Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Conducting Data Analysis in Psychological Research

This study aims to describe the discrimination found in Tere-Liye's Amelia novel. To obtain the data used structural theory. The method used in this research is qualitative research method by way of descriptive analysis. The reason the authors use these methods because the authors attempt to describe the discrimination contained in the novel that became the object in this study. Data collection in this research is done by literature review technique and documentation technique. The author uses this documentation technique by reading the data source in the form of a novel with the purpose of identifying the data in accordance with the theory used. After obtaining research data, further analysis of research data is done by content analysis techniques. The process of data analysis is done by mastering and understanding the novel elements, identifying and analyzing discrimination. The results of data analysis show that there is discrimination contained in Tere-Liye's novel Amelia. the discrimination contained in the novel is the attitude of the community that does not allow the youngest child to go to school outside the region, the lack of freedom to express opinions, the youngest child in the family must stay and stay at home. Details of such discrimination have textual data that can prove the correctness of the analysis of the research data that can be proven. Keywords: discrimination, amelia, tere-liye

Nordic College of Caring Sciences in the years to come

Ethical issues in language testing have become one of the major research topics and challenges in the field of language testing in the 21st century. Ethics refers to the normative rules governing relationships and behaviors among individuals in human society, as well as the behavior order among people, society, and nations. Any group or professional behavior that affects society as a whole carries inherent ethical requirements. The exploration of ethical issues in language testing began to gain prominence in the field after Messick expanded the concept of validity in language testing. With the development of language testing, researchers have increasingly focused on the study of testing ethics. In 2000, the International Test Commission (ITC) issued a set of “Ethical Guidelines”, where ethical issues were reflected to varying degrees in various principles. In 2007, based on the specific implementation of the “Ethical Guidelines”, the ITC issued corresponding “Code of Conduct” to define the responsibilities and obligations of language testers and test takers. In essence, ethical issues in language testing fall within the scope of validity in language testing. This paper, starting from the current status of research on ethical issues in language testing in China, which is still in its infancy in both theory and practice, uses literature review, descriptive research, and qualitative analysis. Within the framework of validity, it discusses the factors involved in ethical issues in language testing: development of teaching and examination syllabus, test item production, exam preparation and administration, organization of scoring and score interpretation, result statistical analysis, feedback, and summarization. Based on the “Ethical Guidelines” and the corresponding “Code of Conduct” issued by the International Test Commission, it summarizes the causes of ethical issues and proposes corresponding solutions for each phase. Finally, some suggestions are made for the development of ethical issues in language testing.

BackgroundAn increasing number of medical undergraduates are participating in research training. However, little is known about the benefits and challenges of undergraduate research training and how to optimize the training process. This study investigated the effects of medical undergraduates’ engagement in research training on their research skills, academic performance, and stress level.MethodsA single-center cross-sectional study was conducted at Central South University to collect data on research training from 123 medical undergraduates using structured questionnaires. The quantitative measures included assessments of research skills, medical English test scores, grade point averages and stress scores among undergraduates with or without research training. The effects of the weekly training duration and mentorship quality on these indicators were further explored.ResultsCompared with the untrained group, the medical undergraduates in the trained group had higher scores on scientific literature reading, research data analysis, scientific paper writing, and the medical English test scores, with no significant differences in grade point average or stress scores. Among the trained undergraduates, those with ≥ 10 training hours per week had higher scores on scientific literature reading, research data analysis and scientific paper writing. Weekly training hours were positively correlated with the scores on scientific literature reading, research data analysis, scientific paper writing and stress. Undergraduates rating mentorship quality ≥ 7 points presented better scores on scientific literature reading, research data analysis and scientific paper writing.ConclusionsThe participation of medical undergraduates in research training improves their research skills without adversely affecting their academic performance. A longer weekly training duration and better mentorship quality can further enhance the research skills of undergraduates, but their mental health, including their stress level, should be carefully monitored.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-025-07809-0.

