EpiDOL: Epidemic Density Adaptive Data Dissemination Exploiting Opposite Lane in VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged as an exciting research and application area. The envisioned applications, as well as some inherent VANET characteristics such as highly dynamic topology, frequently disconnected network, and different and dynamic network density, make data dissemination a challenging task in these networks. Several approaches for data dissemination in VANETs have been recently proposed in the literature. However, more work needs to be done since most of the proposed solutions do not effectively address some or all of the main challenges in these scenarios such as the broadcast storm, network partition and temporal network fragmentation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical review of proposed techniques for data dissemination in VANETs and identify the main challenges in this area. For this, we first define suitable criteria to classify and organize some of the existing solutions. Next we identify and discuss some open issues and conclude with possible future research directions.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks that provides wireless communication among vehicles as well as between vehicles and roadside devices. Providing safety and user comfort for drivers and passengers is a promising goal of these networks. Some user applications need a connection to internet through gateways which are in the road side. This connection could generate an overhead of control messages and also the handover time among gateways can affect the performance of these applications. This paper proposes an architecture for intra- and inter-system management for virtual environments in vehicular networks, supporting user-driven applications. More specifically, we consider applications that depend on virtual environments which must be constantly updated, such as online gaming. To efficiently support these applications, the proposed architecture includes an extension of the 802.21 protocol to cope with the virtual environment updates. NS3 simulations were performed to evaluate the proposal over the proxy MIPv6 considering VANET and LTE networks as base stations. We observed that the proposed mechanism that extends the 802.21 protocol had a shorter handover time and lower packet loss when acting with the presented architecture.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) are made by applying the standards of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs)-the unconstrained making of a remote network of cell phones to the area of vehicles. VANETs were first referenced and presented in 2001 under ”vehicle to-vehicle specially appointed versatile correspondence and systems administration” applications, where networks can be shaped and data can be handed-off among vehicles. It was shown that vehicle-to- vehicle and vehicle-to-road side exchange designs will exist together in VANETs to give street security, route, and other side of the road administrations. VANETs are a vital piece of the intelligent transportation frameworks (ITS) system. At times, VANETs are known as Intelligent Transport Networks. They are perceived as having advanced into a more extensive “Web of vehicles”. Which itself is relied upon to eventually advance into a “Web of self-sufficient vehicles”. The vehicles send some data about street status and traffic. But sometimes the information send from one vehicle to another can be malicious. This malicious information is added by the intruders to cause problem in vehicular network so that accident can occur. In this report, we will analyse the throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay in sending information from vehicle to vehicle when the network is attacked by some malicious nodes.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is the road vehicle's communication network without a base station, which is proposed to utilize a link communication between vehicles according to IEEE 802.11p standard. For end-to-end communication between vehicles, a routing protocol is used to find a route based on link properties from one to another vehicle with specific requirements. In VANET, vehicles move at high speed, which makes topology changed all the time, often causing failures in data transfer. Additionally, the failures happen when the signal congestion is high in the VANET; the efficiency of data transfer therefore decreases. Thus, routing in VANET with high speed movement and high signal congestion is challenging. In this article, we present a cross-layer technique that calculates Channel Availability (CAV) at the link layer and applies CAV to AODV routing protocol to improve the communication for vehicle safety applications. We conduct our experiments on vehicular networks using NCTUns simulator with the realistic road-based mobility model. Our experiment results show the improvement on average TCP throughput and average UDP delay on different node density and data traffic density.

The purpose of this research work is to develop a framework, which can provide message authentication for communication that occurs in a vehicular network. The main aim of the research work is to provide a high level of security and encryption for the messages that are being transferred in the vehicular network. The networks are provided with augmented encryption scheme with different approaches to have secure and private communication. The research is based on the Cloud computing-based Elliptic Curve Augmented Encryption framework for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. The research for this project is done with the help of the VEA (VANET network data, Elliptic encryption, Authenticated messages) framework. The given system provides more efficient and accurate system architecture for the communicating messages in the vehicular ad hoc network with the help of different approaches for performing the encryption on the messages that are being transferred. This encryption architecture leads to increased security in the system. State of the art had comparatively lower accuracy in communication. The utilization of various algorithms for providing the encryption to the messages resulting in the increased authentication in communication and improves the efficiency and accuracy of the solution. The research has the goal to provide highlevel security architecture for message authentication with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, computation and communication with the help of encryption algorithms.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

Information transmitted over a vehicular network may be sensitive and affect important safety decisions. Exchanging information must be based on trust; however, an issue that arises is the degree to which drivers can trust the received information from other (previously unknown) drivers. Thus, trust management is a fundamental and critical issue in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, studies and research have yet to thoroughly address this important problem. In this paper, we offer some discussion on the topic and propose a possible way of building an effective trust management system. Finally, we also present a discussion on the topics of privacy and reputation in VANETs.

