English

Creation of complex technical objects (CTO, such as science-intensive engineering objects, which are characterized by the number of elements and connections equal to 106 and more) – a process containing long subprocesses, complex objects, models, and based on available standards and information technology (IT). It is known from practice that CTO models are created with the help of information systems - components of CALS and PLM-solutions. This process have the following shortcomings: models at different stages of creation of CTO are not completely interconnected; CTO modeling takes place using different components of IT CALS and PLM-solutions, which creates constant difficulties in data conversion and leads to partial or complete loss of model data; there is no automated communication with other CTO models.
 A generalized model of complex technical objects is proposed, which based on using the theoretical-multiple approach allows to establish an information connection between the models of the process of creating complex technical objects. The information system of creation of the generalized model of difficult technical objects that allowed automating process of processing and construction of models is developed; to supplement the technology of parallel PLM design and components of information technologies CALS and PLM-solutions for the task of creating models of complex technical objects.

Using the Systemic-Transdisciplinary Approach to Enhance the Operational Reliability and Maintenance Programming of Complex Technical Objects

Despite the vast experience of using the neural networks for solving various machine learning problems, the numerous attempts to use them in technical diagnostics have not yet led to complete solutions so far (with rare exceptions). The reason is the specific nature of technical diagnostics that distinguishes such tasks from traditional machine learning problems. Having analyzed these specific features, the authors propose an approach to diagnosing complex technical objects that is focused on the use in built-in diagnostics systems and is based on the neural network reference diagnostic models of functionally isolated nodes and assemblies. The article describes the methodology for the synthesis of such models, their training on the data obtained by monitoring the object being tested using built-in diagnostic tools, determining the permissible response errors, and adapting to the current status of the object. The fuzzification of the diagnostic model results using the test sample proposed in the article makes it possible to standardize the approach to diagnosing complex technical objects designed for various purposes. The use of D. Trigg’s tracking control signal proposed by the authors to monitor regression residuals during the learning increases the training quality and generalization ability of models. The value of this signal determined by the model run on a test sample is an additional informative diagnostic parameter that increases the accuracy of classifying the status of the object under test. The proposed methodology applied at the complex technical object design stage allows optimizing the monitored parameters’ array and multiplying the efficiency of the diagnostic information recorded by the built-in diagnostic and monitoring tools.

The exploitation of complex technical object includes two processes: handling as an activity preparing the technical object to be set up and using as an activity consisting in using it for its intended purpose. Analysis of the exploitation process of the heater (heating boiler), is the search for answers to two questions — how to use a device to achieve the best effect and what using procedures should be used to restore the required exploitation potential. Keywords: exploitation, complex technical object, handling

The approach originated initially at the management in 1960’s of the XX th century at present has not the proper development and extension in problems by technical objects. The true possibilities of the approach for the theoretical automation are uncovered themselves in rethinking of the key notions like situational model and situational control for class of complex technical systems. The retrospective of the formation of the approach is discussed in the article, and also the questions of the application of the methodology in the problems of the automatic and the automation of the ergatic systems are considered. The conception of the developed by the authors permits to join naturally the methods of the logical and continuous dynamical and allows to consider as one from the directions of the development of the theory of the logic-dynamical systems. This fact is conclusively illustrated with use of the methodology in the systems of multiregime regulation. The aim of the regulation is decomposed into local aims. The definite situations and the regimes of regulation conform to these aims. And the processes of the regulation themselves are realized by means of two-level hierarchical design of the system: the lower level puts together the bank of subcontrollers working off the local aims, and at the top of the level the of the flowing situations is realized and the logic process of the switching of the regimes is represented. The approach used for one from the fundamental bases for the present theory by complex technical objects. The suggested conception of the situational-goal for the given class of the objects in contrast to the classical two-step scheme situation-actionis based on four-step scheme situation-aim-control strategy-action, which meshes perfectly with multiple goal principle by complex systems based on the decomposition of the main aim into intermediate local aims in connection with the separate situations. As a final result, the process is realized by three functions simultaneously: monitoring of the situations, the generation of local aims and formation of the strategy. Their outputs are diagnose of the flowing situation, the new local aim of in case of the situation’s change and the strategy respectively.

The paper shows the approach and the result of taking into account the mutual influence of on-board subsystems of a complex technical object along the DC power supply circuits. Technical objects are understood as a mobile, energy-intensive vehicle, such as an aircraft, a surface or submarine vessel, or a railway locomotive with strong magnetic fields. The aim of the work is to create a simple and intuitive tool for mathematical modeling of the magnetic field vector at an arbitrarily specified observation point. The task is being solved in order to improve the accuracy of magnetic measurements on board, in particular, in navigation problems. On-board DC networks are considered, to which the approach of mathematical modeling is applied. The disadvantages of commercial programs of a similar purpose are noted. The binding of the objects under consideration to the general coordinate system is described. An analytical algorithm for calculating the magnetic field vector from the on-board cable network with a pronounced 3D trajectory is shown. Examples of visualization of the simulation results are given. An algorithm for calculating the induction vector based on the Biot-Savard law is considered. The algorithm for the analytical solution of the problem is described in detail. A specific power cable of the on-board network is considered. The cable is given by a set of straight conductors with current. The ways of future improvement of the created product with the transition from one observation point to the field map in a given three-dimensional zone of arbitrary position, volume and orientation are outlined. The obtained result is considered as an element of the procedure for achieving electromagnetic compatibility of energy-intensive and highly sensitive subsystems of a modern complex technical object.

