing the number of anchor nodes. Simulation results demonstrate these properties where RELMA Outperforms NBLS - an existing localization approach [10] in terms of localization accuracy and energy efficiency. Moreover, rigid statistical analysis is used to validate these results.

The paper proposes a new clustering approach based on genetic algorithms (GA) and devoted to improving energy efficiency in ad-hoc wireless sensor networks (WSN). A special designed MATLAB framework operates as test bench to evaluate different implementations. The solutions of the optimization algorithms provide the number of clusters along with the cluster structures. Real-time implementations of such algorithms justify the necessity to minimize their execution time. We have devised custom genetic operators in order to improve the GA convergence. The process of fine tuning of the GA parameters proved to be also extremely important. Intensive simulation studies have confirmed the validity and efficiency of the proposed solutions. Using our approach, we have improved the speed of convergence for the GA up to 50%, as compared with existing approaches, while reducing considerably the minimum communication distance in the ad-hoc WSN.

The Comparative Study of three main energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs) protocols are studied according to their working. The WSN protocols are Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (TEEN). These three protocols work on hierarchical structure to succeed their own functioning and improvement energy efficiency. Here include four quality of services (QOS) parameter performance namely “Average End to End Delay”, “Average Energy Consumption”, “Packet Delivery Ratio” and “Throughput” which are developed and compare to their QOS parameter performance. At the end of the analysis, design an overall study for these protocols with respect to their QOS parameter and further generalized the future scope of this study.

Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks (WASNs) are self organizing, self-configuring and multi-hop wireless networks, in which each node communicates with other nodes directly or indirectly through intermediate nodes without any infrastructure. Besides these characteristics challenges like limited energy, dynamic topology, low bandwidth and security exists. The arrangement of nodes in WASN is called topology which changes dynamically with respect to time and mobility. Energy conservation is a major challenge because of the limited battery resource. In order to conserve energy in the network layer many techniques were used. These techniques can be classified mainly into two categories. The first technique is making small number of nodes awake to transfer bulk amount of data and to maintain the network connectivity and making the remaining nodes to be in sleep mode to conserve energy. This technique is effective for low traffic conditions. In the second technique, topology in the network is controlled by power control technique. This technique is effective for high data traffic. To conserve energy in an efficient manner, a Dynamic Traffic Energy Efficient Topology (DTEET) dynamically adjusts network topology for various network traffic conditions in WASN either in low traffic or high traffic is proposed. And the proposed protocol DTEET is stimulated by using AODV as routing protocol using network simulator ns2.34 and compared with AODV and DSR [1,2]. The simulation results revealed that the proposed scheme performs well in terms of energy, delay, delivery ratio and mobility

In recent years, a new wave of networks labelled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has attracted a lot of attention from researchers in both academic and industrial communities. A WSN consists of a collection of sensor nodes and a base station connected through wireless channels, and can be used for many applications such as military application, building distributed systems, physical environment monitoring, and security surveillance among others. A big advantage of sensor networks is represented by ease of deployment, reducing installation cost, possibility to distribute the tiny sensors over a wide region, and larger fault tolerance (V. Loscri et al., 2005). However, despite the infinite scopes of wireless sensor networks applications, they are limited by the node battery lifetime. Such constraints combined with a typical deployment of large number of sensor nodes have posed many challenges to the design and management of sensor networks and necessitate energyawareness at all layers of the networking protocol stack (Q. Xue & A. Ganz, 2004). Therefore, energy efficient algorithms have been one of the most challenging issues for WSNs. Sensor nodes can be in one of four states, namely transmit, receive, idle and sleep. The largest part of a node’s energy is consumed while transmitting and receiving. Minimizing the number of communications by eliminating or aggregating redundant sensed data saves much amount of energy (L. B. Ruiz et al., 2003). Among these clustering sensor networks are a very attractive approach because clustering allows for scalability, data aggregation, and energy efficiency. In a clustering network, nodes are grouped into clusters and there are special nodes called cluster head. They are responsible for an efficient way to lower energy consumption within a cluster by performing data aggregation. In a heterogeneous sensor network, two or more different types of nodes with different battery energy and functionality are used. On the other hand, in homogeneous networks all the sensor nodes are identical in terms of battery energy and hardware complexity. As a result, network performance decreases since the cluster head nodes goes down before other nodes do. Thus dynamic, energy efficient and adaptive cluster head selection algorithm is very important. Sensor networks can be divided in two classes as event-driven and continuous dissemination networks according to the periodicity of communication (L. B. Ruiz et al., 9

Energy is vital parameter for wireless ad hoc sensor network. Particularly it has more powerful requirement under dynamic environment. Clustering has made present wireless sensor network system energy aware due to data aggregation, data fusion and data compression at cluster heads. That results non redundant message generation and transmission, leads to minimum radio overhead. But, under fully dynamic network condition the result is not much satisfactory in Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks (WASNs). In this paper, an analytical approach has been presented to understand energy complexity of the network under highly dynamic, random and realistic mobile network environment of the sensor nodes in Cluster based WASN. It can help to design a novel energy efficient cluster routing protocol for wireless ad hoc sensor networks with mobility.

