Enhancing Roadway Efficiency with GPS Based Toll System

Many highway toll collection systems have already been developed and are widely used in India. Some of these include Manual toll collection, RF tags, Barcodes, Number plate recognition. All these systems have disadvantages that lead to some errors in the corresponding system. This paper presents a brief review of toll collection systems present in India, their advantages and disadvantages and also aims to design and develop a new efficient toll collection system which will be a good low cost alternative among all other systems. The system is based on Computer Vision vehicle detection using OpenCV library in Embedded Linux platform. The system is designed using Embedded Linux development kit (Raspberry pi). In this system, a camera captures images of vehicles passing through toll booth thus a vehicle is detected through camera. Depending on the area occupied by the vehicle, classification of vehicles as light and heavy is done. Further this information is passed to the Raspberry pi which is having web server set up on it. When raspberry pi comes to know the vehicle, then it access the web server information and according to the type of the vehicle, appropriate toll is charged. This system can also made to count moving vehicles from pre-recorded videos or stored videos by using the same algorithm and procedure that we follow in this paper.

Because the highway has become more and more important in modern road network and the traditional manual toll collection has clearly exposed its weakness, non-stop automatic toll collection is now imperative in highway systems. With the advent of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the establishment of electronic toll collection system (ETC) by using of computer technology, electronic technology and modern communication technology, etc, to provides some solutions to the traffic jam, delay and some other problems, can radically enhance the safety and efficiency of road operation and achieve safe road traffic environment. This article has deeply analyzed the networking toll collection management system, including network structure, system framework, and safty and reliability guaranty of the system, etc. The program will provide a reference to non-stop toll collection system of the highway.

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is an important part of modern intelligent transport system, which plays an important role in intelligent car parks and congestion charging. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system includes automatic vehicle identification system and electronic billing system. The automatic vehicle identification system includes three parts: automatic vehicle identification (AVI), automatic vehicle model identification (AVC) and inspection system (ES).The application of ETC in intelligent car parks and congestion charging also includes automatic vehicle identification system (automatic vehicle identification, automatic vehicle model identification and inspection system) and electronic billing system. In intelligent car parks, ETC technology achieves fast and accurate automatic toll payment by automatically identifying the ETC tags carried by vehicles, which greatly improves the efficiency of car parks and reduces the queuing and waiting time due to manual toll collection. In terms of congestion charging, ETC technology provides an effective means to implement congestion charge collection. By setting up ETC toll lanes in core urban areas or busy road sections, the system can automatically record the information of the vehicles passing through and carry out toll settlement, thus realising dynamic toll collection according to the degree of congestion and the frequency of vehicle use. This congestion charging strategy aims to regulate urban traffic flow through economic means, alleviate traffic congestion and promote the sustainable development of urban transport. Although China's theoretical research on congestion charging, has been relatively mature, but affected by a variety of factors, no city has yet to start the implementation of congestion charging, the lack of experience in practice. Singapore will not stop the car charging system (ETC) technology successfully applied to urban congestion charging and intelligent car parks, ETC system in intelligent car parks and congestion charging application, help to promote the development of urban transport to a more intelligent, green direction. China can learn from the successful experience of foreign countries and apply it to its own intelligent car parks and congestion charging. This paper introduces the basic principle of ETC, discusses the research progress of ETC in terms of technical characteristics, and analyses the application scenarios of ETC in intelligent car parks and congestion charging. By examining the opportunities offered by Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems in smart car parks and congestion pricing, this study aims to delve into the transformative impacts of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems on intelligent mobility and contribute to the sustainable development of intelligent mobility.

This paper conveys the theoretical perspectives of sustainable industrial systems of On board Unit (OBU) in Electronic Toll and its transportation industry. It proposes kernel density analysis of artificial intelligence approach to industry 4.0. Regulation for technology developments in artificial intelligence and robotics are deemed as one of beneficial yet structurally neglected domain. This domain refers to human perspective on augmenting automation. This regulation was emphasized in 2017 by the European Parliament report level. The mentioned regulation comprises attention in Indonesia transportation industry indicating positive innovation domains in term of safeguards and regulations are needed. Prior, current and posterior trends of the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Physical Internet constitutes the results of the data development and understanding. Therefore, the topical framework of automation and robotics are triggered by these developments. The mention triggers has impacted the most important wide range implementation of industries in the future. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is 40% higher in cost efficiency than Manual Toll Collection (MTC) system. In this situation, Indonesian government has already issued full swing policy implementation on non-contact freeway toll collection system by the end of 2018. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is capitalized to proceed to data processing. Result of this research shown the driver's characteristics that significantly affect willingness to pay an on-board unit are education expenses, distance and frequency. The average value of driver willing to pay an on-board unit was 225.781 IDR and factors that affecting values of the willingness to pay an on-board unit are expenses and distance.