The more and more efficiently the community in owning and determining vehicle choices has resulted in increasingly increasing the trend of private vehicle use as the primary transportation mode replacing public transportation. Planned Behavior Theory is expected to accurately predict people's intentions and behavior in using private vehicles. The variables used are the independent variable Attitude Toward, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioral Control, then Intention Behavior as the intervening and Behavior dependent variable. The research population is the community of private motorists using cars and motorbikes in the city of Makassar. The number of samples used was 210 respondents. The sampling used is Purposive Random Sampling. Primary data and information through an open questionnaire. Analysis of research data with the Structural Equation Model with IBM AMOS Software. The results obtained show that attitude toward intention to behavior means that attitude variables compared to Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioral Control variables predominantly affect Intention and Behavior. The Attitude Toward of vehicle users who are influenced by Behavior belief will ensure that the vehicles they use can make social values increase, will be more valued and respected. Vehicles are not only a means of transportation but also a symbol of a person's establishment.

Data analysis in qualitative research is a creative process. As the instrument of data analysis, the researcher explores and reflects on the meaning of the data. In most qualitative traditions, the data analysis phase overlaps the data collection phase. As data analysis proceeds, the researcher moves back and forth between data analysis and data collection in order to create and explain the findings. Using data from the authors' research, common techniques of data analysis in qualitative research are presented.

“All About Us”: Indigenous Data Analysis Workshop—Capacity Building in the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds First Nations Cohort

