Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Toll Collection System

The toll collection is becoming a major problem on the highways leading to large waiting queues. Toll gates installed on highways result in increased waiting time and fuel usage. In this paper, a study on automated toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system is presented, which provides fast identification of vehicles and toll collection. Using this system, the identification can be done just by slowing down the speed of the vehicle when it is passing from the toll plaza. The RFID reader scans the RFID tag or card and deducts the amount from it. The research analysed the system by proposing a mechanism and implementing an example scenario, which considered the random arrival of different vehicles. This technique is also compared with other existing mechanisms such as number plate recognition and barcode-based passes, which showed the need to utilise this technique for toll collection.

ATC (Automatic toll collection) system that is used in the highway, bridge and tunnel. This paper discusses the concept of use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in vehicle identification and auto debit of toll amount. The structural design of entire system that stores data on centralized server and facilitate efficient access for the purpose of toll collection in relatively predicted route is proposed. In case of nonpayment at toll center, the jamming concept is introduced that forces the vehicle to stop at the shortest possible distance from toll centre. The auto debit system which mainly relies upon minimum balance also takes care of over utilization of auto toll system when the balance goes below threshold. The privacy issues of RFID are discussed. The size and various types of RFID tags are discussed. Thus the system is proposed to make much more efficient than manual toll system and reduce traffic congestion at toll center.

In present situation vehicle checking is huge trouble to the people with regard to license, insurance and RC book. It brings on traffic bother and also in toll gate system traffic jam occurs, time and fuel absorption is elongated. The automated toll accumulation system is very successful right now. This paper has to do with Automated Toll collection and Check-Post system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) module. The recognition is succeeded with the guidance of passive radio frequency. This project associate vehicle particulars like unique ID is saved in an RFID tag which is attached in the vehicle. After all the specifications are effectively observe through a computer, it can be saved on a data bank for cyclic gap as for time and date. Individual users clinch the unique ID for their vehicles. When the vehicle crosses the Toll-Plaza the reader reads the tag and the tax amount will be detected from their account balance by employing of RFID and GSM module. ATmega328 Arduino controller has to be associated with a GSM network which will capacitate a user to control the system by dispatching SMS or a forming a call and also avoid the stealing of vehicle.

Authentication is an essential issue for any organization. Previously, automated authentication was present using punch cards system, but it had security issues. Now days, organizations prefer to have biometrics based authentication. But using biometrics applications is very costly and time consuming. We can derive a time and cost effective solution for this problem using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Using feature provided by RFID to detect multiple individuals with very short amount of time and provide security with image pattern matching algorithm. To implement this system, we will interface camera with RFID enabled system which will use Low Frequency (LF) RFID tags. On every detection the camera will capture photograph. Then authentication is processed by using image pattern matching algorithm. Such system will be cost and time effective. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is old technology but more widely used in location tracing and tracking applications, due to wider reading ranges, and larger memory capacities, making it a key contributor to the growth of the radio technology industry. Many large corporations are interested in research and development within the field of RFID due to potential growth in various RFID applications. The people management system is an application where masses data needs to be collected and managed in a short duration. But due to authentication issues with this technology makes it less effective. RFID is an automated data collection technology in which radio communication for data transfer across two entities: a reader and a tag. The tag has two sections: one for radio communication and other for data storage. The tags are broadly classified into 3 categories namely active, passive and semi passive. The active tags have an internal power source e.g. a battery, which limits the life time. A passive tag doesn't have a power source and obtain the energy from the magnetic field of the reader. These types of tags are smaller, cheaper and can be used for long time. The scope of the paper is limited to passive tags. The functionality of RFID Passive tags is very simple. When a tag comes in the vicinity of the reader, it detects the radio signals generated by the reader and start to transmit the data stored in the memory. The radio signal generated by the reader offers the power needed to function and the synchronization data for communication between two entities. RFID has emerged as a key technology for automatic data collection. Using this, one can speed up authentication process. Every individual having RFID enabled identity can be detected in very short amount of time. But problem of secured authentication comes into the picture here. One way is proceeding with camera and matching the pattern for individual's photograph.

