AN EFFICIENT CASHLESS TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING RFID TAG

The toll collection is becoming a major problem on the highways leading to large waiting queues. Toll gates installed on highways result in increased waiting time and fuel usage. In this paper, a study on automated toll collection system using radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system is presented, which provides fast identification of vehicles and toll collection. Using this system, the identification can be done just by slowing down the speed of the vehicle when it is passing from the toll plaza. The RFID reader scans the RFID tag or card and deducts the amount from it. The research analysed the system by proposing a mechanism and implementing an example scenario, which considered the random arrival of different vehicles. This technique is also compared with other existing mechanisms such as number plate recognition and barcode-based passes, which showed the need to utilise this technique for toll collection.

Developing countries like India needs a significant improvement in infrastructure such as Roads or Highways. Construction of these highways is a costly affair, which can't be invested by the government alone. Normally Public private partnerships are made to construct such a huge projects. The money spent on these projects can be regained by collecting toll from the passengers who use the roads. The toll collection system, especially in India faces some problems such as long queue lines, escaping from toll plazas etc. These systems can service only 300 vehicles per hour, and if more than that number of vehicles arrive at that plaza, server traffic jams may occur. To solve this we are proposing to create geo-fences using GPS by giving latitude and longitude of the corner of the toll plaza. By comparing the position of the vehicle and toll plaza, the owner of the vehicle can be charged from the account.

This paper proposes a very novel approach to implement the automatic toll tax collection system on the toll plazas using radio frequency identification (RFID) and global system for mobile (GSM). Nowadays, the cities and highways are bursting with traffic, and very often long queues of vehicles can be seen at various toll plazas so that they can pay the toll and then able to use the road or highway. So a system is proposed wherein the toll tax could be paid via cashless transactions and people wouldn’t have to wait for a long time for the cash payment of the toll tax. This would save people’s money and time simultaneously. It would also eliminate errors in cash transactions and further ease the job of the toll plaza companies. It would definitely bring down any of the corruptions occurring at the toll plazas. Finally, it would make the existing toll tax collection more efficient and ease our lives a bit more.

Authentication is an essential issue for any organization. Previously, automated authentication was present using punch cards system, but it had security issues. Now days, organizations prefer to have biometrics based authentication. But using biometrics applications is very costly and time consuming. We can derive a time and cost effective solution for this problem using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Using feature provided by RFID to detect multiple individuals with very short amount of time and provide security with image pattern matching algorithm. To implement this system, we will interface camera with RFID enabled system which will use Low Frequency (LF) RFID tags. On every detection the camera will capture photograph. Then authentication is processed by using image pattern matching algorithm. Such system will be cost and time effective. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is old technology but more widely used in location tracing and tracking applications, due to wider reading ranges, and larger memory capacities, making it a key contributor to the growth of the radio technology industry. Many large corporations are interested in research and development within the field of RFID due to potential growth in various RFID applications. The people management system is an application where masses data needs to be collected and managed in a short duration. But due to authentication issues with this technology makes it less effective. RFID is an automated data collection technology in which radio communication for data transfer across two entities: a reader and a tag. The tag has two sections: one for radio communication and other for data storage. The tags are broadly classified into 3 categories namely active, passive and semi passive. The active tags have an internal power source e.g. a battery, which limits the life time. A passive tag doesn't have a power source and obtain the energy from the magnetic field of the reader. These types of tags are smaller, cheaper and can be used for long time. The scope of the paper is limited to passive tags. The functionality of RFID Passive tags is very simple. When a tag comes in the vicinity of the reader, it detects the radio signals generated by the reader and start to transmit the data stored in the memory. The radio signal generated by the reader offers the power needed to function and the synchronization data for communication between two entities. RFID has emerged as a key technology for automatic data collection. Using this, one can speed up authentication process. Every individual having RFID enabled identity can be detected in very short amount of time. But problem of secured authentication comes into the picture here. One way is proceeding with camera and matching the pattern for individual's photograph.

Every year researchers and engineers are finding new and useful applications for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems (Finkenzeller, 2003). Because of the growing use of RFID systems, many different areas of research have also been developed to improve the performance of such systems. A few of these areas of research include novel antenna designs (Rao et at., 2005; Calabrese & Marrocco, 2008; Amin et al. 2009), analysis on the backscatter properties of RFID tags (Yen et al., 2007; Feng et al., 2006), mutual coupling between RFID tags (Li et al., 2008; Owen et al., 2009) and the deployment of RFID systems to complex and extreme environments (Qing & Chen, 2007; Sanford, 2008). There are many aspects to each area of research in RFID. A major topic in many of these areas involves research on the antenna design for RFID tags. This chapter will focus on the design of efficient space-filling antennas for passive UHF RFID tags. First, an introduction to RFID systems is presented. This is done by describing the major components in a RFID system and how they communicate. Then, the particular backscattering properties of a passive tag are described from a unique electric field integral equation standpoint and from an overall systems perspective (i.e., using the Friis transmission equation). This discussion will then be followed by a section describing a practical design process of various space-filling antennas for passive tags. Finally, a summary of future work and a conclusion about the chapter is presented.

