EUSS – computer model to evaluate emission uniformity for sloping surfaces under drip irrigation system

A computer programhas been developed for design of surface drip irrigation system. It could be applied for calculation of small scale fields with an area up to 10 ha. The program includes two main parts: crop water requirements and hydraulic calculations of the system. It has been developed in Graphical User Interface in MATLAB and gives opportunity for selecting some parameters from tables such as: agro- physical soil properties, characteristics of the corresponding crop, climatic data. It allows the user of the program to assume and set a definite value, for example the emitter discharge, plot parameters and etc. Eight cases of system layout according to the water source layout and the number of plots of the system operation are laid into hydraulic section of the program. It includes the design of lateral, manifold, main line and pump calculations. The program has been compiled to work in Windows.

Modern irrigation water and nutrient management strategies improve crop yields and lead to optimum profits. The objective of the study was to evaluate effects of irrigation depths and potassium doses on production, quality and water use efficiency of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mills) under protected environment condition. The treatments consisted of irrigation water levels equivalent to 50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop water requirement (CWR) with potassium doses of 208, 416 and 624 kg ha -1 . A drip irrigation system was used for fertigation of potted Debora Plus tomato variety. Irrigation, potassium doses and its interaction with irrigation levels had significant effects on total, commercial and non commercial production. Marketable yields reached a maximum of 64.4 mg ha -1 at 416 kg ha -1 of potassium, produced at 75% CWR. This corresponded to an average irrigation rate of 4.72 mm day -1 . Higher potassium dose of 624 kg ha -1 depressed total and commercial yields. Tomato fruit pH values were between 4.0 and 4.5 for all treatments, while the highest total soluble solids were 9.2%, found with irrigation level of 75% CWR. Maximum water use efficiency was 12.4 kg m -3 of applied water, also obtained at 75% CWR. An irrigation reduction of 25% CWR could hence optimize water resources and save significant water quantities through improved efficiency of water applications to the plant.

Climate can be demarcated as the weather condition, which has been measured over a long period of time. Climate change studies reveal that it will affect the water requirement of different crops. Consider this as a major effect on agriculture, a study was taken to know the climate change impact on the water requirement of crops cultivated in the area of Amreli district, Gujarat. For this study, meteorological data (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind velocity, and solar radiation) of periods 2001–2020 are used. Future meteorological parameters were predicted for the period of 2031–2090 using a ClimGen weather generator. Results of generated future climatological data are showing increasing and decreasing trend, but overall climatic data shows increasing trend for the future years till 2090. These results show that climatological parameters are changing in upcoming years. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined with the help of CROPWAT 8.0 using daily climatological parameters for generated weather data, and then, the water requirement of different crops was determined. The clear effect of climatological parameters on the water requirement crops of Rabi and Kharif was identified in results. To meet the increasing demand of water, water resources should be increased by increase in water level and doing water conservation efficiently. Farmers should also be motivated to use different methods for irrigation as sprinkler and drip irrigation systems according to the requirement of crops instead of using flooding methods.

Drip-irrigation can improve uniformity in water distribution, water use efficiency, and crop productivity in the saline and nonsaline regions of South Asia and in Bangladesh where the availability and quality of water resources are scare for sustainable crop production. However, the currently available drip-irrigation systems (DIS) have limitations especially in the design and field performance of emitters. A new type of emitter with low pressure (gravity) was developed, installed and evaluated using the locally produced materials in two locations (nonsaline and saline zones) of Bangladesh. The emitter discharge rate was measured for the variable operating heads of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 meter (m) with 0%, 1%, and 1.5% slopes with eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), a commonly grown vegetable in the region. The tested parameters of the emitter were manufacturer coefficient of variation (CVm), emission uniformity (EU), coefficient of uniformity (CU), and the statistical uniformity (Us) of water application. Our results reveal that the discharge rates of the emitter varied from 3 to 5 L h−1 under the operating head of 1.5 to 2.5 m with the slope of 0–1.5%, with better performance of the DIS at 2 m operating pressure head and for slopes of 0% and 1%. The CU of all the test parameters was more than 80%, implying that the DIS was designed and installed with appropriate dimensions for the efficient application and distribution of water to the individual plants, with the emitter performance classified as fair to excellent considering water application and distribution, as well as crop yield. The new emitter used for DIS in field conditions showed that the eggplant yield, water use, and water productivity were greater by 4.6%, 38%, and 70%, respectively, compared to farmers’ irrigation practice. We conclude that the DIS has a great prospect to save water, and could be a convenient irrigation water application method for sustainable crop production in saline and nonsaline regions of Bangladesh and similar soil and climatic conditions in South Asia.