In recent years, developing Indoor Positioning System (IPS) has become an attractive research topic due to the increasing demands on Location-Based Service (LBS) in indoor environment. Several advantages of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology, such as anti-interference, small, light and portable size of RFID tags, and its unique identification of different objects, make it superior to other wireless communication technologies for indoor positioning. However, certain drawbacks of existing RFID-based IPSs, such as high cost of RFID readers and active tags, as well as heavy dependence on the density of reference tags to provide the LBS, largely limit the application of RFID-based IPS. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we develop a cost-efficient RFID-based IPS by using cheaper active RFID tags and sensors. Furthermore, we also proposed three localization algorithms: Weighted Path Loss (WPL), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and integrated WPL-ELM. WPL is a centralized model-based approach which does not require any reference tags and provides accurate location estimation of the target effectively. ELM is a machine learning fingerprinting-based localization algorithm which can provide higher localization accuracy than other existing fingerprinting-based approaches. The integrated WPL-ELM approach combines the fast estimation of WPL and the high localization accuracy of ELM. Based on the experimental results, this integrated approach provides a higher localization efficiency and accuracy than existing approaches, e.g., the LANDMARC approach and the support vector machine for regression (SVR) approach.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been considered as a time and money-saving solution for a wide variety of applications, such as manufacturing, supply chain management, and inventory control. However, there is a growing need in the RFID community to research and find out the tag with miniature, circular polarized radiation patterns, dual band operation, high radiation efficiency and high bandwidth operations. This paper presents compact radio frequency identification (RFID) tag for human identification system in wrist watch. Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with patch is used as an active tag. The proposed antenna is operated on dual frequency bands. Simple microstrip line is used as a feeding mechanism. It is operated at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency band. It has circular polarization radiation patterns. Simulation results are presented on various parametric studies on the RFID tag.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been considered as a time and money-saving solution for a wide variety of applications, such as manufacturing, supply chain management, and inventory control. However, there is a growing need in the RFID community to research and find out the tag with miniature, circular polarized radiation patterns, dual band operation, high radiation efficiency and high bandwidth operations. This paper presents compact radio frequency identification (RFID) tag for human identification system in wrist watch. Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with patch is used as an active tag. The proposed antenna is operated on dual frequency bands. Simple microstrip line is used as a feeding mechanism. It is operated at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency band. It has circular polarization radiation patterns. Simulation results are presented on various parametric studies on the RFID tag.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has become widespread thanks to its important advantages over traditional identification technologies, like barcodes. Compared to this technology, RFID is, in fact, able to cover larger distance and does not require line-of-sight, that represent important improvements in the considered field of application. An RFID system is formed by a set of n tags, that represent clients in the identification process, and a tag reader, that is the identification server. Each tag is associated with an identifier (ID), that must be transmitted to the reader upon receipt of a suitable identification query. Tags can be active, i.e. provided with an independent power supply (like a battery), or passive. In the latter case, tags depend on energy provided by the tag reader through its queries (Want, 2006). For this reason, active tags can have some data processing ability, while passive tags are limited to doing only elementary operations and replying to the reader’s queries. An important issue in Radio Frequency Identification systems concerns the reading of colocated tags, that must be managed through suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, specifically designed for low power devices. Efficiency of MAC protocols for RFID systems directly influences the time needed by the tag reader for completely identifying a set of co-located tags, so it has great impact on the whole system performance. A deep analysis of the MAC technologies adopted in RFID is the aim of this chapter. We denote by Ttot(n) the time needed by the tag reader for completely identifying a set of n tags. Under ideal conditions, it should be Ttot(n) = nTpkt, where Tpkt is the time needed to transmit one identification packet. However, in order to ensure collision-free transmission to each tag, a MAC protocol is needed that, inevitably, produces a time waste with respect to the ideal condition. The time actually needed for identification depends on several factors, like the technology adopted, the working frequency, etc. So, RFID systems can exhibit very different reading rates, typically ranging between 100 Tag/s and 1000 Tag/s. The most common MAC protocols used in RFID systems can be grouped into two classes: deterministic protocols and stochastic protocols. Deterministic protocols basically coincide with tree traversal algorithms: all RFID tags form a binary tree on the basis of their identifiers, and the reader explores the tree in a systematic way, by repeating queries based on bit masks. Randomness is only in the tree structure (due to the choice of the co-located tag set), while the algorithm execution is pre-determined. Stochastic MAC protocols are instead based on the framed slotted Aloha (FSA) algorithm, that requires each tag to make a constrained pseudo-random choice of an integer number in order to reduce the probability of collisions.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems consist of Electric Tags, or transponders and RF tag readers, or transceivers. Auto-tags of the RFID system have the unique ID feature and are capable of carrying information, which adds the tags more capability of which could be read only or read/write. RFID systems are now being used by more and more organizations connected with management, tracing, and control. The purpose of this study was to develop a information protection system (named PC-guard) using systems engineering and RFID technology. The login verification code can be notified in advance by using the PC-guard system because every PC user having their own Auto-tag will be checked with PC RFID reader. The information in the PC will be protected with RFID and the vibration sensor as the PC be turned on and be invaded. The development of this system using Blanchard and Fabrycky's procedure intends to bring the advantages of time saving and reduced risk using RFID technology. The developmental test and evaluation in the RFID lab had been done. The test results show that the PC-guard system can be operated well to protect the information in the PC with an active RFID tag and a PLC procedure with vibration sensor.

