Towards a trust management for VANETs

Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) are made by applying the standards of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs)-the unconstrained making of a remote network of cell phones to the area of vehicles. VANETs were first referenced and presented in 2001 under ”vehicle to-vehicle specially appointed versatile correspondence and systems administration” applications, where networks can be shaped and data can be handed-off among vehicles. It was shown that vehicle-to- vehicle and vehicle-to-road side exchange designs will exist together in VANETs to give street security, route, and other side of the road administrations. VANETs are a vital piece of the intelligent transportation frameworks (ITS) system. At times, VANETs are known as Intelligent Transport Networks. They are perceived as having advanced into a more extensive “Web of vehicles”. Which itself is relied upon to eventually advance into a “Web of self-sufficient vehicles”. The vehicles send some data about street status and traffic. But sometimes the information send from one vehicle to another can be malicious. This malicious information is added by the intruders to cause problem in vehicular network so that accident can occur. In this report, we will analyse the throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay in sending information from vehicle to vehicle when the network is attacked by some malicious nodes.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

With the rising interest of expedient, safe, and high-efficient transportation, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have turned into a critical technology in smart transportation systems. Because of the high mobility of nodes, VANETs are vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel framework of software-defined VANETs with trust management. Specifically, we separate the forwarding plane in VANETs from the control plane, which is responsible for the control functionality, such as routing protocols and trust management in VANETs. Using the on-demand distance vector routing (TAODV) protocol as an example, we present a routing protocol named software-defined trust based ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (SD-TAODV). Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed software-defined VANETs with trust management.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is the road vehicle's communication network without a base station, which is proposed to utilize a link communication between vehicles according to IEEE 802.11p standard. For end-to-end communication between vehicles, a routing protocol is used to find a route based on link properties from one to another vehicle with specific requirements. In VANET, vehicles move at high speed, which makes topology changed all the time, often causing failures in data transfer. Additionally, the failures happen when the signal congestion is high in the VANET; the efficiency of data transfer therefore decreases. Thus, routing in VANET with high speed movement and high signal congestion is challenging. In this article, we present a cross-layer technique that calculates Channel Availability (CAV) at the link layer and applies CAV to AODV routing protocol to improve the communication for vehicle safety applications. We conduct our experiments on vehicular networks using NCTUns simulator with the realistic road-based mobility model. Our experiment results show the improvement on average TCP throughput and average UDP delay on different node density and data traffic density.

The purpose of this research work is to develop a framework, which can provide message authentication for communication that occurs in a vehicular network. The main aim of the research work is to provide a high level of security and encryption for the messages that are being transferred in the vehicular network. The networks are provided with augmented encryption scheme with different approaches to have secure and private communication. The research is based on the Cloud computing-based Elliptic Curve Augmented Encryption framework for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. The research for this project is done with the help of the VEA (VANET network data, Elliptic encryption, Authenticated messages) framework. The given system provides more efficient and accurate system architecture for the communicating messages in the vehicular ad hoc network with the help of different approaches for performing the encryption on the messages that are being transferred. This encryption architecture leads to increased security in the system. State of the art had comparatively lower accuracy in communication. The utilization of various algorithms for providing the encryption to the messages resulting in the increased authentication in communication and improves the efficiency and accuracy of the solution. The research has the goal to provide highlevel security architecture for message authentication with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, computation and communication with the help of encryption algorithms.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks that provides wireless communication among vehicles as well as between vehicles and roadside devices. Providing safety and user comfort for drivers and passengers is a promising goal of these networks. Some user applications need a connection to internet through gateways which are in the road side. This connection could generate an overhead of control messages and also the handover time among gateways can affect the performance of these applications. This paper proposes an architecture for intra- and inter-system management for virtual environments in vehicular networks, supporting user-driven applications. More specifically, we consider applications that depend on virtual environments which must be constantly updated, such as online gaming. To efficiently support these applications, the proposed architecture includes an extension of the 802.21 protocol to cope with the virtual environment updates. NS3 simulations were performed to evaluate the proposal over the proxy MIPv6 considering VANET and LTE networks as base stations. We observed that the proposed mechanism that extends the 802.21 protocol had a shorter handover time and lower packet loss when acting with the presented architecture.

Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) have been around for some time and are still attracting research. VANETs are one of the ad hoc networks real-life applications, where vehicles communicate which each other and with fixed components known as roadside units. VANETs have unique characteristics and requirements which differ from those in standard ad-hoc networks, but the security remains a major challenge because of the very dynamic topology and the lack of infrastructure. In this autonomous and auto-organized environment, the question of whom to trust and for what becomes very important and difficult to answer. This paper addresses the issues associated with establishing trust between peers in VANET. It defines, discusses and evaluates various trust management approaches and how well they address VANET requirements. The paper also proposes criteria for assessing the effectiveness of trust management models with regards to challenges specific to VANETs.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) aim to increase the safety of passengers by making information available beyond the driver’s knowledge. The challenging properties of VANETs such as their dynamic behavior and intermittently connected feature need to be considered when designing a reliable communication protocol in a VANET. In this study, we propose an epidemic and density adaptive protocol for data dissemination in vehicular networks, namely EpiDOL, which utilizes the opposite lane capacity with novel probability functions. We evaluate the performance in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput, overhead and usage ratio of the opposite lane under different vehicular traffic densities via realistic simulations based on SUMO traces in ns-3 simulator. We found out that EpiDOL achieves more than 90% throughput in low densities, and without any additional load to the network 75% throughput in high densities. In terms of throughput EpiDOL outperforms the Edge-Aware and DV-CAST protocols 10% and 40% respectively.