Within the growing Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a critical component. In a WSN, sensor node localization is typically utilized to identify the target node’s current location at the sink node (SN). This allows local data to be analysed, making it more meaningful. However, there exists an intrinsic problem with node localization and energy efficiency, as identified in the literature, which has led to poor performance, namely, poor estimation, transmission, and detection of the network. This intrinsic problem also directly affects energy efficiency in a WSN, resulting in energy loss and poor node distribution in the WSN. There seems to be no lasting and reliable solution to this intrinsic node localization problem in WSNs. Hence, this research study proposed hyper-heuristic optimization algorithms to improve node localization and energy efficiency in WSNs. This research adopts the Design Research (DR) methodology and the Theory of Modelling and Simulation as the theoretical frameworks of the study. The hyper-heuristic model designed, was considered the conceptual framework of the study. To validate the novel technique, different sizes of sensor networks, namely: - 100 sensor nodes; 100 to 1 500 nodes and 200 to 450 sensor nodes with 20 anchor nodes were simulated in an area measuring 100m x 100m. The novel hyper-heuristic model was implemented in a MATLAB R2020a environment. The hyper-heuristic optimization algorithm’s substantial simulated experiment results were benchmarked utilizing state-of-the-art (modern) techniques to solve challenges related to node localization error, total energy consumed, average consumed packet energy, network throughput, shortest path, dead nodes, packets dispatched to the base station (BS), and the probability of error within the entire network dependent on size. The Data Energy Efficiency Clustering-Gaussian (DEEC-GAUSS) method was used to provide solutions to challenges related to energy efficiency in WSNs. In addition, this research study explored the use of the novel DEEC-GAUSS Gradient Distance Elimination Algorithm (DGGDEA) as the hyper-heuristic optimisation model for localization of nodes in WSNs. DEEC-GAUSS and DGGDEA were valuable additions to the body of knowledge. The results showed that the novel DEEC-GAUSS was the most energy efficient algorithm for 100 sensor nodes and 1000 to 1500 sensor nodes when compared to other stateof-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, the results showed that the novel DGGDEA was able to drastically minimize the node estimation error for sensor nodes. Reliability, accuracy and convergence using hyper-heuristic models to enhance the communication within WSNs has been simulated with evidence that DEEC-GAUSS and DGGDEA has outperformed other stateof-the-art approaches

Energy efficiency is a primary problem in wireless sensor networks which employ a large number of intelligent sensor nodes to accomplish complicated tasks. Focused on the energy consumption problem in target tracking applications, this paper proposes a dynamic energy management mechanism with an improved particle filter prediction in wireless sensor networks. The standard particle filter is improved by combining the radial-basis function network to construct the process model and the novel algorithm is adopted to predict the prior position of target. For dynamic awakening, the idle interval of each sensor node is estimated according to its sensing tasks. A cluster head rotating approach is introduced from low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy for collecting data through the large sensing field. A group of sensor nodes which are located in the vicinity of target will wake up and have the opportunity to report their data. Distributed genetic algorithm is performed on cluster heads to optimize the sensor node selection. In target tracking simulations, we verify that the improved particle filter has more robustness than standard particle filter against the sensing error and dynamic energy management enhances energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks.

Aimed at the path coverage problem for wireless multimedia sensor networks, MTPCA (Moving Target based Path Coverage-enhancing Algorithm) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm introduces the improved probabilistic model into the virtual potential field based directional sensor network coverage. In order to correct the centroid position of sector area covered by sensor node in traditional probabilistic model, this algorithm puts forward the concept of coverage impact factor to obtain better coverage effect. Furthermore, in MTPCA, multimedia sensor nodes acquire the real-time position information of target point through the discretization of the path curve. In this way, we further adjust the moving directions of each sensor to completely cover all the points along with the path curve. And meanwhile, for the sensing overlapping regions, according to the master active node selection criteria, MTPCA makes no-master nodes asleep for the purpose of energy-saving. The simulation results show that the algorithm can optimize the resource allocation, achieve the satisfactory coverage ratio, and extend the network lifetime. Index Terms—Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN), path coverage, moving target, energy efficiency, virtual potential force, probabilistic model

Energy efficiency is one of the major concerns in wireless sensor networks since it impacts the network lifetime. The trade-off between sensed information and the amount of energy expended in communication are considered in developing protocols as sensor networks are resource constrained. In this paper, the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol and threshold-sensitive energy efficient sensor network (TEEN) protocol are integrated to form a hybrid AODV routing protocol. The hybrid protocol is based on the characteristics of both protocols. The primary design objective of this research is to determine the active nodes and enhance the energy efficiency. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed protocol is efficient in transmission of packets, reduction in latency, energy consumption and throughput.

