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The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work.

This research aims to adapt the Children’s Perceived Use of Self-Regulated Learning Inventory developed by Vandevelde. The inventory was developed to understand children’s self-regulated learning. The sampling in this research included 500 children who are attending primary school at A°stanbul in Turkey. First of all, the inventory was translated into Turkish. After the data collection, to understand the factor structure of the data exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were utilised. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) 22 and Lisrel 8.80 was used to analyse the data. Throughout the exploratory factor analysis, the items of the scale were reduced to 32 items and 3 factor. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the structure of the scale was valid. Cronbach alpha coefficient for the total score of the scale was calculated as 0.972. Test re-test reliability was also calculated as 0.999. This study showed that the inventory adapted into Turkish can be considered as valid and reliable. Key words: Self-regulated learning, primary students, scale adaptation.

The objective of this study is to develop and validate the instruments that are to be used in the field study. The instruments were validated based on Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) procedure using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) Version 25. The sample for the pilot study was comprised of 146 randomly selected policemen, and the field study was comprised of 513 randomly selected police personnel. Meanwhile, the data collected from the field study was analysed based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) 3.0 software. The EFA procedure yielded seven constructs with 49 items, which were procedural justice (formal) = 4 items, procedural justice (interaction) = 3 items, distributive justice = 6 items, interpersonal justice = 6 items, information justice = 6 items, organisation support = 17 items, and intention to quit work = 7 items. Base on CFA procedures, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), loading indicator and discrimination validity was adequate and achieved the cut off points. Additionally, all items from 7 constructs in this study are valid and reliable. Therefore, the EFA and CFA procedures were aptly used to analyse the perception of the Royal Malaysian Police members in this study, providing a useful guide for future researches on the complete process and procedures in validating and reliability a questionnaire instruments.

Digital competences represent essential skills for adapting to 21st-century conditions; encompassing the safe and critical use of information society technologies for work, daily life, and communication. Determining the digital competence levels of individuals is crucial to guide interventions aimed at enhancing these competences. This study presents the development process of a Digital Competence Scale for Faculty Members (DCS-FM), designed specifically to assess the digital competence levels of higher education instructors. The data collection process took place during the 2020–2021 academic year among faculty members working at ... University in ... province of Türkiye. Researchers collected the data themselves to ensure consistency and reliability throughout the process. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a six-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the six-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. In the process of developing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies, data were collected from a total of 740 unique faculty members. The scale development process involved two pilot applications and one main application, with exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and item analyses conducted throughout. Confirmatory factor analysis of the collected data yielded a 30-item scale encompassing six factors. These factors align with the European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators (known as ‘DigCompEdu’) developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Based on the validity and reliability analysis results and findings, it can be concluded that the scale possesses the sufficient psychometric properties sought in the literature.

Even though chemistry is the foundation and gatekeeper of other science courses, high school students across continue to score poorly in the subject overall. The purpose of the study was to determine how the performance of learners in chemistry was related to the availability of chemistry lab materials. Kilifi North Constituency was the site of the study. Six mixed schools were chosen using simple random sampling, one school for girls and boys were chosen using purposive method. Eighty students were chosen using simple random selection and stratified random sampling. Eight chemistry teachers were sampled using basic random sampling and purposeful sampling. The Chemistry Teacher Questionnaire (CTQ), Student Questionnaire (SQ), Observation Checklist (OC), and document and mark sheet analysis were used to gather data. Ten students and two teachers participated in the pilot project which was conducted at two schools in the Kilifi North Constituency. Data analysis was made simplified with the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study variables were presented using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, mean, and percentages. Hypotheses at .05. were tested using inferential statistics (Spearman's Rank order correlation and Pearson product moment of correlation coefficient). The study revealed that 75% of schools had laboratories, with a significant correlation (r = 0.819, p = 0.013) between the availability of laboratory materials and students' academic performance in chemistry practical’s, accounting for 67.08% of the variability in scores. Additionally, the majority of chemistry apparatus and chemicals were deemed sufficiently available, indicating overall adequacy in laboratory resources for effective teaching and learning. The study recommended that Schools should improve laboratory facilities by assuring the availability of necessary equipment and chemicals, as well as offering teacher training, in order to maximize resource efficiency and increase student chemistry performance.