The specificity of various mechatronic systems functioning in a modern car gives opportuinity to analyze diagnostic signals (oscillograms) of different nature, which are read from the diagnostics characteristic points or can be obtained from the on-board diagnostics regular system (OBD). Such analysis allows achieving a higher level of automation in searching for
\nmalfunctions causes in case of certain number of diagnostic parameters received presence. Therefore, it is important to improve the system for collecting, storing and processing such diagnostic information.
\nThe paper describes the principle of diagnostic signals (oscillograms) database forming. Reference oscillograms and oscillograms of malfunctions are saved. The basic approach is that the diagnostic information is stored as separate ranges (fragments) of oscillograms in the form of fourth-order polynomials coefficients. In addition, the database contains objects of typical diagnostic features, diagnostic parameters and structural parameters, as well as possible changes of structural parameters i.e. malfunctions. Between all these objects there are «many to many» connections. As you know, when there are typical malfunctions in diagnostic signals, certain anomalies appear. Interrelations between database tables characterize the relationship between typical malfunctions and anomalies of diagnostic signals fragments. The degree of influence of the malfunctions causes on the behavior of the diagnostic signal is determined by the weighting coefficients. The determination and correction of these coefficients is the basis of the diagnostic model developed on the basis of a neuro-fuzzy network.
\nAlso the general architecture of the monitoring system is described, which is based on the implementation of diagnostic automation approaches with the implementation of intelligent-expatcher monitoring and modern IT technologies. Architecture is based on the principle of three levels. Each level is encapsulated and has an accessible communication interface. The first level contains the models of the database entities and the access functions to the database, the second level contains the system's logic and diagnostic models, the third level, that is the level of visualization and communication with the user.

The database of the automated control system is an artificial functioning object that provides information services. The process of database functioning occurs with some finite efficiency. To improve the information support of the automated system, it is necessary to obtain an accurate assessment of the efficiency of the basis – the database. Modern approaches to assessing the quality of databases based on the standards ISO / IEC 25012: 2008 "Software engineering – Software product. Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – Data quality model" and ISO / IEC 25024: 2015 "Systems and software engineering – Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – Measurement of data quality" do not provide the ability to obtain objective numerical estimates. There is a contradiction between the need to obtain accurate estimates of the intensity of significant properties of the database and the available tools for solving this problem. Purpose. Development of a template of a parametric database model suitable for forming a list of operational and technical requirements for a database in the process of assessing the effectiveness of its functioning for its intended purpose. Results. A list of significant operational, result and resource properties of a typical database of an automated control system for a complex organizational and technical object has been formulated, using the example of a spacecraft flight control center (MCC). Measurable parameters of database functioning as an artificial object implementing a targeted process of satisfying the information needs of users (applied processes) have been put forward. Proposals have been developed for the structures of convolution of measurable parameters of database functioning, presented in the form of oriented graphs. Interpretations have been developed for formulating private indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of the automated control system database. A methodological basis has been created for developing procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the database. Practical significance. A set of structural models of private performance indicators of the functioning of the database of an automated control system for an organizational and technical object, provided with measurable parameters, has been developed to form procedures for assessing the effectiveness of its functioning in the task of improving the management cycle.

The purpose of the research is to develop a method for evaluating the effectiveness of monitoring the technical condition of a complex technical object, taking into account expert assessments. Methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of a complex technical object is carried out with the help of appropriate performance indicators that characterize the degree of fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them. When choosing performance indicators, the following basic requirements should be taken into account: the indicator should have a quantitative expression and be calculated simply enough; the indicator should be selected taking into account the specifics of the task being solved and reflect the main characteristics of the phenomenon being evaluated; theindicator should be representative and ensure comparability of the evaluation results by the degree of preference, i. e. to prevent incomparable (indifferent) decisions. Results. A method for evaluating the effectiveness of monitoring the technical condition of a complex technical object is presented, taking into account an additional expanded information description with qualitative features (expert assessments). Conclusion. The effectiveness of the control directly depends on the accuracy and completeness of the control. The accuracy of existing control systems is quite high, but the completeness of control does not always take into account qualitative (expert) assessments about the object of control. Improving the efficiency of control systems should go not only at the expense of accuracy and speed, but also at the expense of completeness of control. As a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the control system, an assessment of the probability of a functional state of a controlled complex technical object is proposed. The calculation of the effectiveness of the control system is proposed, taking into account the additional expanded information description by qualitative signs (expert assessments) about the object of control. It is shown that it is possible to more accurately assess the operational state of the object of control if the completeness of control is higher, with an irreducible accuracy of control.

