Factor structure of the straightforward incivility scale in an Italian sample

The authors conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory (AARRSI) to further examine the underlying factor structure in a total sample of 1,273 Asian American participants. In the first step of analysis, an exploratory factor analysis with 651 participants yielded a 13-item two-factor solution to the data. In the second step, a confirmatory factor analysis with 622 participants supported both the 13-item two-factor model and the original 29-item three-factor model in the cross-validation sample and generational and ethnicity analyses. The two-factor and three-factor models produced internal consistency estimates ranging from .81 to .95. In addition, the authors examined convergent and criterion related evidence for 13-item and 29-item versions of the AARRSI. Given its brief nature and generally good fit across generational status and ethnicity, the authors suggest that the 13-item AARRSI might be advantageous for research and assessment endeavors.

본 연구의 목적은 의료기관 근로자들의 환자 개인정보 보호에 대한 인식을 평가하는 도구를 개발하고, 개발된 도구의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하고자 하였다. 도구의 개발 및 검증과정은 도구의 개념틀 구성, 기초 문항 작성, 내용타당도 검증, 예비조사를 거쳐 최종문항을 추출하였다. 내용타당도는 3명의 보건의료전문가의 검증을 받았고, 구성타당도는 문항분석, 탐 색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 도구의 신뢰도는 Cronbach's alpha 로 검증하였다. 간호사, 병원 행정직원, 여러 보건의료 종사자들로 구성된 의료기관 근로자 279명을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하였다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 4요인 모델의 적합도가 높아 구성타당도가 검증되었으며, 4요인 13문항으로 구성된 본 도구의 신뢰도 Cronbach's alpha는 .83이었 다. 결론적으로, 본 도구는 의료기관 근로자의 개인정보보호 인식을 측정하기에 타당도와 신뢰도가 검증된 도구인 것으로 나타났다.

This study aims to explore the structure of Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Physical Education (PCK-PE), develop a scale, and verify its validity. This study was divided into primary and secondary preliminary surveys and one main survey. First, a scale was developed through the Delphi verification process after data were collected through an open questionnaire administered to 97 physical education teachers in January 2020. Second, a descriptive statistical analysis and an exploratory factor analysis was performed on data collected from 163 physical education teachers in February 2020. Finally, a questionnaire was administered to 265 physical education teachers in March 2020. The reliability of the scale was analyzed. Through confirmatory factor analysis, convergent, nomological, and discriminant validity were verified. A correlation analysis was conducted to verify criterion-related validity. Based upon the analysis, a PCK-PE scale was developed with 21 questions and five factors: knowledge of curriculum, pedagogy, educational philosophy, education evaluation, and class environment. The reliability and validity of the developed scale were verified.

Digital competences represent essential skills for adapting to 21st-century conditions; encompassing the safe and critical use of information society technologies for work, daily life, and communication. Determining the digital competence levels of individuals is crucial to guide interventions aimed at enhancing these competences. This study presents the development process of a Digital Competence Scale for Faculty Members (DCS-FM), designed specifically to assess the digital competence levels of higher education instructors. The data collection process took place during the 2020–2021 academic year among faculty members working at ... University in ... province of Türkiye. Researchers collected the data themselves to ensure consistency and reliability throughout the process. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a six-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the six-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. In the process of developing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies, data were collected from a total of 740 unique faculty members. The scale development process involved two pilot applications and one main application, with exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and item analyses conducted throughout. Confirmatory factor analysis of the collected data yielded a 30-item scale encompassing six factors. These factors align with the European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators (known as ‘DigCompEdu’) developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Based on the validity and reliability analysis results and findings, it can be concluded that the scale possesses the sufficient psychometric properties sought in the literature.