Strategic Self‐Regulation for Speaking English as a Foreign Language: Scale Development and Validation

This study was conducted to describe the validation of learning environment inventory (LEI) for secondary school contexts. A survey method was used for data collection through the 20-item LEI. This study consists of two phases. In Phase 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 21) involving data collected from 150 students, which resulted in the extraction of four factors related to learning environment; (a) Learner-centered, (b) Knowledge-centered, (c) Assessment-centered, and (d) Community-centered. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out in Phase 2 with a new sample (N = 268) which resulted in strong model fit estimation. Such results confirmed the factor structure of Phase 1 and resulted in a final 12-item scale, which may be considered as an acceptable model.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of institutional pressure on competitive advantage with the mediating role of sustainable supply chain management practices. Design/Methodology/approach: The current study is quantitative. The survey approach was chosen as the research strategy. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The software was applied for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software version 22 was applied for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Data was collected from 373 managers in Pakistani manufacturing industries using a structured questionnaire. Targeted individuals working in industries include those dealing with sustainability issues, such as the leather, steel, textile, and rice industries. Completed questionnaires collect primary data. The current study is based on the Resource Based View (RBV) theory. Findings: This research found that institutional pressure has a significant direct impact on competitive advantage. Further, sustainable supply chain management practices have a substantial direct impact on competitive advantage. Besides, sustainable supply chain management practices mediate the relationship between institutional pressure and competitive advantage. In general, the findings of this study provide substantial support for all of the hypotheses regarding direct and indirect effects. Practical Implication: This research will help managers and practitioners achieve long-term corporate sustainability, vital firm performance, sustainable competitive advantage, and value creation. Original/Value: This research attempts to make a significant contribution to the current body of knowledge. The study is novel in terms of understanding the pressures for implementing sustainable supply chain management practices in Pakistan's manufacturing industries. Stakeholders can successfully implement sustainable supply chain management practices in day-to-day operations by understanding the contextual relationships between pressures and sustainable supply chain management practices. This study also adds empirical support to the RBV theory.

To the Editor: With the increase in life expectancy, the number of adults aged 60 and older will increase to 2 billion by 2050, 80% of whom will be living in developing countries.1 Falling is one of the main health problems of older adults, with approximately one-third of individuals aged 65 and older experiencing falls.2 Falls and fear of falls are related to one another, with each being a risk factor for the other.3 Fear of falls may result in avoidance of daily activities and reduction in the older adult's quality of life.4, 5 The Falls Efficacy Scale—International (FES-I) is an instrument that Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) designed to investigate fear of falls in older adults.6 The present study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a Persian version of the FES-I in Iranian older adults. Individuals aged 60 and older from a retirement center in Tabriz (Iran) who were able to speak, comprehend, read, and write Persian and were living independently in the community participated (n = 200). The study was performed between October 2012 and March 2013 after approval of the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The FES-I is a self-report questionnaire with 16 items assessed on a four-item Likert scale (not at all concerned to very concerned).6 Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients (test–retest) were used to investigate reliability; values greater than 0.7 indicated good reliability, and values less than 0.5 indicated unacceptable reliability.7 To determine the validity of the construct, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were considered. Correlation matrix, principal axis factoring, varimax rotation, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) were used for exploratory factor analysis.1 To evaluate the structure of the factors of exploratory factor analysis, goodness of fit of confirmatory factor analysis was conducted based on chi-square degrees of freedom (χ2/df) less than 5, goodness-of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) greater than 0.9, root mean square residual (RMSR) less than 0.1, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08, comparative fit index (CFI) greater than 0.9, normed fit index (NFI) greater than 0.9, non-normed fit index (NNFI) greater than 0.9, incremental fit index (IFI) greater than 0.9, relative fit index (RFI).7 Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In all analyses, P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Cronbach alpha was 0.90 to 0.95 and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients were 0.82 to 0.84 for the factors and total instrument. The adequacy of the factor analysis model was confirmed (KMO = 0.936 and for Bartlett test, χ2 of Bartlett test was 2,505.781, df 120, P < .05). In exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, two factors were extracted. Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 from the questionnaire were loaded in the first factor, and items 11, 13, 14, and 15 were loaded in the second factor. Two extracted factors determined 67.55% of total variance changes.1 In confirmatory factor analysis, based on the comparison of the data of goodness of fit for two- and one-factor analysis and theoretical basic (χ2/df < 5, RMSR < 0.1, NFI > 0.9, NNFI > 0.9, CFI > 0.9, IFI > 0.91) and the closeness of GFI and AGFI to 0.9, there was no considerable difference in these values for three models. All relationships between the items and factors were significant (P < .05). Thus, based on this model, the structure of exploratory factor analysis for this questionnaire was confirmed in two factors (Table 1). Test–retest and internal consistency reliability in accordance with previous literature were confirmed.6, 8-10 In the investigation of factor analysis in the present study and other studies, two factors were extracted, but loaded items on each factor in the studies were different.6, 10 Based on the results of this study, the Persian version of the FES-I has good validity and reliability in community-dwelling older people. This instrument can be used as an easy, low-cost method of measuring fear of falling in Iranian older adults. This article is the result of a thesis approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of medical sciences no. 9161. Our gratitude goes to all the older adults participating in this study, ProFANE, and the collaboration of Persian and English translators who helped us in translating the instrument. Finally, we are grateful to the staff of the Tabriz retirement center in allowing us to conduct the research there. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this paper. Sponsor's Role: None.