ATC (Automatic toll collection) system that is used in the highway, bridge and tunnel. This paper discusses the concept of use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in vehicle identification and auto debit of toll amount. The structural design of entire system that stores data on centralized server and facilitate efficient access for the purpose of toll collection in relatively predicted route is proposed. In case of nonpayment at toll center, the jamming concept is introduced that forces the vehicle to stop at the shortest possible distance from toll centre. The auto debit system which mainly relies upon minimum balance also takes care of over utilization of auto toll system when the balance goes below threshold. The privacy issues of RFID are discussed. The size and various types of RFID tags are discussed. Thus the system is proposed to make much more efficient than manual toll system and reduce traffic congestion at toll center.

In this paper, the simulation of radiation pattern of the proposed RFID C-slot tag antenna on a coated metallic cylindrical surface is presented. It is found that the radiation pattern in the shadow zone (behind the product) from the proposed RFID tag is stronger than that from the electric current source case (electric tag). Thus, the proposed C-slot tag antenna is useful for the RFID application especially for the curved metallic surface product.

The development of context-aware control for smart space applications becomes popular recently, in which radio frequency identification (RFID) plays an important role. For an indoor context-aware smart space system, RFID tags and readers are utilized to locate object coordinates, cf. GPS utilizes GNSS for capture outdoor location information. Previous researches proposed to deploy regularly spaced reference tags, based on which the space location of target object tag can be estimated. Due to tag signal collision and received signal errors, the estimation accuracy is limited. We propose to utilize more than one RFID readers and control the reading power to eliminate estimation error. Passive tags that are cost effective are deployed for dense tag grid, e.g., for high accuracy location estimation. Experiments show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the estimation error from 69 cm to be under 15 cm. This RFID-based object location system can be applied to help people to locate personal belongings. In addition, a video surveillance system can be integrated with the object location method to provide context-awareness service.

Device-free object tracking provides a promising solution for many localization and tracking systems to monitor non-cooperative objects, such as intruders, which do not carry any transceiver. However, existing device-free solutions mainly use special sensors or active RFID tags, which are much more expensive compared to passive tags. In this paper, we propose a novel motion detection and tracking method using passive RFID tags, named Twins. The method leverages a newly observed phenomenon called critical state caused by interference among passive tags. We contribute to both theory and practice of this phenomenon by presenting a new interference model that precisely explains it and using extensive experiments to validate it. We design a practical Twins based intrusion detection system and implement a real prototype by commercial off-the-shelf RFID reader and tags. Experimental results show that Twins is effective in detecting the moving object, with very low location errors of 0.75 m in average (with a deployment spacing of 0.6 m).

Exploratory Study on Approaches for Traffic count Prediction; Using Toll-Way Traffic Count

This paper presents the design of ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna using low dielectric constant of microwave substrate. An RFID reader antenna emits electromagnetic signals to the microchip in the tag, and the microchip will be energized by modulating the wave and returns to the reader antenna. The process of wave emitting is known as backscattering due to the presence of tag been detected by the reader. High-dielectric constant substrate, for example flame-retardant-4 (FR4) which is commonly used for microstrip patch antenna, is high in dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Thus, this will lead to low gain and directivity properties of the antenna. To overcome this matter, low-dielectric constant substrate which is Taconic TLY-5 was proposed to be utilized for microstrip patch antenna design. The TLY-5 microstrip substrate thickness used is 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 2.2, and loss tangent of 0.019. A high-conductivity metal which is typically a conductive copper is been used for the two layers of dielectric substrate, the top radiating patch layer and bottom ground layer where the copper thickness is 0.035 mm. Microstrip feed line is used for this UHF RFID reader antenna. The width of the feed line was tuned to obtain impedance matching of 50 Ω. The proposed antenna which is fork-shaped patch antenna was simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and Microwave Studio software at resonant frequency of 910 MHz with the outcome results of 7.985 dB gain and −11.11 dB return loss. Nevertheless, the typical value obtained for VSWR is less than 2.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) based automatic highway toll collection system has become very popular among developed countries. However, RFID is not feasible for developing countries to embed with each vehicle since it is very costly. Moreover, as metal objects can influence Radio Frequency (RF) field, intently the nearness of any metal object while reading RFID information may result in unwanted noise. These problems are still significant concerns. We propose a vehicle number plate recognition-based automated toll collection system to address these issues, which is more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective for widely use. In this research, the Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) based template matching algorithm is exploited for character recognition from each vehicle's number plate. After recognizing characters from a number plate successfully, a fixed amount of toll fee is charged automatically according to the vehicle's category.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 태그 순차 추정 기법은 RFID 리더의 움직임을 이용하여 선형적으로 배열된 수동형 태그들의 물리적인 순서를 추정하는 것이다. 수동형 태그와 리더는 전자기 유도에 의한 미세 전파를 이용하여 통신하므로 수동형 태그의 스캔(scan)은 불안정하게 이루어진다. 본 논문에서는 순차 추정의 정확도를 높이기 위해 리더의 왕복 스캔을 이용하였다. 제안 기법은 먼저 리더의 움직임이 바뀌는 반환점을 찾아낸다. 그리고 이동 방향별로 매 읽기 주기에 읽혀지는 태그들의 집합을 이용하여 태그 전체의 순차를 추정한다. 실험을 통해 제안하는 기법이 다양한 환경에서 순차추정의 정확도를 높일 수 있음을 보였다. A tag sequence estimation scheme is to estimate the physical sequence of passive RFID tags that are linearly spread using the movement of a RFID reader. Since RFID readers communicate with the passive tags by very weak radio waves, scanning passive tags are unstable. In this paper, we applied round-trip scanning of a reader to enhance the tag sequence estimation. Proposed scheme first determines the turning point of the reader movement, and then estimates the sequence of the tags using the tag sets scanned in each read cycles. Test experiments show that the proposed scheme can improve the estimation accuracy.