To the Editor: With the increase in life expectancy, the number of adults aged 60 and older will increase to 2 billion by 2050, 80% of whom will be living in developing countries.1 Falling is one of the main health problems of older adults, with approximately one-third of individuals aged 65 and older experiencing falls.2 Falls and fear of falls are related to one another, with each being a risk factor for the other.3 Fear of falls may result in avoidance of daily activities and reduction in the older adult's quality of life.4, 5 The Falls Efficacy Scale—International (FES-I) is an instrument that Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) designed to investigate fear of falls in older adults.6 The present study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a Persian version of the FES-I in Iranian older adults. Individuals aged 60 and older from a retirement center in Tabriz (Iran) who were able to speak, comprehend, read, and write Persian and were living independently in the community participated (n = 200). The study was performed between October 2012 and March 2013 after approval of the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The FES-I is a self-report questionnaire with 16 items assessed on a four-item Likert scale (not at all concerned to very concerned).6 Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients (test–retest) were used to investigate reliability; values greater than 0.7 indicated good reliability, and values less than 0.5 indicated unacceptable reliability.7 To determine the validity of the construct, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were considered. Correlation matrix, principal axis factoring, varimax rotation, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) were used for exploratory factor analysis.1 To evaluate the structure of the factors of exploratory factor analysis, goodness of fit of confirmatory factor analysis was conducted based on chi-square degrees of freedom (χ2/df) less than 5, goodness-of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) greater than 0.9, root mean square residual (RMSR) less than 0.1, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08, comparative fit index (CFI) greater than 0.9, normed fit index (NFI) greater than 0.9, non-normed fit index (NNFI) greater than 0.9, incremental fit index (IFI) greater than 0.9, relative fit index (RFI).7 Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In all analyses, P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Cronbach alpha was 0.90 to 0.95 and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients were 0.82 to 0.84 for the factors and total instrument. The adequacy of the factor analysis model was confirmed (KMO = 0.936 and for Bartlett test, χ2 of Bartlett test was 2,505.781, df 120, P < .05). In exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, two factors were extracted. Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 from the questionnaire were loaded in the first factor, and items 11, 13, 14, and 15 were loaded in the second factor. Two extracted factors determined 67.55% of total variance changes.1 In confirmatory factor analysis, based on the comparison of the data of goodness of fit for two- and one-factor analysis and theoretical basic (χ2/df < 5, RMSR < 0.1, NFI > 0.9, NNFI > 0.9, CFI > 0.9, IFI > 0.91) and the closeness of GFI and AGFI to 0.9, there was no considerable difference in these values for three models. All relationships between the items and factors were significant (P < .05). Thus, based on this model, the structure of exploratory factor analysis for this questionnaire was confirmed in two factors (Table 1). Test–retest and internal consistency reliability in accordance with previous literature were confirmed.6, 8-10 In the investigation of factor analysis in the present study and other studies, two factors were extracted, but loaded items on each factor in the studies were different.6, 10 Based on the results of this study, the Persian version of the FES-I has good validity and reliability in community-dwelling older people. This instrument can be used as an easy, low-cost method of measuring fear of falling in Iranian older adults. This article is the result of a thesis approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of medical sciences no. 9161. Our gratitude goes to all the older adults participating in this study, ProFANE, and the collaboration of Persian and English translators who helped us in translating the instrument. Finally, we are grateful to the staff of the Tabriz retirement center in allowing us to conduct the research there. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this paper. Sponsor's Role: None.

Neural Topologies of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: A Latent Variable Approach to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.

Teacher leadership is gaining momentum in the school improvement program nowadays. School reformation depends on teacher leaders' ability to implement new approaches and help colleagues develop their skills, values, and expertise. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate the teacher leadership instrument to measure the aspect of value using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which has 31 items. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social sciences version 22 and Structural Equation Modelling version 20.0. This study was administered to 320 teachers in 19 secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, using questionnaires. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) yielded a 29 items three-factor model termed as Being a Consultant (PR), Fostering a Cooperation Culture (MBK), and Leading the Teaching and Learning Process (PPdP). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded 17 items demonstrating three factors that achieved the model fit index, with Chi-squared/degree of freedom (Chisq/df) = 2.541, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.934, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.944; and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.070. The composite reliability and average variance extracted of the domains ranged from 0.54 to 0.57 and 0.85 to 0.89. The study found that the instrument is valid and reliable in measuring the values aspect of teacher leadership models. This model's development can have a huge impact on teachers' leadership training through the teachers' professionalism improvement programs.

Strategic Self‐Regulation for Speaking English as a Foreign Language: Scale Development and Validation

This study aimed to investigate the latent constructs in the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale using a research context of Japanese undergraduates who learn English as a foreign language. The study conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis against two different groups of Japanese undergraduate students. First, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract factors from 33 items of the scale in its application to 149 management major students. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the factors from the exploratory factor analysis. Data from 237 English language learners at two universities—155 undergraduates at a foreign study university and 82 at a general university—were applied to test a hypothetical model in relation to the extracted latent constructs. Results of the two factor analyses identified and confirmed two underlying components of the scale: (1) communication apprehension and (2) fear of failing. The model fit statistics illustrated that the two-factor paradigm appropriately fit the data from the second undergraduate group. Implications of the results are discussed.

There is growing interest in the area of elite athlete mental health, however brief, valid and reliable screening instruments designed to identify early indictors of athlete-specific distress and potential mental health symptoms are lacking. This study sought to develop a brief screening instrument for athlete populations – the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) – and examine convergent, divergent and construct validity. A two-stage psychometric validation study was undertaken. Self-report data was collected from 1,007 currently competing Australian elite male athletes (M = 23.67, SD = 4.16). The sample was randomly partitioned into calibration (n = 497) and validation (n = 510) samples. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and tests of differential item functioning were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis, with parallel analysis, conducted on the calibration sample supported a three-factor solution, with subscales assessing Self-Regulation, Performance and External Coping accounting for 50.44% of total scale variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-factor model, yielding excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.976, TLI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.055, SRMR = 0.032), with the Bayesian Information Criterion supporting the superordinate structure. Differential item functioning analysis indicated item-equivalence relative to athletes’ level of education and ethnicity. As predicted, a multivariate effect indicated higher APSQ scores for currently injured athletes (p = .040) with a univariate effect on the Performance subscale. The APSQ may help identify early symptoms of athlete psychological strain facilitating timely management. Replication and validation studies in broader samples, including female athletes and comparison with other athlete-specific, coping and stress measures are needed.

