Enrollment Appraisal Using Rule-Based Decision Support System

Thirty years of international nuclear standards in ISO and IEC

The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation and to propose methods to meet its requirements. Further more, guidance has been sought by many on how to conduct risk assessment and how to confirm compliance.European standards organisations, CEN (Committee for European normalisation) and CENELEC (Comite de Normalisacion Electro-technique) have been in the process of developing a wide range of standards to assist with the implementation of the EU Directives. By agreement, and in co-operation with ISO (International Standards Organisation) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee), many standards are adopted or jointly developed for use as International Standards and European Norms. ISO and IEC international standards have been developed to meet the demand for greater detail and interpretation of the government requirements set forth in the 89/392/EEC and EN292. ISO 11553 is designed specifically for Laser Processing Machines in all industrial applications. The standard compliments the general machinery safety standard EN292 in Europe (which is Technical Report ISO/TR12100 internationally). The scope of ISO 11553 describes the hazards generated by laser processing machines and specifies safety requirements relating to radiation hazards (with reference to IEC 825) and associated hazards generated by laser processing (e.g. processing by-products)The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation an...

Confucius (Analects xiii:3) ‘It is not possible to have any valid argument until rigorously defined terms are agreed’. In radiation protection dosimetry, we perhaps need to take as the fundamental sources of our definitions for personal dosimetry and area monitoring, mainly those three committees—the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), which gives definitions for metrology generally; the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), which gives basic physical quantities and units for ionising radiation; and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for quantities considering the health effect of ionising radiation, for example effective dose, equivalent dose and the quality factor/linear energy transfer function. The JCGM, chaired by the Director of the BIPM, is formed by the seven international organisations that had prepared the original versions of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), namely the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). In 2005, the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) joined the seven founder international organisations. The Joint Committee took on the work of the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4 (TAG 4), which had developed the GUM and the VIM. Two of the organisations involved in the JCGM, ISO and IEC are also jointly revising the ISO 31 series of standards as the new 80 000 series on quantities and units.

With the continuing growth of data communications — and especially the Internet and its integration with telecommunications — security matters have become increasingly important. In particular, the development of high-speed packet data communications over air interfaces and their folding into the overall converged networks present an ever increasing set of security issues for major network providers and for enterprise (information technology) environments as well. International and national standards bodies have thus focused on a broad range of subjects applicable to security. Over time, these major standards bodies have become interdependent. In this paper, we address the major efforts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) through Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) and also the efforts of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). We undertake specifically to explain the interdependence of efforts undertaken by these organizations, whose work defines the direction in the international data and telecommunications security standards in a significant way.

In chapter 7, we examined some selected case study applications of some decision support systems. Those considered were the matrix-based used in determining labour cost, sub-chaining method, linear regression, optimization (i.e. minimization) technique and Markov decision process. As earlier discussed, our focus will be on rule-based decision support systems. This is because rule-based systems are more encompassing and can easily be employed to deal with complex decision about construction activities. Hence in this chapter, an overview of rule-based decision system will be examined.

Starting in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1978 and now taken over by the newly established Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) of ISO and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), standardisation for open systems interconnection (OSI) is now a maturing activity, both in terms of the development of the standards themselves and in terms of their use in IT systems and related equipment. Consequently, work on OSI standards can now be seen as progressing in four overlapped phases: 1. completion of an initial set of communication standards; 2. filling out/evolution of the initial set of communication standards; 3. development of functional standards defining the use of the initial set of standards to meet particular needs; 4. preparation for future developments.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) jointly with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recently added new profiles for broadcast video contribution and distribution to the JPEG 2000 standard with the publishing of ISO/IEC 15444–1:2004 Amd.3:2010 and Rec. ITU-T T.800 (2002)/Amd.3 (06/2010), an amendment to JPEG 2000 core coding system. This amendment represents a major step toward a transport system for studio contribution allowing JPEG 2000 equipment from different manufacturers to interoperate. The process relies on both existing standards and new amendments from two international standard organizations (ISO) with its working groups JPEG, MPEG, and SMPTE and was developed in cooperation with studios, broadcasters, and equipment vendors. The new amendment specifies three new profiles containing a selection of encoding parameters and newly defines rate limits over seven operating levels for video encoded with JPEG 2000. The profiles and operating levels create a basis for compliance test points to ensure equipment interoperability.

This paper explains the experience of an information technology (IT) solutions provider company about the integrated management of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 15504 based process assets library with other related IT standards, which are ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 20000, and ISO 9001:2008. In order to establish and execute an efficient and effective infrastructure, a companywide process improvement program has been conducted. The lessons that are learned from the execution of this process improvement program, key implementation, practices and major challenges are shared in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Medical electrical equipment must be tested in order to verify if they are constructed and designed according to safety prescriptions. The NBR (Norma Brasileira) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 60601 series is the normative standard set used by medical electrical test laboratories that follows the NBR ISO (International Standardization Organization) IEC 17025:2005 for this purpose in Brazil. The automation, measurement and control of the process is a key chalenge to improve the quality and productivity of test laboratories. This article presents an information system developed as a tool to aid test activities in a laboratory designed to test medical electrical equipment and improve the results of measurement of productivity. Some resourses to be included in this software are proposed in order to help the managers planning quality and productivity control.