Farm fresh vegetable production is gaining much importance in urban areas. This is a turning point for agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas, to introduce new technology like Drip Irrigation System (DIS). Nowadays, urban people take due care by cultivating vegetables on their roof–top, because of high pesticide residues in market produce. But, urban farming initiatives lack supervision and guidance in whole cultivation practices especially in irrigation. Here comes the role of low-cost drip irrigation system to solve acute water shortage and labor problem. Keeping in view of the above few facts, a field experiment was conducted on automatic drip irrigation for grow bag cultivation to evaluate yield, water-use- efficiency and economic feasibility of a commonly used vegetable, okra. Comparison was done with the manual hose irrigation for grow bags. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the performance of time-based automatic drip irrigation system and manual hose irrigation in okra. Irrigation time optimized at 15minutes provided 250 ml of water per plant. Based on the growth stage, crop water requirement of vegetables was estimated to be 0.6 to 2 litre/day. To meet this crop water requirement, irrigation was done at four time intervals viz., morning twice and evening twice in such a manner one litre water was irrigated per grow bag. Thus, drip irrigation conserved 50% water compared to manual hose irrigation. It was found that drip irrigation gave 37.70% higher yield than that obtained with the manual drip irrigation system. Automatic DIS increased irrigation efficiency up to 95% than that of conventional method of irrigation. BCR using automated DIS was observed to be 1.45. Time based Automatic Family Drip System (FDS) is observed to be user-friendly, economical and cost effective as compared to conventional hose irrigation for farming on terraces in cities. Time saving, low energy consumption and low pressure low cost DIS had been widely accepted among urban farmers to promote vegetable cultivation in their own houses.

Drip irrigation system is the most efficient economical method for irrigation vegetable production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic performance of three different types of emitter’s namely Regular gauge (RG), Compensating pressure (CP) and non-Compensating pressure (NCP) using eggplant (Solanum melonga L.) as a test of a crop. The experiment was conducted in a Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Gezira during the period of October 2021 to march 2022. Parameters of hydraulic performance of drip emitters were average discharge (Qavg %), discharge variation (Qvar), coefficient uniformity (CU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), emission uniformity (EU %) and statistical uniformity (US %). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The result showed that the values of (CU%), (CV), (EU%), (US%) and percentage emitters clogging (Pclog%) were 97.9%, 0.38, 40.7%, 58.6%, 1.9% and 96.4%, 0.43, 52.1%, 57.7%, 1.8% and 96.4%, 0.6, 28.3%, 47.5%, 1.3% for regular gauge (RG), compensating pressure (CP) and non-compensating pressure (NCP) respectively. It is considered coefficient uniformity (CU %), was excellent and found to be within the acceptable range while discharge variation (Qvar %), emission uniformity (EU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), and statistical uniformity (Us %) were found to be within the range of poor and unacceptable. Result also showed significant differences among types of emitters on plant height, applied water, yield and water productivity of eggplant. The highest yield was obtained non-compensating pressure (NCP) (13279 kg/ha) while the lowest yield was obtained by regular gauge (RG) (8180 kg/ha). The highest water productivity was obtained by regular gauge (RG) (7.7 kg/m3), while the lowest value was obtained by compensating pressure (CP) (4.8 kg/m3). The study recommends that the best type of emitter was non-compensating pressure (NCP), because it produced the highest yield of eggplant.