There is a longstanding debate on whether the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or the change score approach is more appropriate when analyzing non-experimental longitudinal data. In this article, we use a structural modeling perspective to clarify that the ANCOVA approach is based on the assumption that all relevant covariates are measured (i.e., covariates are sufficient to remove confounding) and provides biased estimates of the treatment effect in the presence of unmeasured confounding variables. By contrast, the change score approach offers the option of controlling for unobserved confounders but relies on strong assumptions about the effects of these unobserved confounders and does not allow for dynamic causal relationships (i.e., pretest affects treatment variable). Furthermore, we discuss four issues that received less attention in previous research: (1) the inclusion of additional covariates in the ANCOVA and change score approaches, (2) the correction for measurement error in the predictor and treatment variables, (3) multilevel designs when the treatment is a cluster-level variable, and (4) the estimation of treatment effects in the presence of heterogeneity and nonlinearity. Implications for the analysis of non-experimental longitudinal data in educational and psychological research are discussed.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Professional NewsFull AccessReport Details Psychology Association’s Role In InterrogationAaron LevinAaron LevinSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:13 Aug 2015https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2015.8b3AbstractAn exhaustive report details the ethical convolutions at the American Psychological Association that failed to deter psychologists’ involvement in interrogation.The American Psychological Association “colluded” with officials from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) to ensure that psychologists could participate without violating the organization’s ethics rules in the interrogation of people held as part of the Bush administration’s “war on terror,” according to an independent report prepared at the association’s request.The 565-page report, compiled by David Hoffman and colleagues from the law firm of Sidley Austin in Chicago, was released July 2, although much of its contents had appeared in an article in the April 30 New York Times by James Risen.The report was commissioned by the psychology association’s board in 2014, said Nadine Kaslow, Ph.D., a professor of psychiatry at Emory University, who served as the organization’s president that year. The organization had stated its opposition to torture in its ethics code but did not also explicitly bar psychologists from taking part in interrogations. Many psychologists within and outside the organization had long opposed such problematic sections of the ethics code and had pushed for change.“Enough concerns were raised regarding the possible collusion with the government about interrogation that might have led to torture that we had to know” if they were true or not, said Kaslow in an interview with Psychiatric News. Much of the controversy focused on a 2002 revision of the association’s ethics code that permitted a psychologist confronted with a possible ethics violation to “adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing authority.” The provision was originally intended to protect practitioners in cases involving confidentiality, child custody, or the like. But combined with Bush administration legal directives that allowed “enhanced interrogation,” the phrase opened the door to potential abuses when questioning detainees.According to the Hoffman report, a number of the organization’s officials and staff members, “principally the APA [American Psychological Association] Ethics Director,” worked to “craft loose, high-level ethical guidelines that did not constrain DoD in any greater fashion than existing DoD interrogation guidelines.”“Torture is not interrogation,” Stephen Behnke, J.D., Ph.D., then director of the association’s ethics office told Psychiatric News in a 2007 interview, expressing the position of the association at the time. “Interrogation is an inherently psychological practice, when conducted in an ethical and competent manner.”“By explicitly declaring it ethical for psychologists to be involved in interrogations of detainees in DoD or CIA custody, while not setting strict and explicit limits on a psychologist’s involvement in the intentional infliction of psychological or physical pain in these situations, [association] officials were intentionally setting up loose and porous constraints, not tight ones, on this particular use of a psychologist’s skill,” the Hoffman report concluded. Their motive, according to the report, “was to align [the association] and curry favor with DoD.” About 7 percent of the association’s 122,500 members work “with or for the U.S. Department of Defense.”APA Questioned Ethics of Participation in Interrogations Early OnDrawing on its roots in medicine, APA’s views on torture and interrogation diverged early on from those of the American Psychological Association. In 2005, then-APA President Steven Sharfstein, M.D., went to Guantanamo with Ronald Levant, Ed.D., then president of the psychologists’ association. After returning to the United States, the two held an extended discussion with military officials. Levant said that as long as torture was not involved, psychologists could be consultants and involved directly in interrogations, Sharfstein recalled.“I took a very different stand,” Sharfstein told Psychiatric News. “Namely, that it was ethically problematic for physicians to be participating in these interrogations.”The APA Board of Trustees later issued a strong statement against psychiatrists’ participation in torture and interrogation as they contravene physicians’ call to do no harm.Psychology Association Looks to the FutureSharfstein noted that Hoffman’s report marked a positive step forward for the psychologists. “I commend the American Psychological Association for commissioning this report and for doing such a thorough investigation,” he said. “And I commend those psychologists who pushed and pushed and would not be deterred to see what the facts were around the role of psychologists in interrogation. It took a lot of courage.”In light of the report’s conclusions, Behnke’s contract with the American Psychological Association was “terminated” in July, according to Kaslow. The organization also announced the retirement of its chief executive officer and his deputy, as well as the resignation of its executive director for public and member communications.Besides creating a better system of internal checks and balances and clarifying its conflict of interest policy, the psychological association will revisit the role of psychologists in other forms of interrogation, like law enforcement and jury selection, she said. The organization also plans to reexamine the place of its Ethics Office and its activities, drawing on the expertise of psychologists, bioethicists, and others. The association also recently updated its ethics code stating that none of its provisions may be used to justify any violation of human rights, Kaslow said. “I feel genuinely apologetic for any psychologist’s involvement in abusive interrogation, for us not listening to the critics, and for us not being clear about our stance,” said Kaslow. ■“The Independent Review Relating to APA Ethics Guidelines, National Security Interrogations, and Torture” can be accessed here. “Disciplines’ Roots Led to Different View of Role in Interrogations” in Psychiatric News is available here. ISSUES NewArchived

The article belongs to a special modern genre of scholar publications, so-called tutorials – articles devoted to the application of the latest methods of design, modeling or analysis in an accessible format in order to disseminate best practices. The article acquaints Ukrainian psychologists with the basics of using the R programming language to the analysis of empirical research data. The article discusses the current state of world psychology in connection with the Crisis of Confidence, which arose due to the low reproducibility of empirical research. This problem is caused by poor quality of psychological measurement tools, insufficient attention to adequate sample planning, typical statistical hypothesis testing practices, and so-called “questionable research practices.” The tutorial demonstrates methods for determining the sample size depending on the expected magnitude of the effect size and desired statistical power, performing basic variable transformations and statistical analysis of psychological research data using language and environment R. The tutorial presents minimal system of R functions required to carry out: modern analysis of reliability of measurement scales, sample size calculation, point and interval estimation of effect size for four the most widespread in psychology designs for the analysis of two variables’ interdependence. These typical problems include finding the differences between the means and variances in two or more samples, correlations between continuous and categorical variables. Practical information on data preparation, import, basic transformations, and application of basic statistical methods in the cloud version of RStudio is provided.