We propose a new definition of inconspicuous consumption as an individual disposition and present an instrument for measuring this variable. The article describes the successive stages of the construction of the Inconspicuous Consumption Scale (ICS). The initial set of test items was generated using the method of competent judges - qualitative and quantitative evaluation using CVR Lawshe. Next, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out using data obtained from a sample of 690 participants. In the first step, parallel analysis and the maximum average partial (MAP) criterion were conducted, while in the next step, we again performed exploratory hierarchical factor analysis using maximum likelihood ML with the promax rotation. Confirmatory structure was performed on data collected from 497 respondents (confirmatory factor analysis CFA using the robust ML estimator with the Satorra-Bentler correction).The results of a preliminary selection of items and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have led to the development of an instrument which measures four factors that make up the global ICS: Knowledge, Services, Experiences, and Subtle Brand Signals. Reliability and validity studies carried out in Poland in a sample of 1,330 respondents show that the ICS has satisfactory psychometric properties. We have assumed that inconspicuous consumption (IC) consists of deliberate avoidance of visibility and investments directly aimed at improving the quality of life and caring for the environment, both from a local and global perspective. Treated as an individual, relatively enduring disposition in the area of consumer behavior, it appears to be a useful construct for explainingh changes in the area of consumer behavior.

Objective To revise the time management habit scale and examine its reliability and validity.Methods 1042 college students were assessed with time management habit scale (TMH) and time management disposition scale(ATMD). All students were randomly split into two samples with equal size. Exploratory factor analysis(EFA) was conducted to obtain the structure of TMH with one sample and then the stability of the new structure was examined by confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) with another sample. Results EFA extracted three factors that explained 49. 577% of the whole variance. CFA analysis that the three-factor model represented the data better than the four-factor model. The Cronbach' s alphas reliability was 0.9076. The three-factor was 0.8324～0.8459. The test-retest reliability was 0.766 (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The Cronbach' s alphas reliability, testretest reliability, content validity and construct validity of new TMH accord with psychometric demands. Key words: Time management; Scale; Reliability; Validity

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia among patient with dementia of various degrees

To examine whether the psychometric properties of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work scales could be replicated with post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) patients and to measure the criterion validity through its association with psychological distress. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 814 patients (739 men and 75 women) who had returned to work after their first MI and who were followed up by telephone at an average of 2.2 years after their baseline interview (1998-2000). The psychological demands scale of the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire was used to measure effort. Reward was measured with nine items from the original reward scale by Siegrist plus two proxy items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the theoretical structure of ERI. Using log-binomial regression models, we evaluated the association between ERI scales and psychological distress measured with the 14-item Psychiatric Symptom Index. ERI scales and subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analysis using oblique (promax) rotation yielded a three-factor solution with items representative of extrinsic effort (Factor 1) and reward subscales (Factors 2 and 3). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit with the data. The internal consistencies and discriminant validities of the ERI scales were satisfactory. Furthermore, effort, reward, and ERI ratio were significantly associated with psychological distress (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26-2.31; PR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.16-2.29; and PR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.17-2.47, respectively). The psychometric properties of the ERI scales were generally reproduced among post-MI patients. The associations with psychological distress supported the criterion validity of the ERI scales in this population.

Emergency physicians have the highest rates of burnout among all medical specialties. There is a need for accurate and reliable burnout assessment tools to monitor changes and assess the effects of interventions. However, existing tools are typically long and/or costly. We sought to validate an abbreviated Copenhagen Burnout Inventory among emergency physicians and trainees in Canada. We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a national, cross-sectional survey of emergency physicians and trainees in Canada. Exploratory factor analysis was performed followed by confirmatory factor analysis. Kaiser's eigenvalues rule, a scree plot, and Horn's parallel analysis guided the number of factors to extract. Structural validity fit indices and internal consistency were compared to pre-specified cutoffs. Criterion validity was assessed compared to the full Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (burnout defined as mean ≥ 50/100). One hundred eighty-two responses were randomly split into separate cohorts for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were confirmed to be statistically suitable for factor analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, a ten-item, two-factor abbreviated Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was reached after removing items based on over correlation (≥ 0.80), cross-loading (≥ 75%), and low factor loading (< 0.60). In confirmatory testing, the abbreviated inventory had a good Comparative Fit Index (0.91) though did not meet cutoffs for the remaining fit indices. Internal consistency was 0.92 (95%CI 0.90-0.95). Using a cutoff of 33/50, sensitivity was 0.99, specificity was 0.82, and area under the ROC curve was 0.86. With further validation, an abbreviated ten-item Copenhagen Burnout Inventory has potential to serve as a short, freely available burnout assessment tool among Canadian emergency physicians and trainees. This abbreviated inventory has evidence to support its internal consistency and criterion validity, albeit with inconsistent structural validity. Future validation with larger samples is required, with special attention paid to content validity, test-retest reliability, and correlation with important outcomes.