Effective toll collection by RFID and client server model

The toll collection is becoming a major problem on the highways leading to large waiting queues. Toll gates installed on highways result in increased waiting time and fuel usage. In this paper, a study on automated toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system is presented, which provides fast identification of vehicles and toll collection. Using this system, the identification can be done just by slowing down the speed of the vehicle when it is passing from the toll plaza. The RFID reader scans the RFID tag or card and deducts the amount from it. The research analysed the system by proposing a mechanism and implementing an example scenario, which considered the random arrival of different vehicles. This technique is also compared with other existing mechanisms such as number plate recognition and barcode-based passes, which showed the need to utilise this technique for toll collection.

An efficient utilization of communication link between RF Modems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle authentication and automated toll collection on the highways is proposed. The system is implemented to automatically register vehicles getting on or off a motorway or highway, cutting the amount of time for paying toll in large queues. The detailed monthly bills will be sent to the customer at the end of the month. The customers could register and get a transmitter module and thereafter would not need to stop at toll booth whenever they get on or off the motorway. The implementation is divided into the design of two modules- the Vehicle Module (Active Tag) and the Base Module. The two modules communicate via RF modem connected to each module. These RF modules communicate over the ISM Frequency Range of 902 -- 928 MHz. The Vehicle module revolves around Atmel 8051 microcontroller. This module contains an LCD panel (16x2), keypad (4x3) and an RF modem interfaced to the microcontroller through Max-232 chip. Microcontroller contains user-specific data associated with vehicle, such as the Registration Number, Engine Number and owners information along with the billing address. The base module comes with a user-interface that allows the administrator to monitor the current activities in the range, including the vehicles in range, their status, and the detailed information about any registered vehicle. Moreover both, base and vehicle module can communicate with each other through chat session.

<p> In order to cut down the manual work at toll plazas, a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based concept is portage for the entire process within a second. The system uses passive tag which will have the particular number mapping the owner information; this useful detail is stored in congruence to that particular number.</p> <p><a href="https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150560">https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150560</a></p>

In present situation vehicle checking is huge trouble to the people with regard to license, insurance and RC book. It brings on traffic bother and also in toll gate system traffic jam occurs, time and fuel absorption is elongated. The automated toll accumulation system is very successful right now. This paper has to do with Automated Toll collection and Check-Post system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) module. The recognition is succeeded with the guidance of passive radio frequency. This project associate vehicle particulars like unique ID is saved in an RFID tag which is attached in the vehicle. After all the specifications are effectively observe through a computer, it can be saved on a data bank for cyclic gap as for time and date. Individual users clinch the unique ID for their vehicles. When the vehicle crosses the Toll-Plaza the reader reads the tag and the tax amount will be detected from their account balance by employing of RFID and GSM module. ATmega328 Arduino controller has to be associated with a GSM network which will capacitate a user to control the system by dispatching SMS or a forming a call and also avoid the stealing of vehicle.

Authentication is an essential issue for any organization. Previously, automated authentication was present using punch cards system, but it had security issues. Now days, organizations prefer to have biometrics based authentication. But using biometrics applications is very costly and time consuming. We can derive a time and cost effective solution for this problem using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Using feature provided by RFID to detect multiple individuals with very short amount of time and provide security with image pattern matching algorithm. To implement this system, we will interface camera with RFID enabled system which will use Low Frequency (LF) RFID tags. On every detection the camera will capture photograph. Then authentication is processed by using image pattern matching algorithm. Such system will be cost and time effective. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is old technology but more widely used in location tracing and tracking applications, due to wider reading ranges, and larger memory capacities, making it a key contributor to the growth of the radio technology industry. Many large corporations are interested in research and development within the field of RFID due to potential growth in various RFID applications. The people management system is an application where masses data needs to be collected and managed in a short duration. But due to authentication issues with this technology makes it less effective. RFID is an automated data collection technology in which radio communication for data transfer across two entities: a reader and a tag. The tag has two sections: one for radio communication and other for data storage. The tags are broadly classified into 3 categories namely active, passive and semi passive. The active tags have an internal power source e.g. a battery, which limits the life time. A passive tag doesn't have a power source and obtain the energy from the magnetic field of the reader. These types of tags are smaller, cheaper and can be used for long time. The scope of the paper is limited to passive tags. The functionality of RFID Passive tags is very simple. When a tag comes in the vicinity of the reader, it detects the radio signals generated by the reader and start to transmit the data stored in the memory. The radio signal generated by the reader offers the power needed to function and the synchronization data for communication between two entities. RFID has emerged as a key technology for automatic data collection. Using this, one can speed up authentication process. Every individual having RFID enabled identity can be detected in very short amount of time. But problem of secured authentication comes into the picture here. One way is proceeding with camera and matching the pattern for individual's photograph.

