Experimental analysis on relationship between roughness parameters and texture features of 6082T6 sandblasted components

The gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm is a contemporary computational biology method which, today, is frequently used to detect small changes in texture that are not visible using conventional techniques. We demonstrate that the toxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) have opposite effects on GLCM features of cell nuclei. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells were treated with 6-OHDA and IONPs, and imaging with GLCM analysis was performed at three different time points: 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after the treatment. A total of 200 cell nuclei were analyzed, and for each nucleus, 5 GLCM parameters were calculated: Angular second moment (ASM), Inverse difference moment (IDM), Contrast (CON), Correlation (COR) and Sum Variance (SVAR). Exposure to IONPs was associated with the increase of ASM and IDM while the values of SVAR and COR were reduced. Treatment with 6-OHDA was associated with the increase of SVAR and CON, while the values of nuclear ASM and IDM were reduced. This is the first study to indicate that IONPs and 6-OHDA have opposite effects on nuclear texture. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the GLCM algorithm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells in this experimental setting.

Abstract: Pomegranate is a valuable fruit crop that is widely cultivated in various regions. However, its production is often threatened by various diseases that can significantly affect its yield and quality. In this project, we propose a method for pomegranate disease detection and pesticides suggestion using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm. The proposed approach utilizes GLCM to extract texture features from the pomegranate leaf images and classify them into healthy or diseased categories. Moreover, we suggest the most effective pesticides to control the detected diseases by using the GLCM algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using a dataset of pomegranate leaf images with different disease symptoms. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in detecting and classifying pomegranate diseases with high accuracy. Furthermore, the suggested pesticides show promising results in controlling the diseases. Overall, the proposed method can assist farmers in identifying pomegranate diseases at an early stage and provide appropriate suggestions for pesticide selection, which can reduce crop losses and enhance crop productivity. Keywords: classification, disease detection, GLCM algorithm.

Spinal curvature type can be detected from digital X-ray images. Experts diagnose spinal curvature for a long time to obtain accurate results. This research aims to analyze the use of image processing techniques to extract features in two types of spinal imagery, normal and abnormal (i.e., scoliosis), by applying the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the classification method. This study used 40 images divided into 4 data sets for analysis. Three distance parameters, 50, 75, and 100 pixels, and three parameters of quantization values, 8, 16, and 32, were utilized for analysis. The highest accuracy obtained from one of the specific data set was 100%, while the highest accuracy of the average of each value distance and quantization was 90%. The GLCM algorithm could differentiate the abnormality of spinal imagery.

Texture refers to the tactile impression, such as rough, silky, bumpy, and other texture terms. The Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) algorithm is widely used in visual images for texture feature extraction, image structure characterization analysis and texture classification. The GLCM can not only give the statistics of pixel gray values occur in an image, but also give multiple characteristics of the images. Since the primate brain, which is constructed with spiking neurons, has excellent performance in terms of image feature extraction, the improved GLCM algorithm is used to train a spiking neural network and also to simulate the brain's ability about extract key information and utilize these extracted feature information to classify different texture image. Experimental results in this article show that this combination of the GLCM and spiking neural network can effectively extract image features, and the texture classification results is also to achieve satisfactory effect.

Optical image provides a unique spectral and textural opportunity to acquire data free of charge in cloud-free weather conditions. However, textural information from recent Sentinel-2A data has not been sufficiently recognized. Several researches have shown that texture features are essential for extracting crop information. This study presents a new scheme that integrates spectral bands and textural features for mapping maize fields and other land cover types (i.e., build-up, trees, others, and water) and evaluates the effectiveness of random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with different kernel functions based on Sentinel 2A (S-2A) data. The textural features were derived from multiple bands of S-2A image using a grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm. To normalize the analysis of these features, Random Forest feature selection was employed. The outcomes show that S-2A images are appropriate for mapping maize fields and other land covers when the image is accessible during the growing season. The SVM classifier with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel is superior to a polynomial (P), linear (L), and sigmoid (S) kernel functions, and the RF classifiers. For the SVM_RBF, the highest overall accuracy was obtained from the integration of spectral bands and textural features at scenario 2 SVM_RBF (87.40%), followed by the combination of spectral and textural features at scenario 2 SVM_P kernel (86.56%). However, scenario 5 SVM_P kernel (85.54%), scenario 4 SVM_P kernel function (85.30%), the spectral features alone, and the SVM_P kernel function, have the highest O/A (83.90%) than that of the SVM_RBF (83.66%). The inclusion of textural features contributed significantly in mapping the smallholder’s maize field in the study area. This demonstrated the value of S-2A in agricultural research.