The present paper offers resource material for evaluation of malingering, response bias, and symptom and performance validity. The material mostly consists of noncontroversial, paraphrased excerpts from relevant consensus statements, guidelines, codes, books, and articles. The five principles of the American Psychological Association (APA) ethics code were used to integrate the material. In addition, five other principles were needed (e.g., on science). The companion article on a new consensus statement on the ethical use of symptom and performance validity written for the Association for Psychological Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law (ASAPIL) in the journal Psychological Injury and Law (PIL; Bush, Ruff, & Heibronner, 2014) was instigated by and written partly based on the resources described in the present paper. The resources offered in the present paper are divided into the following sections: I. Malingering; II. Related Terms; III. APA Ethics Code; IV. Other Ethics Guidelines; V. Practice Guidelines; VI. Assessment Guidelines; VII. Other Ethical Sources; IX. Biases, Fallacies, Errors; X. Prior SVT-M/PVT-M Statements; XI. A New Ethical Model of Ten Principles; and XII. Instrumentation, and followed by Conclusions. The ten principles of the present ethical guidelines could be used to help revise the APA ethics code. The companion statement constitutes a major advance in the field and the present resource material facilitates its use.

Blinding during the analysis of research data

Critical thinking skills are fundamental in 21st-century teaching. This study aims to identify trends in research on critical thinking skills in physics in Indonesia, as reported in journal articles published between 2016 and 2022. This is meta-analysis research using the Prisma model. There were 36 articles that met the selection criteria. We performed the data analysis manually and used VOSviewer software. The indicators used for data analysis include the year, type of research, research subject, topic, treatment, data collection instrument, and the application of data analysis in each article. The analysis of article reviews reveals that the research trend for critical thinking skills in physics in Indonesia has increased, with more publications expected in 2020. Temperature and heat are the physics topics that have become the focus of research. High school students in grade X are the most frequently selected research subjects. Research on physics education typically employs quantitative methods, employs a quasi-experimental design, and utilizes a test as a data collection instrument. The most common method of data analysis in research is the t-test.

The authors conducted a content analysis of the 193 articles published in the first 10 volumes (1998 to 2007) of Organizational Research Methods (ORM). The most popular quantitative topics are surveys, temporal issues, and electronic/Web research (research design); validity, reliability, and level of analysis of the dependent variable (measurement); and multiple regression/correlation, structural equation modeling, and multilevel research (data analysis). The most popular qualitative topics are interpretive, policy capturing, and action research (research design); surveys and reliability (measurement); and interpretive, policy capturing, and content analysis (data analysis). The authors found upward trends in the attention devoted to surveys and electronic/Web research, interpretive, and action research (research design); level of analysis of the dependent variable and validity (measurement); and multilevel research (data analysis). Implications for training doctoral students, retooling researchers, future research on methodology, the advancement of the organizational sciences, and the extent to which ORM is fulfilling its mission are discussed.

Null hypothesis significance testing is the standard procedure of statistical decision making, and p-values are the most widespread decision criteria of inferential statistics both in science, in general, and also in operations research, in particular. p-values are of paramount importance in the life and human sciences, and dominate statistical summaries in natural and technical sciences as well as in operations research, a domain in which the p-value seems to be a common denominator for decision making based on samples. Yet, the use of significance testing in the analysis of research data has been criticized from numerous statisticians—continuously for almost 100 years. This criticism has recently (March 7, 2016) been given an official status by a statement from the American Statistical Association on p-values. Is it time to dispense with the p-value in OR? The answer depends on many factors, including the research objective, the research domain, and, especially, the amount of information provided in addition to the p-value. Despite this dependence from context three conclusions can be made that should concern the operational analyst: First, p-values can perfectly cast doubt on a null hypothesis or its underlying assumptions, but they are only a first step of analysis, which, stand alone, lacks expressive power. Second, the statistical layman almost inescapably misinterprets the evidentiary value of p-values. Third and foremost, p-values are an inadequate choice for a succinct executive summary of statistical evidence for or against a research question. In statistical summaries confidence intervals of standardized effect sizes provide much more information than p-values without requiring much more space.