A computer vision solution applied to an automatic toll collection (ATC) with a subscription/membership is proposed in this paper. In this application, a unique identifier (ID) is related to a concrete vehicle and a membership. A camera system is put in place to verify that for each transaction the vehicle and the ID correspond with the actual membership data. The visual system extracts different vehicle characteristics including license plate number, make, model, color, number of axles, etc. The system then compares the extracted characteristics with those found in the membership. We focus on solving the vehicle make classification and for that, we propose a fine-grained vehicle classification that exploits the multi-camera composition of the system by feeding a convolutional neural network (CNN) with multiple views of the vehicle. Our multi-view (MV) network extracts features from the different views of the vehicle for vehicle's make classification. The presented evaluations show that using information from different views of a vehicle improves the make classification performance in particular in more challenging toll collection scenarios.

In this project we address the problems faced at toll plaza & also introduce identification system for vehicles against which stolen and accident cases are registered using RFID. The owner has to create an account through mobile application & register his RFID tag. When vehicle passes through Toll Collection Unit (TCU) it is classified as passenger or goods carrying vehicle based on its Unique Identification Number (UIN). A goods vehicle is weighed at TCU & if it is overloaded then charged with extra tax. UIN is passed to Central Server Unit (CSU) where the balance gets deducted from account. Once the balance is deducted at CSU it will indicate TCS to open the barricade and vehicle is allowed to pass. lf vehicle is detected to be stolen at CSU it will indicate TSC not to open the barricade. Also to overcome the problem of hit & run cases collision detection mechanism is implemented using piezoelectric sensor in vehicle to identify RFID of collided vehicles. These details can be used for further action.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) based automatic highway toll collection system has become very popular among developed countries. However, RFID is not feasible for developing countries to embed with each vehicle since it is very costly. Moreover, as metal objects can influence Radio Frequency (RF) field, intently the nearness of any metal object while reading RFID information may result in unwanted noise. These problems are still significant concerns. We propose a vehicle number plate recognition-based automated toll collection system to address these issues, which is more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective for widely use. In this research, the Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) based template matching algorithm is exploited for character recognition from each vehicle's number plate. After recognizing characters from a number plate successfully, a fixed amount of toll fee is charged automatically according to the vehicle's category.

Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology, which permits fully automatic and unique identification of vehicles at specific interrogation points, offers potential benefits in many fields including fleet control, revenue collection, traffic operations, transportation planning, and safety and law enforcement. Three technologies are currently being used for AVI: optical, microwave, and low power radio frequency. All of the three technologies are currently being used in either operating systems or extensive field testing under operating conditions. The first large scale application of AVI was in the railroad industry to identify automatically rolling stock. The optical AVI techniques used have also been applied in automatic container identification and, in a limited scope application, in the operation of an automatic toll collection system. Microwave AVI techniques have been tested successfully in containerization applications and are currently under test by a major toll road in revenue collection application. Low power radio frequency AVI was tested extensively in the federally-sponsored Automatic Bus Identification Project and is being evaluated for nonstop toll collection application by toll agencies. While the cost effectiveness of AVI will vary to a considerable extent with the technology used and the desired functional requirements, existing AVI technology can provide automatic unique identification of vehicles at a cost which can be justified in many applications. As these applications are being developed, the rapid advances in computer and electronic technology which are inherent in AVI systems, will further reduce initial and operating costs of contemplated AVI systems.