Electrical power consumption at the shore side has rapidly grown for commercial ships. The environmental impact of the pollution created while at berth has many ports restricting the operation of onboard generators. Shutting off these on-board generators and supplying ship's power from the shore power system can reduce the air pollution emissions. With the development of medium voltage power plugs and receptacle assemblies, cold ironing projects for larger ships are more prevalent. Various organizations are working on developing standards for implementing shore power. This article will highlight the efforts of the IEEE, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards for medium-voltage on-shore power supply connections for serving commercial vessels.

The application of graphene, a one atom-thick honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms with superlative properties, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and strength, has already shown that it can be used to benefit metrology itself as a new quantum standard for resistance. However, there are many application areas where graphene and other 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), may be disruptive, areas such as flexible electronics, nanocomposites, sensing and energy storage. Applying metrology to the area of graphene is now critical to enable the new, emerging global graphene commercial world and bridge the gap between academia and industry. Measurement capabilities and expertise in a wide range of scientific areas are required to address this challenge. The combined and complementary approach of varied characterisation methods for structural, chemical, electrical and other properties, will allow the real-world issues of commercialising graphene and other 2D materials to be addressed. Here, examples of metrology challenges that have been overcome through a multi-technique or new approach are discussed. Firstly, the structural characterisation of defects in both graphene and MoS2 via Raman spectroscopy is described, and how nanoscale mapping of vacancy defects in graphene is also possible using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Furthermore, the chemical characterisation and removal of polymer residue on chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grown graphene via secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is detailed, as well as the chemical characterisation of iron films used to grow large domain single-layer h-BN through CVD growth, revealing how contamination of the substrate itself plays a role in the resulting h-BN layer. In addition, the role of international standardisation in this area is described, outlining the current work ongoing in both the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent times there has been an upward trend in “Connected Vehicles”, which has significantly improved not only the driving experience but also the “ownership of the car”. The use of state-of-the-art wireless technologies, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity, is crucial for its dependability and safety. V2X also effectively extends the information flow between the transportation ecosystem pedestrians, public infrastructure (traffic management system) and parking infrastructure, charging and fuel stations, Etc. V2X has a lot of potential to enhance traffic flow, boost traffic safety, and provide drivers and operators with new services. One of the fundamental issues is maintaining trustworthy and quick communication between cars and infrastructure. While establishing stable connectivity, reducing interference, and controlling the fluctuating quality of wireless transmissions, we have to ensure the Security and Privacy of V2I. Since there are multiple and diverse stakeholders in the V2I development, harmonizing standards and security protocols have become crucial, to ensure scalability and interoperability. To address these issues, the authors have surveyed into a landscape of security solutions that can possibly be implemented to reduce the challenges associated with V2X such as secure key exchange or secure crypto materials and have identified the appropriate security control to face this challenge In this paper we discuss the common threats and cyber-attacks performed by hackers around the world such as jamming attacks, network traffic attack, Sybil attacks, False data injection, location tracking. The paper also includes few possible privacy solutions i.e., strong privacy enhancing technologies and efficient data encryption techniques that could prevent the breach of private data (PII). In various scientific domains, artificial intelligence (AI) has been frequently used to enhance traditional data-driven methodologies. AI-based on the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) system collects data from vehicles and uses it to improve driver awareness, predict accidents and intrusions. The use of few deep learning techniques to improve the precision of intrusion detection in V2X such as Convolution neural networks (CNN), Recurrent neural networks (RNN), Graph Neural networks (GNN) are also surveyed with the authors opinions expressed contextually. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) have established a number of standards for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies to assure interoperability, safety, and security in V2X systems. A brief detailing on these standards are also included in this paper. The paper also focuses on the application of these solution in product lines belonging to Continental Architecture and Networking (AN).</div></div>

David S. Sheridan Professor of Anaesthesia and Respiratory Therapy, Harvard University, Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Chairman, ASTM Subcommittee F29.03.04 on Alarms, Chairman, ISO Subcommittee TC 121, SC 3 on Ventilators and Related Devices, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brockton/West Roxbury, 1400V.F.W. Parkway Boston, Massachusetts 02132–4927Medical Director, Respiratory Care Services, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Associate Professor of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Secretary, ASTM Subcommittee F29.03.04 on Alarms, Member, Joint Advisory Group, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Member, Board of Directors, ASTM 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Professor of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Chairman, ASTM Committee F-29 on Anesthesia and Respiratory Equipment, P.O. Box 3094 Durham, North Carolina 27710

The preceding chapter examined the history, structure, and practices of the principal international standards-setting organizations, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with particular attention to their composition, the public/private nature of their organizations, the interests they serve, and their processes. The present chapter will examine current discourse on standardization and the rise of the consortia movement. It will do so first by framing the debate within general structural and openness issues and then by looking at specific rhetorical examples of arguments, claims, and controversies. It will then establish a taxonomy of arguments and rhetorical discourses, focusing on the issue of legitimation of consortia standardization. It will next analyze several important cases, looking at public documents, testimony, and reports. In doing so, it will examine the specific claims to legitimacy made by consortia and traditional bodies. It will seek to clarify how the practice of standardization is being discursively re-constructed. Finally it will consider international, institutional, and industrial responses to these claims of legitimacy and to the political/economic pressures they have brought.

Half a century after Carl Adam Petri’s Ph.D. thesis: A perspective on the field