Summary form only given. Indoor tracking and localization is a crucial ingredient in many ubiquitous computing applications and robotics. In many applications there is the need to know the location of the objects. While in the near future everything will be tagged with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, the localization of these tags in their environment is becoming an important feature for the RFID based ubiquitous computing applications. Due to its lower cost and its technical capabilities, RFID tagged object tracking can have a wide diverse variety of applications including scientific, military, and public safety. In this paper we propose a tracking algorithm for objects attached by UHF RFID tags by means of two RFID antennas and landmarks to reduce the localization cost and environment complexity. This algorithm uses RFID map made from passive or active references tags with known location (landmarks) to locate any unknown tag detected by the RFID reader antennas. It measures the distances between the readers and the common detected tags using the large scale path loss propagation model, and calculates the distance between the unknown tag and all the detected landmarks (inter-tags distance). With the multilateration technique the system is able to estimate the position of the unknown tag. The location estimation of the target will be independent to the reader's position. The research challenge corresponds to achieve an accurate indoor tracking system using two mobile RFID readers taking in consideration the limitation of RFID technology. This tracking algorithm is based on received signal strength (RSS) measurement to measure the reader-tags distance and target-landmarks distance to estimate the target location. To minimize the effect of the RSS and the process measurement noises on the position estimation, maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), map matching and Kalman filter are applied. Here, we investigate the use of Kalman filter to improve the precision and RFID map matching to improve the accuracy. Results obtained after simulations demonstrate the validity and suitability of the proposed algorithm to provide high performance level in terms of accuracy and scalability.

The increasing need for automated surveillance systems in indoor environments such as airports, warehouses, production plants, etc. has stimulated the development of intelligent systems based on mobile sensors. Differently from traditional non-mobile surveillance systems, those based on mobile robots are still in their initial stage of development, and many issues are currently open for investigation (Everett, 2003; DehuaI et al., 2007). The use of robots significantly expands the potential of surveillance systems, which can evolve from the traditional passive role in which the system can only detect events and trigger alarms, to active surveillance in which a robot can be used to interact with the environment, with humans or with other robots for more complex cooperative actions (Burgard et al., 2000; Vig & Adams, 2007). A major challenge in surveillance tasks using mobile robots is that of providing the robot with a suitable knowledge of the environment to both navigate safely and perform inspection tasks. Furthermore, in order to effectively exploit mobility and multifunctionality, it is important to develop integrated control systems, capable of addressing simultaneously a number of problems, such as task planning, dynamic task sequencing, resolution of conflicts for shared resources, event-based feedback control. These issues are part of our current research concerning the development of a multi-sensor Surveillance Mobile Robot (SMR). The SMR consists of a commercial mobile robot (see Fig. 1), which is equipped with various sensors including a laser rangefinder and a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) device, and takes advantage of a hybrid control architecture to implement both high-level functions, like mission execution monitoring, and low-level reactive control. So far, several behaviours and tasks have been implemented and experimented. In this chapter, we focus on environment mapping and exploration using RFID technology. An RFID device typically consists of radio frequency (RF) tags, a reader with one or more antennas, and software to process the tag readings. The reader interrogates the tags, receiving their ID code and other information stored in their memory. Tags can be either passive or active. Passive tags are activated by the electromagnetic field generated by the RFID antenna. Active tags, instead, are powered by an on-board battery (Finkenzeller, 2003). Applications of RFID include inventory management, industry automation, ID badges and 2