In this paper, we illustrate the design of a cross-layered MAC and clustering solution for supporting the fast propagation of broadcast messages in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). A distributed dynamic clustering algorithm is proposed to create a dynamic virtual backbone in the vehicular network. The vehicle-members of the backbone are responsible for implementing an efficient messages propagation. The backbone creation and maintenance are proactively performed aiming to balance the stability of backbone connections as well as the cost/efficiency trade-off and the hops-reduction when forwarding broadcast messages. A fast multi-hop MAC forwarding mechanism is defined to exploit the role of backbone vehicles, under a cross-layered approach. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the mutual support of proactive clustering and MAC protocols for efficient dissemination of broadcast messages in VANETs.

Vehicular Networking is of immense importance and continuous research is going on in this field for building the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are distributed, self-organizing communication networks which progressed from traveling vehicles. Therefore VANET's are characterized by very high speed of vehicles and limited degree of freedom in vehicles movement pattern. VANETs are infrastructure less which allows communication between vehicles without any type of configuration and any worthy cellular networks. Mobility Management for VANET is a challenging task because of the fast mobility of the vehicles. The main goal of VANET is to improve road traffic safety and to efficiently achieve intelligent intervehicle communications. In this paper, the scalability and efficiency of mobility management protocol MMIP6 has been further enhanced to accommodate more number of vehicles with reduction in total cost of the entire network. Numerical analysis has been carried out for comparing the total communication cost of enhanced MMIP6 with Network Mobility protocol (NEMO) of VANET.

SummaryThe recent breakthroughs in the automobile industries and telecommunication technologies along with the exceptional multimodal mobility services brought focus on intelligent transportation system (ITS), of which vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) gain much more attention. The distinctive features of software‐defined networking (SDN) leverages the vehicular networks by its state of the centralized art having a comprehensive view of the network. Its potential to bring the flexibility, programmability and other extensive advancements to vehicular networks has set the stage for a novel networking paradigm termed as software‐defined vehicular networks (SDVNs). Many researchers have demonstrated the SDN‐based VANETs with the various configuration of the SDN components in VANET architecture. However, a compilation of the work on the SDN‐based VANET system as a whole, incorporating its architecture, use‐cases, and opportunities, is still inadequate. We start with the summary of the recent studies that exist on the SDVNs, followed by the comprehensive explanation of its components. Next, we present the taxonomy of SDVN based on the architecture modes, protocols, access technologies, and opportunities with trending technologies. Finally, we highlight the challenges, open research issues, and future research directions.

Vehicular networks are the combination of transport systems and the internet systems formed with the main motive to increase the safety of passengers, although non-safety applications are also provided by vehicular networks. Internet of Things (IoT) has a subsection called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)m which in turn has a subsection called Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). Internet of Energy (IoE) is a new domain that is formed using electric vehicles connected with VANETs. As a large number of transport systems are coming into operation and various pervasive applications are designed to handle such networks, the increasing number of attacks in this domain is also creating threats. As IoE is connected to VANETs extension with electric cars, the future of VANETs can be a question if security measures are not significant. The present survey is an attempt to cover various attack types on vehicular networks with existing security solutions available to handle these attacks. This study will help researchers in getting in-depth information about the taxonomy of vehicular network security issues which can be explored further to design innovative solutions. This knowledge will also be helpful for new research directions, which in turn will help in the formulation of new strategies to handle attacks in a much better way.

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

In recent years, interest in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) research has increased dramatically. This paper investigates the network performance for information dissemination for advertising applications in VANETs. To take on challenges of using broadcasting scheme to disseminate messages at intersection, this paper proposes an Intersection-based Handover (IHO) protocol to increase the message survivability in intersection. The IHO protocol requests several volunteering vehicles to continue information dissemination along each directions apart from the intersection. We investigate the performance metrics in terms of the packet delivery ratio, the message reception ratio as well as the transmission cost. Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate that our proposed IHO protocol significantly improves the packet delivery ratio and the overall message reception ratio.