Because the highway has become more and more important in modern road network and the traditional manual toll collection has clearly exposed its weakness, non-stop automatic toll collection is now imperative in highway systems. With the advent of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the establishment of electronic toll collection system (ETC) by using of computer technology, electronic technology and modern communication technology, etc, to provides some solutions to the traffic jam, delay and some other problems, can radically enhance the safety and efficiency of road operation and achieve safe road traffic environment. This article has deeply analyzed the networking toll collection management system, including network structure, system framework, and safty and reliability guaranty of the system, etc. The program will provide a reference to non-stop toll collection system of the highway.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a well-established approach for tracking and tracing vehicles. So far, researchers and practitioners have focused on track and trace solutions, which apply RFID transponders that are temporarily attached to vehicles. In this paper, we investigate the potential of integrating transponders into vehicles as actual part of the product. Our research indicates that permanent product integration is feasible from the technical point of view and may support a large variety of track and trace scenarios, e.g., vehicle production and logistics as well as customer applications such as toll collections and parking lot solutions.

In this paper, we focus on configuring a low cost RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) system with less RFID readers and low density RFID tag textiles for stable and accurate self-localization for an omni-directional mobile robot. An RFID system using multiple RFID readers and high density RFID tags has already been applied to an indoor mobile robot self-localization. However, the system production cost is relatively high. To reduce the production cost of the system while maintaining the self-localization performance, we redesign two new RFID systems configured with 20 RFID readers and 5 RFID readers enlarging the size of an RFID reader antenna. Particularly, a new likelihood function of the tag detection with the redesigned large size RFID reader antenna is proposed for Monte Carlo Localization (MCL). Furthermore, we come up with a novel arrangement of RFID tags installed in a hexagon pattern. The new arrangement of ID tags enables both low cost ID tag installation and high performance of self-localization. We examine the performances of robot self-localization with less RFID readers and lower density RFID tags installed on the floor based on MCL(Monte Carlo localization). The simulation demonstrates the validity of our proposed configuration of the RFID based self-localization.

Following technical strides in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s, the 1950s were a period of exploration for radio frequency identity (RFID) technology as shown by the landmark development of the long-range transponder systems for the “identification, friend or foe” for aircraft. Commercial use of RFID appeared in the 1960s, such as electronic article surveillance systems in retail stores to prevent theft. The 1970s were characterized by developmental work resulting in applications for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. RFID technology exploded during the 1980s in the areas of transportation and, to a lesser extent, personnel access and animals. Wider deployment of RFID tags for automated toll collection happened in the 1990s. Also, there was growing interest of RFID for logistics and having it work along side with bar codes. In the beginning of the 21st century, the application of RFID technology has been ubiquitous and now it is practically part of everyday life (Landt, 2001).

The chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) technology represents a new direction of development for RFID technology, but there are still many deficiencies in this technology currently. The distinct problem is the lack of strong capability of carrying information and the large size of tag. In this paper, a new structure for the chipless RFID tag is proposed based on the backscattering principle of electromagnetic (EM) wave. It is a C-shaped defect ring nested structure which does not increase the size of tag while can expand the coding capacity. The new structure equivalently has a multi-signal processing capability and can independently send and receive signals with coded information. The performance of the new structure is verified by simulation and measurement.

Two types of information, namely; related jobsite information along the process and feedback information have been found as essential elements for construction process improvement. In current practices, construction process has faced barriers in obtaining these two types of information. To overcome this problem, the new information system is proposed, namely; Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system which consists of RFID as an automatic identification and data collection device integrated with database. Precast concrete installation process in housing projects has been selected to be a case study. The research had been initiated by reviewing related literatures and conducting field observations. The results of these initial studies are utilized as a basis in constructing the conceptual model of RFID application in precast installation process. The conceptual model is then realized by exploring the RFID characteristics and developing the prototype of RFID system afterwards. The exploration of RFID characteristics aims to reveal the basic characteristics of RFID that are essential to be recognized in supporting the proposed conceptual model. The general findings show that the tag orientations, tag positions, distance, interrogation angle, and the presence of other tags affect the RFID performance. The vertically oriented tag performs more superiorly than the horizontal one. The reading rate, the maximum amount of detected tags at once, and the minimum spacing distance between tags tend to decrease as the reading distance increases. The coverage area tends to be smaller when the reader rotates either horizontally of vertically. The design and development of RFID system is a prototype. It aims to enable the involved parties to collect the required data and to access the required information. The RFID system involves pre-input, input, and output modules. The pre-input and input modules collect associated data to the details of concrete panel information, and the information of precast installation process respectively. The output module presents the required information of the precast concrete panel and the information of the installation events. The information of the installation events is presented in forms of table and graphical views to provide simple analysis of the current precast installation practice. The RFID system provides related jobsite information and feedback information which can be used to improve the installation process of the precast concrete panels.