This study was conducted to evaluate the water application uniformity for a drip irrigation system, considering the water quality and the duration of usage. The uniformity parameters, Emission Uniformity (EU %) and Uniformity Coefficient (UC %) were determined for the drip irrigation system installed over a year of performance. The procedures are based on taking measurements of emitter discharge along selected driplines on a sub-main. The catch can be identified as L1A, L1B, L1C, L1D, same for L2A to L2D, L3A to L3D and L4A to L4D. This gave a total of sixteen (16) measurement positions as there were 4 driplines. Results indicated that the uniformity of water application was 90% indicating that the emitter was still good after a year of installation. The average discharge rate was 0.57 l/h. The uniformity coefficient (UC %) for the gravity-fed drip irrigation system was 78%, indicating good water application and was quite significant for the evaluation of the uniform distribution of water for the design. The expansion of this irrigation method in rural communities could contribute to relevant water savings in most areas of the Upper West Region of Ghana.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of low-pressure surface and sub-surface drip irrigation to soil wetting distribution pattern and emission uniformity. The experiment was conducted with gravity drip irrigation system and modified point sources drip-line with polyester (PE) cloth. The PE covered the drip-line with 1, 2, and layer and operation head was conducted by 0.5 m, 0.75 m, and 1 m. Evaluation of trickle irrigation system design were conducted by two treatment, surface and sub-surface, and slope of surface land were 0%, +2% and -2%. The results indicated that the experiment using 3 layers of PE cover was better with the highest coefficient of water distribution uniformity with the following specifications: q= 1.31/hour with 1m head operation. The uniformity of distribution in sub-unit of this design was 74.6%, the average of diameter of soil surface wetting was 34 cm, and water content ranged from 20% - 54%. The average of sub-surface soil wetting was 31 cm, with average water content ranging from 24% - 30% in 6,5 hours application of irrigation. These ranges were still between the field capacity and permanent wilting point from the soil sample in location of study. Keywords: Low-pressure drip irrigation, polyester cloth, soil wetting distribution, emission uniformity.

Farming with drip irrigation systems on sloping dry land is very rarely found at the field level, so that many dry lands are rarely used by the community. To be able to support the application of drip irrigation on sloping land, it is necessary to test the effect of slope variations on the flow characteristics of the drip irrigation system. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the slope of the transmission pipe, which describes the slope of the land, on the Reynolds number (Re) and the pipe friction coefficient (f) generated in the drip irrigation network. The test drip irrigation network was made of 4 PVC pipes with a distance of 80 cm between the pipes, the drip hole distance of 60 cm and a diameter of 0.5 mm. The test variations are the slope of the transmission pipe 10 °, 20 °, 30 °, 40 ° and the water depth above the outlet tower h1 = 20cm, h2 = 30cm and h3 = 40cm with various head heights. Research using a water source from a tower with a capacity of ± 200 liters with a height of 3.3 m, a transmission line of PVC pipe Ø1 / 2 inches long 3.35 m.The results showed that the Re value will be greater from drip pipe 1 to drip pipe 4. The range of Re values from 1 to pipe 4 is 195 to 992 which is classified as laminar. The amount of friction coefficient f obtained decreases from drip pipe 1 to drip pipe 4, with a value of 0.327 to 0.064.

Modelling the crop water-satisfied degree on the grid scale: A CropWRA model and the case study of Hanjiang River Basin, China

The scarcity of irrigation water in the Mediterranean area highlights the importance of optimizing its use. Protected culture reduces evapotranspiration, relative to open-air cultivation, contributing to improve the use of water. Increasing the water use efficiency, relative to other conventional irrigation methods, is one of the most relevant advantages of drip irrigation, if it is properly operated an adequate management of the drip system, frequently due to inaccurate irrigation water scheduling or drippers clogging and the subsequent reduction of the emission Uniformity, limits the potential advantage of the drip system. Information on the basis of points to achieve a successful management of the drip irrigation systems and to save water in protected cultivation, from a practical point of view, is included. In our work we have used solenoids to implement the concept of drip irrigation. The main problem that comes in drip irrigation is controlling of opening and closing of the supply of water. In our work we have used solenoids to control the opening and closing mechanism for drip irrigation. The use of the concept has shown the efficiency of better utilization of irrigation water has been increased by 90%.