Workplace incivility is defined as low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target. In this sense, it involves a violation of workplace norms that could damage the quality of working relationships. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factor structure of the adaptation of Straightforward Incivility Scale (SIS; Leiter 2013) in an Italian sample. A sample of 404 healthcare workers completed the SIS. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. In the first step of analysis, exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis with 202 participants revealed three factors: supervisor, coworker, and instigated incivility. In the second step, a confirmatory factor analysis with 202 participants supported the 15-item three-factor model in the cross-validation sample. Results provide confirmation of the cross-cultural stability of the facet, factor, and global scale structure of the SIS.

PTB Reports,2020,6,1,33-40.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2020.6.6Published:March 2020Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, and Adel Sadeq Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, Critical care clinical pharmacists, TPN clinical pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Adel Sadeq, Assistant Professor, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Abstract:Objectives: To explore reliability and validity of pharmacy research proposal survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It’s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann’s λ6), McDonald’s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity consisted of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77%) and females 101 (48.33%). The three tests had been done of reliability of 17 questions of responders (204). The tests mean±SD was 3.788 ± 0.163, McDonald’s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann’s λ6 were 0.975, 0.975 and 0.987, respectively and inter-item coloration was 0.705. The item-total coloration >0.7, McDonald’s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann’s λ6 value if deleted was >0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.954 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was <0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was >0.7, the related components were two with the rotated component matrix >0.7 of all 17 questions in components 1 and 2 as suggested. They were confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.871, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.853, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.912, Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 4.299. The collinearity of 17 questions was auto-correlation was 0.058 with not statically significant (p=0.403). The majority of 17 questions had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 7 questions only had condition index less than 30. Most of questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except 4 questions, while only 4 questions had tolerance less than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of a survey about knowledge of pharmacy proposals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacist in pharmacy research practice can utilize the survey in the future. Keywords:Pharmacy, Proposal, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, ValidityView:PDF (378.87 KB) PDF PDF Images Confirmatory analysis pathway diagram