Vehicular Networking is of immense importance and continuous research is going on in this field for building the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are distributed, self-organizing communication networks which progressed from traveling vehicles. Therefore VANET's are characterized by very high speed of vehicles and limited degree of freedom in vehicles movement pattern. VANETs are infrastructure less which allows communication between vehicles without any type of configuration and any worthy cellular networks. Mobility Management for VANET is a challenging task because of the fast mobility of the vehicles. The main goal of VANET is to improve road traffic safety and to efficiently achieve intelligent intervehicle communications. In this paper, the scalability and efficiency of mobility management protocol MMIP6 has been further enhanced to accommodate more number of vehicles with reduction in total cost of the entire network. Numerical analysis has been carried out for comparing the total communication cost of enhanced MMIP6 with Network Mobility protocol (NEMO) of VANET.

In recent years, interest in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) research has increased dramatically. This paper investigates the network performance for information dissemination for advertising applications in VANETs. To take on challenges of using broadcasting scheme to disseminate messages at intersection, this paper proposes an Intersection-based Handover (IHO) protocol to increase the message survivability in intersection. The IHO protocol requests several volunteering vehicles to continue information dissemination along each directions apart from the intersection. We investigate the performance metrics in terms of the packet delivery ratio, the message reception ratio as well as the transmission cost. Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate that our proposed IHO protocol significantly improves the packet delivery ratio and the overall message reception ratio.

SummaryThe recent breakthroughs in the automobile industries and telecommunication technologies along with the exceptional multimodal mobility services brought focus on intelligent transportation system (ITS), of which vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) gain much more attention. The distinctive features of software‐defined networking (SDN) leverages the vehicular networks by its state of the centralized art having a comprehensive view of the network. Its potential to bring the flexibility, programmability and other extensive advancements to vehicular networks has set the stage for a novel networking paradigm termed as software‐defined vehicular networks (SDVNs). Many researchers have demonstrated the SDN‐based VANETs with the various configuration of the SDN components in VANET architecture. However, a compilation of the work on the SDN‐based VANET system as a whole, incorporating its architecture, use‐cases, and opportunities, is still inadequate. We start with the summary of the recent studies that exist on the SDVNs, followed by the comprehensive explanation of its components. Next, we present the taxonomy of SDVN based on the architecture modes, protocols, access technologies, and opportunities with trending technologies. Finally, we highlight the challenges, open research issues, and future research directions.

Vehicular networks are the combination of transport systems and the internet systems formed with the main motive to increase the safety of passengers, although non-safety applications are also provided by vehicular networks. Internet of Things (IoT) has a subsection called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)m which in turn has a subsection called Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). Internet of Energy (IoE) is a new domain that is formed using electric vehicles connected with VANETs. As a large number of transport systems are coming into operation and various pervasive applications are designed to handle such networks, the increasing number of attacks in this domain is also creating threats. As IoE is connected to VANETs extension with electric cars, the future of VANETs can be a question if security measures are not significant. The present survey is an attempt to cover various attack types on vehicular networks with existing security solutions available to handle these attacks. This study will help researchers in getting in-depth information about the taxonomy of vehicular network security issues which can be explored further to design innovative solutions. This knowledge will also be helpful for new research directions, which in turn will help in the formulation of new strategies to handle attacks in a much better way.

A comparative classification of information dissemination approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks from distinctive viewpoints: A survey

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the nodes are vehicles and these vehicles communicate with one another on the road. The vehicular nodes on the road move continuously and it introduces dynamic changes in the topology of the network. When the node density in the vehicular network is high, then it is still more challenging as these situations introduce different challenges for network scalability and hurdles the process of determining an optimal route in the vehicular network. At this juncture, clustering protocols are often utilized for resolving the issue of network scalability and the factors that hinders process of identifying optimal routes in vehicular network. In this article, Border Collie optimization algorithm‐based node clustering technique (BCOA‐NCT) is proposed for achieving optimal cluster head selection that minimizes network overhead in uncertain node density situations. This BCOA‐NCT is proposed for facilitating equal concentration on both exploitation and exploration during the process of clustering. It utilized the strategy of eyeing for preventing the algorithm from being stuck into local optima during the cluster head selection process. The simulation experiments of the proposed BCOA‐NCT and the benchmarked schemes confirmed better throughput of 6.19%, minimized end‐to‐end delay of 7.24%, reduced mean energy consumptions of 6.89%, and reduction in the number of beacon messages utilized by 8.26% under the impact of different density of vehicular node. The outcome of the results indicated that the proposed BCOA‐NCT on par with the baseline approaches is capable enough in handling the issue of scalability and better estimation of optimal routes under the increase of node density in the vehicular network.