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a non-contact identification technology that employs radio frequency waves. Currently, the use of RFID technology has begun to generalize to a wide variety of application areas: credit cards, biometric passports, security badges, toll booths, secure identification, inventory systems, and so on. This technology allows objects or persons to be detected or remotely identified by sending an RF signal from the reader across the electromagnetic waves to the tag. In turn, the antenna of this tag receives these waves and supplies the chip that interprets the information and sends it to the reader in the same way. The objective of this research is to present a rectangular microstrip antenna operating at 2.4 GHz for radio frequency identification applications. Therefore, the authors start by presenting RFID technology with its various elements (architecture, applications, frequency, etc.), and then they design and simulate a rectangular microstrip antenna for RFID applications with a single slot on the radiated element.

The integration of sensing capability into active RFID tags has recently generated a lot of interest among the RFID community. In any sensor enabled Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system data collection is done continuously. Data collection in this context can refer to the computation of statistical means and moments, as well as other cumulative quantities that summarize the data obtained by the system. However, these systems are usually very critical and used in sensitive applications. One such application area is healthcare where sensor enabled RFID tags are used in hospitals and clinics to provide various healthcare services by collecting different environmental and physiological data. In these types of healthcare services, the leakage of any raw data may lead to privacy violation of the system and the application users (in this case patient) in general. In such sensor enabled RFID based healthcare applications, privacy preservation cannot be accomplished using different cryptographic techniques because they involve heavy computation which is not feasible for resource constrained tags. Moreover, in these types of system, it is desirable to have end-to-end security with the data decrypted only at the reader in order to avoid security vulnerabilities as much as possible. Ensuring system security and preserving data privacy are two conflicting goals. To address this problem, we propose a privacy preserving data collection technique (PriDaC) for sensor enabled RFID based healthcare application. In PriDaC the data secrecy maintenance and data privacy protection mechanisms work cooperatively. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work that allows privacy preserving data collection in sensor enabled RFID systems that provides healthcare services.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) enables everyday objects to be identified, tracked, and recorded. Because of expense, size, and lifetime requirements, some simple active RFID tags are designed with only transmitters. Transmission-only tags are unaware of each other and simply blink ID packets periodically over a common channel. The question is what really happens: a false alarm due to consecutive blink collisions or a missed object event? The authors model the access of transmission-only RFID tags as pure ALOHA and develop a mathematical analysis to identify tag blinks without prior knowledge of the number of tags in the interrogation zone. The authors estimate the tag set based on the free channel in an observation window. Simulation results and experiments with Spider tags from RFCODE are presented.

Abstract: The traditional systems for toll collection are plagued with various problems, including traffic buildup at toll booths, long waiting time on users, and administrative costs. This research proposes a GPS-Based Toll Collection System that would help to solve these problems by using better location-based technologies for the automatic tolling of vehicles. This system consists of a combination of a GPS receiver, a microprocessor, and a battery inside the vehicle. It can track the vehicle's course in real-time and the position where the vehicle enters or exits the toll road zone is automatically detected and the toll amount calculated per distance traveled using pre-defined rates or dynamic pricing models. The user-friendly web interface allows vehicle owners to register their vehicles, maintain a digital wallet, and view transaction histories. The deducting toll is automatic without the need for any toll booth physical interaction, efficiently accelerating the toll collection process, thereby causing less traffic congestion, more throughput, and substantial operational cost reduction in staff and manual handling. Apart from better user convenience and operational benefits, the automated, highly accurate, and transparent toll collection system assures equal opportunities for all persons entering the national highways by way of toll. This paper discusses the architecture of this system, major components, critical challenges faced during its implementation, and its potential impact on the transport sector. Comparison of the proposed GPS-based system with traditional tolling methods reveals advantages such as lower maintenance costs, improved scalability, and real-time data processing. It also examines security protocols employed to ensure data privacy and fraud prevention. Lastly, the study concludes with an account of the proposed improvements and the possibility of the wide-scale deployment of the system in furtherance of smarter and more sustainable transportation infrastructure development