Methodologies for quality assessment of highway operators based on governance best practices with emphasis on toll collection ecosystem

The present manual toll collection system of Sri Lankan expressways is expected to be inadequate to serve the forecasted traffic demand on most interchanges. High waiting times at the manual toll booths would directly affect the expressway user delay and the level of service. Therefore, an efficient tolling system will have to be introduced. This study is focused on developing a methodology to evaluate the operational improvements of using electronic toll collection incorporating the traffic characteristics of Expressways in Sri Lanka. A micro-simulation method using a commercially available software; PTV Vissim, was adopted to conduct a scenario analysis for a forecasted traffic demand at the Kottawa interchange as a case study. A calibrated sample model was developed and its simulation results show that the electronic toll collection system can reduce the average per vehicle delay and increase the toll plaza capacity up to 50% during peak hour if the proper toll plaza configuration is provided. The findings of the study are beneficial to toll station operators as well as for planning for toll station upgrading by assessing its optimum capacity.

An efficient utilization of communication link between RF Modems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle authentication and automated toll collection on the highways is proposed. The system is implemented to automatically register vehicles getting on or off a motorway or highway, cutting the amount of time for paying toll in large queues. The detailed monthly bills will be sent to the customer at the end of the month. The customers could register and get a transmitter module and thereafter would not need to stop at toll booth whenever they get on or off the motorway. The implementation is divided into the design of two modules- the Vehicle Module (Active Tag) and the Base Module. The two modules communicate via RF modem connected to each module. These RF modules communicate over the ISM Frequency Range of 902 -- 928 MHz. The Vehicle module revolves around Atmel 8051 microcontroller. This module contains an LCD panel (16x2), keypad (4x3) and an RF modem interfaced to the microcontroller through Max-232 chip. Microcontroller contains user-specific data associated with vehicle, such as the Registration Number, Engine Number and owners information along with the billing address. The base module comes with a user-interface that allows the administrator to monitor the current activities in the range, including the vehicles in range, their status, and the detailed information about any registered vehicle. Moreover both, base and vehicle module can communicate with each other through chat session.

The environmental outcome of the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is an important aspect in evaluating the impacts of the ETC system, which is influenced by various factors including the vehicle type, travel speed, traffic volume, and average queue length of Manual Toll Collection (MTC) lanes. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a field data-based practical model for evaluating the effects of ETC system on the fuel efficiency and vehicle emission. First, laboratory experiments of seven types of vehicles under various scenarios for toll collection were conducted based on the Vehicle Emissions Testing System (VETS). The indicator calculation models were then established to estimate the comprehensive benefit of ETC system by comparing the test results of MTC lane and ETC lane. Finally, taking Beijing as a case study, the paper calibrated the model parameters, and estimated the monetization value of environmental benefit of the ETC system in terms of vehicle emissions reduction and fuel consumption decrease. The results shows that the applications of ETC system are expected to save fuel consumption of 4.1 million liters and reduce pollution emissions by 730.89 tons in 2013 in Beijing.

The work focuses on the analysis of mixed toll stations with different toll collection systems. A new microscopic simulation model for the analysis of vehicular flow at a toll plaza system is presented. It is able to represent the traffic demand/supply interaction and the effects on traffic induced by the geometric and functional characteristics of the infrastructure. It allows one to observe situations in which, because of the limited capacity of manual toll gates, queues spill back interfering and reducing electronic toll collection gates capacities. The model can be a useful operational tool for support planning activities of toll plaza systems, in order to reach optimal operational efficiency levels.

Reliability Model of Motorway Toll Collection System In the paper, a methodology and a concept for establishment of a predictive reliability model of toll collection system at motorway section are presented. Markov processes and methods for projecting exploitation reliability have been used for modelling reliability. Elaboration of the model will allow for defining a projectable availability index of the system and its individual elements. The indices will allow for determining to what extent the system meets specific requirements and for preparing relevant exploitation strategy.