Summary form only given. Indoor tracking and localization is a crucial ingredient in many ubiquitous computing applications and robotics. In many applications there is the need to know the location of the objects. While in the near future everything will be tagged with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, the localization of these tags in their environment is becoming an important feature for the RFID based ubiquitous computing applications. Due to its lower cost and its technical capabilities, RFID tagged object tracking can have a wide diverse variety of applications including scientific, military, and public safety. In this paper we propose a tracking algorithm for objects attached by UHF RFID tags by means of two RFID antennas and landmarks to reduce the localization cost and environment complexity. This algorithm uses RFID map made from passive or active references tags with known location (landmarks) to locate any unknown tag detected by the RFID reader antennas. It measures the distances between the readers and the common detected tags using the large scale path loss propagation model, and calculates the distance between the unknown tag and all the detected landmarks (inter-tags distance). With the multilateration technique the system is able to estimate the position of the unknown tag. The location estimation of the target will be independent to the reader's position. The research challenge corresponds to achieve an accurate indoor tracking system using two mobile RFID readers taking in consideration the limitation of RFID technology. This tracking algorithm is based on received signal strength (RSS) measurement to measure the reader-tags distance and target-landmarks distance to estimate the target location. To minimize the effect of the RSS and the process measurement noises on the position estimation, maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), map matching and Kalman filter are applied. Here, we investigate the use of Kalman filter to improve the precision and RFID map matching to improve the accuracy. Results obtained after simulations demonstrate the validity and suitability of the proposed algorithm to provide high performance level in terms of accuracy and scalability.

Oilfield tubulars (typically metallic pipes) and other types of oilfield equipment are typically stored in outdoor areas and may be scattered around the field. Managing these types of inventory is challenging and costly, as it requires significant labor resources. Therefore, inventory inaccuracy is common, and data-driven decisions may not be possible in a timely manner. We propose the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) for tracking oilfield tubulars and similar, outdoor-stored, equipment. Our proposed application utilizes passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID technology that enables capturing unique serial identification numbers that are attached to inventory items from a distance of several meters. Passive UHF RFID tags require no batteries to operate. Typical tag cost is low. Each tag is placed on an inventory item and corresponds to a database entry containing specific information about this item. The tag communicates its serial number using power provided by an RFID reader radio transmission. The RFID reader is securely mounted to the underside of a UAV flown over the field. Captured RFID tags are either stored locally and retrieved once the UAV lands, or are wirelessly transmitted to a constantly updating inventory database. In addition to tag ID, the captured data typically includes time and date stamp, as well as location data. This research project included the design and manufacturing of an enclosure to house a RFID reader system which includes a host computer, embedded reader, antenna, power source, and necessary components for user interface. Specialized mounts were designed and manufactured to attach the enclosure and antenna to the UAV. The project incorporated the development of "middleware", specialized software installed on the host computer to communicate with the reader. The reader handles low-level communication with the antenna. To reduce network traffic, event management and data filtering are efficiently performed. The results of several UAV flights in experimental areas are presented and discussed. Various brands of passive RFID tags for oilfield applications were tested. Particular attention was given to population density of the items, stacking configuration, vertical altitude distance between reader and tags, and time to collect inventory data for a given area of surveillance. As RFID applications are increasing in the oil, gas, solar, and other sectors of the energy production industries, UAVs can effectively be used to get important operational and inventory data. UAV use is particularly appealing in inaccessible and remote locations.