PTB Reports,2020,6,3,96-104.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2020.6.18Published:March 2020Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, and Ismail Hassan Amer Abu Rayah Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the research team. It’s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The Internal consistency, reliability through inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, Split half reliability (Gutmann’s λ6) and McDonald’s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52%). The among responders were males [108 (61.77%)] and females [101 (48.33%)]. The three tests had been done with reliability of 31 questions. The completed responders (185) (mean ± SD) was 3.236 ± 0.326 and McDonald’s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann’s λ6 were 0.980, 0.980 and 0.990, respectively with CI 95% (0.975-0.983) and inter-item coloration was 0.607, while the item-total coloration >0.53 and McDonald’s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann’s λ6 value if deleted was >0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.966 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was <0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was >0.57, the related components were four of all 31 questions in four components as suggested. They were not confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot and pathway analysis and fit not with the original survey changed to 3 factor loading. The confirmatory factor index was (0.761), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was (0.737), Goodness of fit index (GFI) was (0.844) and expected cross validation index (ECVI) (9.029). The collinearity of 23 questions was autocorrelation (2.609e -5) with not statistically significant (p=0.951). The majority of 23 question had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 11 questions had condition index more than 30. All of the 23 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except four questions and had tolerance more than 0.1 except four questions. Conclusion: The reliability and validity related to the corrected survey of biostatistics analysts used in pharmaceutical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacy practice was properly used in further future research in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Biostatical Analysis, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, ValidityView:PDF (452.29 KB) PDF PDF Images confirmatory analysis pathway diagram

The study sought to determine the effect of organisational support (OS) for energy-saving, water conservation, and waste management practices implementation on hotel performance (HP) in conservation areas in Uganda. The study used a correlational research design with quantitative methods about OS and HP. Krejcie and Morgan's 1970 sample size determination table was applied in selecting 265 participants from a population of 851 employees in 19-star-rated hotels from the study area. These participants were selected using multistage sampling consisting of stratified, proportional, and simple random sampling. Data was collected via self-administered questionnaires distributed with the help of trained research assistants. Construct validity was evaluated through factor analysis, using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data was subjected to descriptive and factor analysis in SPSS 25 and partial least structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS4 for modelling and hypothesis testing. The results indicate that the OS accounts for 54.4% (R2 =0.538) of the variation in hotel performance. Specifically, the results show that OS (P&lt;0.05), had a direct significant effect on hotel performance in conservation areas in Uganda. The blindfolding results confirm adequate predictive relevance, with the lowest Q² value at 0.538. The results show that all of the Q2 predicted statistics for the endogenous latent variable and the measurement variables of the endogenous construct are greater than 0. The study concluded that organizational support mechanisms for green environment practices implementation are essential, and have a significant effect on hotel performance in conservation areas in Uganda. The results of this study are useful to policymakers and industry practitioners by providing relevant insights in guiding decision-making to improve hotel performance. It also adds to the existing body of knowledge on the discussions relating to organizational support and hotel performance.

Objective:The aim of this study is to adapt Khalfa Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) into Turkish for the use in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hyperacusis.Method:HQ and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to a total of 529 participants (320 female, 209 male), aged 18 to 73 (mean age: 29.76±10.59) years who were randomly selected from the general population. For the evaluation of the data, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, and Sidak correction test were used.Results:In the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s alpha (aC) internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.81. Factor analysis revealed three subdimensions (attentional, social, and emotional). The total variance of these three subdimensions were 63%, and the internal consistency of the subdimensions was also high (αC >0.70). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling results indicated that three-factor solutions with 14 items met the criteria for the adequacy of fit among the Turkish patients. The mean score for hyperacusis was estimated as 15.69±6.63 points.There was a positive, weak, but significant association between hyperacusis and anxiety (r=0.357, p=0.01, p<0.05). The patients who were exposed to noise were found to have higher levels of hyperacusis, compared to those who were not (t=6.78, p=0.01, p<0.05). The patients who had decreased noise tolerance over time were found to be higher hyperacusis levels than those without (t=4.83, p=0.01, p<0.05).ConclusionBased on these measurements, 14 questions and three-factor solutions were found to be a valid and reliable tool.

This study aimed to investigate the latent constructs in the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale using a research context of Japanese undergraduates who learn English as a foreign language. The study conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis against two different groups of Japanese undergraduate students. First, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract factors from 33 items of the scale in its application to 149 management major students. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the factors from the exploratory factor analysis. Data from 237 English language learners at two universities—155 undergraduates at a foreign study university and 82 at a general university—were applied to test a hypothetical model in relation to the extracted latent constructs. Results of the two factor analyses identified and confirmed two underlying components of the scale: (1) communication apprehension and (2) fear of failing. The model fit statistics illustrated that the two-factor paradigm appropriately fit the data from the second undergraduate group. Implications of the results are discussed.