실시간 자료를 반영한 통행시간 예측 기법은 다양하지만 관련 연구 검토 결과 과거이력데이터가 충분하다면 타 모형에 비해 K 최대근접이웃(K-Nearest Neighbors)의 정확도가 우수하므로 본 연구에서는 이에 대한 적용 방법 도출 및 가능성 평가를 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서는 KNN의 입력 자료로 TCS 교통량 및 DSRC 구간통행시간의 실시간 및 과거 이력자료, 경로통행시간 이력자료를 활용하였다. 통행시간 예측치는 TCS 교통량 및 DSRC 구간통행시간의 실시간 자료와 유사한 경로통행시간을 탐색한 후 이를 가중평균하여 산출하였다. 예측 기법을 적용한 결과 DSRC 구간통행시간의 가중치가 증가할수록 정확도는 증가하였으며, 이는 실시간 교통상황 변화를 DSRC 구간통행시간이 잘 반영하기 때문이다. 그러나 TCS 교통량을 기반으로 한 경우 역시 정확도의 차이가 크지 않으며, 변화 추이도 유사하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 향후 대용량의 과거이력자료가 축적될 경우 예측오차는 더욱 감소될 것으로 기대된다. There are various methodologies to forecast the travel time using real-time data but the K-nearest neighborhood (KNN) method in general is regarded as the most one in forecasting when there are enough historical data. The objective of this study is to evaluate applicability of KNN method. In this study, real-time and historical data of toll collection system (TCS) traffic flow and the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) link travel time, and the historical path travel time data are used as input data for KNN approach. The proposed method investigates the path travel time which is the nearest to TCS traffic flow and DSRC link travel time from real-time and historical data, then it calculates the predicted path travel time using weight average method. The results show that accuracy increased when weighted value of DSRC link travel time increases. Moreover the trend of forecasted and real travel times are similar. In addition, the error in forecasted travel time could be further reduced when more historical data could be available in the future database.

Service time thresholds at barrier-operated freeway exit toll booths

The toll collection is becoming a major problem on the highways leading to large waiting queues. Toll gates installed on highways result in increased waiting time and fuel usage. In this paper, a study on automated toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system is presented, which provides fast identification of vehicles and toll collection. Using this system, the identification can be done just by slowing down the speed of the vehicle when it is passing from the toll plaza. The RFID reader scans the RFID tag or card and deducts the amount from it. The research analysed the system by proposing a mechanism and implementing an example scenario, which considered the random arrival of different vehicles. This technique is also compared with other existing mechanisms such as number plate recognition and barcode-based passes, which showed the need to utilise this technique for toll collection.

RFID Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems have been deployed worldwide to improve toll collection efficiency, reduce road congestion, increase road safety and traveler satisfiability. However, the use of such systems raises a number of security and privacy issues due to unauthorized reading and relay attacks. Unfortunately, currently deployed or proposed solutions targeting these attacks often fail to satisfy the constraints and requirements of the underlying RFID toll road application in terms of (one or more of) efficiency, security, and usability. In this paper, we report our initial work toward a new approach, one that utilizes sensing technologies, to tackle the problems of unauthorized reading and relay attacks in RFID ETC systems by considering efficiency, security, and usability simultaneously. In our approach, on-board tag sensors are used to collect contextual information (location, speed) about the tag. Such contextual information is then used to design context-aware selective unlocking mechanisms for toll cards such that they can selectively respond to reader interrogations and thus minimize the likelihood of unauthorized reading and relay attacks. The premise of our work is a current technological advancement that enables many RFID tags with sensing capabilities.

Toll plaza is considered conventional toll collection, which is manual and the most common toll collection method in Vietnam. This study attempts to analyze the traffic performance of toll plaza by using the microsimulation software VISSIM. At the selected toll plaza, An Suong—An Lac toll plaza, Hochiminh City, traffic data including traffic volume, traffic composition and service time are collected at toll booths for all types of payment. A suggested solution is conducted to enhance the level of service of the selected toll plaza. The output of this study indicates that the best solution for reducing queue length, vehicle day at toll plaza is to change the payment type from manual method to Electric Toll Collection (ETC) method.KeywordsToll plazaMicrosimulationVISSIMTraffic performanceElectronic toll collection