A study in the Anbar town of hit/to evaluate some drip irrigation systems by using dot T-Tape, GR and Turbo under the influence of operating pressure 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kPa, irregular verbs , Distribution Uniformity and Emission Uniformity were measured . The results showed an increase in the rate of discharge emitters with operational pressure moral and all types of emitters and reached its highest discharge rate 5.7 l. h-1 when using T-Tape when an operating pressure of 60 kPa. Moral heterogeneity decreased with increased operational pressure Turbo type, while the increase in variation after your pressure 40 kPa type T-Tape and GR. Increased values of the coefficient of uniformity and consistency of emission with the operating pressure of the Turbo type, while lower values when the operating pressure higher than 40 kPa type T-Tape and GR.

Highlights The hydraulic performance of drip irrigation systems is important to evaluate because it is directly linked to water application efficiency, water consumption, and energy consumption. An accurate uniformity coefficient is achievable with only 64 catch cans for UC. These results encourage the growers to evaluate their drip irrigation system. Abstract. The hydraulic performance of drip irrigation systems is directly linked to water application efficiency, water consumption, and energy consumption. An accurate assessment of this hydraulic performance is needed to understand the system’s function and efficiency. However, direct measurement of drip irrigation system performance with catch cans is often labor-intensive and time-consuming. This study aims to find the minimum viable effort (fewest catch cans) required to evaluate drip irrigation system hydraulic performance by performing a series of extensive tests and down sampling systematically. Measurements from these tests are first compared with an established hydraulic model. Then they are used to determine the emitter flow rate, standard deviation, coefficient of manufacturer variation, emission uniformity, uniformity coefficient, and water distribution coefficient, respectively. The dripline length and distance from the pump are additional independent variables considered and were found to be not significant. Randomized down sampling of the catch can data shows that system performance is more likely to be overestimated if too few catch cans are deployed. Further, the uniformity coefficient converged to the correct classification with 64 cans, while the coefficient of variation converged to the correct classification with 256 cans. Keywords: Drip irrigation design, Emitter flow rate, Irrigation efficiency, Uniformity, Water distribution.

In this research, water application performance of drip irrigation systems for sugar beet irrigation at two different areas namely Sarayönü and Altınekin, located at Konya province of Türkiye, was assessed. In that context, 10 drip irrigation systems in different farms were examined. Uniformity Coefficient (UC) and Emission Uniformity (EU) as watering uniformity indicators were studied. In addition, amount of applied water by farmers and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were also investigated. In results, UC values were determined between 86.64 % and 98.20 % so watering performance of tested drippers varied from GOOD to EXCELLENT accordingly. EU values were calculated between 82.41 % and 97.80 % so watering uniformity varied from GOOD to EXCELLENT in accordance of EU values. The applied water by farmers was between 626 mm and 932 mm and IWUE varied from 6.9 to 9.6 kg/m3. As a result, design of drip irrigation systems and operational performance were stated as main factors for differentiation in water application homogeneities.

A field experiment was achieved at Al-Saqlawia Discreet / Al-anbar Province to study the effect of operation pressure and emitters' discharge on each of discharge variations, uniformity coefficient, and emission uniformity. Turbo type of emitters was chosen with two designed discharges , namely; 4 and 8 L.hr ˉ ¹. While the irrigation system was operated with three operation pressures , namely; 30, 40 and 50 Kpa. Actual discharge of emitters was measured, which discharge rates, discharge variation, uniformity coefficient and emission uniformity were calculated. The results showed that 50 Kpa operation pressure gave a nearest values for design discharge of emitters reached to 3.94 and 7.88L.hr ˉ ¹. Also, uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity and discharge variation values were the best values 96.77, 95.69, 9.64% and 96.21, 95.81, 9.58% which used, respectively.