The article is devoted to the rationale for using the sociophysical approach to form a digital twin model of a complex electrical engineering object (EEO). The material begins with an analysis of the content of the concept of a digital twin. Existing definitions and usage examples are discussed. The analysis allows us to formulate the information gap problem that impedes the introduction of digital twin technology in the field of creating a number of complex electrical products, for example, electric aircraft engines. Modern methods of solving this problem are focused on increasing the information base of modeling by accumulating large amounts of data for subsequent processing using semantic technologies and artificial intelligence. Existing data integration methods for analyzing and predicting the evolution of complex technical objects are unrepresentative, expensive, and error-prone. We propose the justification of the sociophysical approach as a way of forming a reliable and consistently interpreted way of representing a complex electrical engineering object. The analysis allowed us to formulate the requirements for the mathematical model of the digital twin. It is shown that the sociophysical model of a technical object, formed within the framework of a multi-aspect sociophysical description meets the specified requirements. Based on this, it is concluded that the sociophysical model of EEO can be a prototype of the digital twin model, which can be used to form a life cycle management system for a EEO. The processes that occur in a system that includes a sociophysical object as an object of management have a different nature: electrical, technical, technological, economic, social, informational, etc. This allows you to analyze and, if necessary, optimize processes, both in virtual mode and online, throughout the entire lifecycle of the EEO. In particular, to optimize the structure of the designed object taking into account the features of the production and technological structure at a specific enterprise; to Refine the model based on operational data for monitoring the stages of the life cycle associated with the design, development and production, operation and, ultimately, conversion and disposal; to Refine the model of the designed object taking into account the features of each stage of the life cycle.

Article considers role of the school course of computer science and its section related to programming in the formation of skills to think logically, the ability to work with abstractions, and readiness for systemic thinking. Existing approaches for bridging the gap between the level of graduate training and the requirements of employers are described. One of the most promising is proposed to be the paradigm of the STEM. Training in the framework of it is focused not only on developing the necessary theoretical knowledge, but on developing practical skills of work with complex technical and information objects from the students, but also on the development of creative, critical and computational thinking. Learning programming is included in the scope of Informatics is an effective way of developing logical and analytical thinking, as based on the study of such basic concepts as algorithmic structures and principles of construction of algorithms. The article focuses on the social aspect of learning programming. The area of computational perspectives includes the skill of outsourcing for tasks. Mastered his disciples formed a group, continuing the joint work in the context of learning other disciplines.

In this paper we consider the organization of exogenous karst monitoring and providing of geo-ecological safety in complex technical objects. We have substantiated the application of electrical methods for karst-suffusion processes monitoring, for example, Nizhny Novgorod nuclear power plant.

Windows of different shape and size, constructed from a wide variety of glass types and supporting materials, serve many more specific purposes than just the one of allowing light to enter into buildings exposed to changing or even extreme climatic conditions. After defining the window as a complex technical object, this paper stresses the necessity for better, more efficient and standardized test procedures and equipment, calls for coordination of building code provisions, and enumerates the steps to be taken to obtain these improvements.

A definition of operating mode of complex technical object (CTO) concept is introduced. A logical-static interpretation of CTO operating modes is given. A formal grammar of transformations of logical functions for compatibility (incompatibility) of operations in constraints of a static planning model is presented. Transformation rules are introduced for specific cases. An algorithm for formalizing logical multi-mode structures of CTO functioning in static planning terms of operation flows and modes is developed. Results of computational experiments are presented.

Complex technical objects in modern society are extremely important. Such objects belong to the class of recoverable objects of long-term multiple used. They tend to be expensive and require significant maintenance costs. To ensure the required level of reliability during their operation, maintenance is usually carried out, the essence of which is the timely preventive replacement of elements that are in a pre-failure state, which is very important for military equipment. A characteristic feature of complex technical objects for special purposes (military equipment) is the presence in their composition of a large number (tens, hundreds of thousands) of different types components that have different levels of reliability, different patterns of their wear and aging processes. This feature requires a more subtle approach to the organization and planning of maintenance during operation (military equipment). The problem is that when developing such objects of military equipment, all issues related to maintainability and maintenance should be addressed already at the early stages of designing an object. If you do not provide in advance the necessary hardware and software for the built-in monitoring of the technical condition (TC) of the object, do not develop and “embed” the maintenance technology into the object, then it will not be possible to realize in the future a possible gain in the reliability of the object due to the maintenance. Since all these issues must be resolved at the stage of creating an object (when the object does not yet exist), mathematical models of the maintenance process are needed, with the help of which it would be possible to calculate the possible gain in the level of reliability the object due to maintenance, to estimate the cost costs required for this. Then, based on such calculations, make a decision on the need for maintenance for this type of objects and, if such a decision is made, develop the structure of the maintenance system, choose the most appropriate maintenance strategy, and determine its optimal parameters. In this paper, we develop a methodology for optimizing the parameters of the strategy for regulated maintenance of military equipment. The paper also confirms the general idea that the data obtained fully confirm assumption that the “adaptive maintenance” strategy is more preferable in the case of unreliable (inaccurate) information about the reliability indicators of the object’s elements.