무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 효율성, 전송 지연 그리고 확장성은 중요한 요구사항이며, 특히 다수의 노드로 구성된 무선 센서 네트워크의 경우 네트워크 라이프타임 연장을 위해 제한된 배터리 전력 내에서 각 노드의 에너지 소비를 최소화 시켜야한다. 또한 전송률을 향상시키기 위해서는 각 센서 노드의 에너지 소비를 최소화하기 위한 효율적인 알고리즘과 에너지 관리 기술이 요구된다. 본 논문은 무선 센서 네트워크 환경에서 센서 데이터 전송을 위해 경로의 겹침이 없는 다중경로 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 다중경로를 검색하고 라우팅 테이블에 다중경로를 추가시켜 센서 데이터 전송의 감소를 통해 네트워크 오버헤드를 최소화 시킨다. 제안한 라우팅 프로토콜은 각 노드의 에너지 소비를 최소화하고, 싱크 노드가 수신 강도 범위 내, 외부에 위치하더라도 센서 네트워크의 생명주기를 연장할 수 있다. 실제 데이터를 이용하여 현실 모델에 맞게 센서 네트워크를 구축하고 제안 기법의 타당성을 검증하며, 전체 에너지의 소비량을 평가한다. Energy efficiency, low latency and scalability for wireless sensor networks are important requirements, especially, the wireless sensor network consist of a large number of sensor nodes should be minimized energy consumption of each node to extend network lifetime with limited battery power. An efficient algorithm and energy management technology for minimizing the energy consumption at each sensor node is also required to improve transfer rate. Thus, this paper propose no-overlap multi-pass protocol provides for sensor data transmission in the wireless sensor network environment. The proposed scheme should minimize network overhead through reduced a sensor data translation use to searched multi-path and added the multi-path in routing table. Proposed routing protocol may minimize the energy consumption at each node, thus prolong the lifetime of the sensor network regardless of where the sink node is located outside or inside the received signal strength range. To verify propriety proposed scheme constructs sensor networks adapt to current model using the real data and evaluate consumption of total energy.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio communication sys- tems operate using extremely short duration base-band pulses. This paper compares the performance of three competing multi- ple access modulation schemes that have been proposed for appli- cation to UWB based wireless sensor networks. These multiple access schemes are ultra-wideband Time-Hopping (TH-UWB), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS-UWB) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM-UWB). Each system was investigated under four operating conditions of different bandwidths and bit rates for three different transmission ranges. The attributes measured to compare the performance of the multiple access schemes under consideration were packet link error rate, throughput and energy efficiency. TH-UWB outper- forms DSSS-UWB and OFDM-UWB for high bandwidth condi- tions. Whereas, DSSS-UWB performs better in low bandwidth conditions compared to the other two systems. Decreasing the transmission range significantly degrades the overall performance of the systems. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks are special networks composing of a large number of inexpensive, low-power communication sensing devices (sensor nodes), which are densely deployed throughout a physical space and have the capability of col- laborating with each other to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions. Realisation of sensor network applications requires wireless ad hoc networking techniques (1), therefore the sensor nodes are deployed in an ad hoc fashion and are required to organize themselves to form a multi-hop wireless communication network. Efficient and reliable communication between multiple sen- sor network entities is a big challenge. The increased collision probability resulting from multiple sensor nodes transmitting data simultaneously over the same transmission medium is a common problem facing communication in wireless networks. This problem can be overcome by using reliable multiple access techniques. An ideal wireless sensor communication network would require a multiple access scheme that allows the accommodation of multiple users and provides effective communication. It must also offer some measure of security and should have low probability of intercept. It should also be resistant to jamming and must be energy efficient. Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is an emerging technology that operates using extremely short duration base-band pulses and has a number of advantages that makes it an attractive choice for sensor networks. In particular, UWB systems have low power and low complexity. They have a noise like signal and are therefore resistant to severe multipath and jamming. They also provide greater bandwidth and are more cost ef- fective for providing increased throughput without increasing power. The three approaches to multiple access in UWB are:

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.