QR image feature extraction effectiveness based on metrics using spectral clustering and grey level Co-Occurrence matrix algorithm

Problem statement: Recently, there has been a huge progress in collection of varied image databases in the form of digital. Most of the users found it difficult to search and retrieve required images in large collections. In order to provide an effective and efficient search engine tool, the system has been implemented. In image retrieval system, there is no methodologies have been considered directly to retrieve the images from databases. Instead of that, various visual features that have been considered indirect to retrieve the images from databases. In this system, one of the visual features such as texture that has been considered indirectly into images to extract the feature of the image. That featured images only have been considered for the retrieval process in order to retrieve exact desired images from the databases. Approach: The aim of this study is to construct an efficient image retrieval tool namely, “Content Based Medical Image Retrieval with Texture Content using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and k-Means Clustering algorithms”. This image retrieval tool is capable of retrieving images based on the texture feature of the image and it takes into account the Pre-processing, feature extraction, Classification and retrieval steps in order to construct an efficient retrieval tool. The main feature of this tool is used of GLCM of the extracting texture pattern of the image and k-means clustering algorithm for image classification in order to improve retrieval efficiency. The proposed image retrieval system consists of three stages i.e., segmentation, texture feature extraction and clustering process. In the segmentation process, preprocessing step to segment the image into blocks is carried out. A reduction in an image region to be processed is carried out in the texture feature extraction process and finally, the extracted image is clustered using the k-means algorithm. The proposed system is employed for domain specific based search engine for medical Images such as CT-Scan, MRI-Scan and X-Ray. Results: For retrieval efficiency calculation, conventional measures namely precision and recall were calculated using 1000 real time medical images (100 in each category) from the MATLAB Workspace database. For selected query images from the MATLAB-Image Processing tool Box-Workspace Database, the proposed tool was tested and the precision and recall results were presented. The result indicates that the tool gives better performance in terms of percentage for all the 1000 real time medical images from which the scalable performance of the system has been proved. Conclusion: This study proposed a model for the Content Based Medical Image Retrieval System by using texture feature in calculating the Gray Level Co Occurrence matrix (GLCM) from which various statistical measures were computed in order to increasing similarities between query image and database images for improving the retrieval performance along with the large scalability of the databases.

Data security by using an alphanumeric combination password is no longer used, so it needs to be added security that is difficult to be manipulated by certain people. One type of security is the type of biometrics technology using face recognition which has different characteristics by combining the Viola-Jones algorithm to detect facial features, GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) for extracting the texture characteristics of an image, and Cosine Similarity for the measurement of the proximity of the data (image matching). The image will be detected using the Viola-Jones algorithm to get face, eyes, nose, and mouth. The image detection results will be calculated the value of the texture characteristics with the GLCM (Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix) algorithm. Image matching using cosine similarity will determine or match the data stored in the database with new image input until identification results are obtained. The results obtained in this study get the level of accuracy of the identification of the three algorithms by 77.20% with the amount of data that was correctly identified as many as 386 out of 500 images.Keywords: Security, face recognition, Viola-Jones, Cosine Similarity.

Prediction of Malignant Cell Infiltration Patterns with Texture Features of Biopsy-Correlated Positron Emission Tomography of Osteolytic Lesions in Multiple Myeloma

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological, irreversible disorder of the brain that reduces the cognitive skills and memory ability. Alzheimer’s Disease should be diagnosed in initial phase for providing efficacious treatment to the patient. Delay in treatment may lead to the demise of patient. This paper presents a new technique for feature extraction in Alzheimer’s Disease classification. Dual Tree complex wavelet transform is applied to decompose the image into six sub images. Subsequently, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix is calculated from six sub images. From these matrices 22 statistical features are obtained for each sub-band image. Further, Genetic Algorithm is used to obtain the relevant and optimum features to improve the classification accuracy. Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform shows high directional selectivity, so it can decompose the image from six different directions and provide additional informative features. In addition, Gray Level Co¬occurrence Matrix deals with the image intensity directly, so it provides the information related with the patterns which are mutually occurring. Genetic Algorithm requires less information and provides more solutions, so it extracts optimum features and improves classification accuracy. The proposed method obtained 96.2% accuracy, 96.4% sensitivity and 95.9% specificity. The performance of the proposed work surpasses the existing traditional approaches for AD detection.

Electrical discharge machining is considered as one of the main non-conventional machining processes used for manufacturing geometrically complex or hard material parts that are extremely difficult to machine by conventional machining processes. The process involves a controlled erosion of electrically conductive materials by the initiation of rapid and repetitive spark discharges between the tool and work piece in the presence of dielectric medium. The most important process parameters in EDM are material removal rate, electrode wear and surface roughness. The present work is focused to obtain a comprehensive study of surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rzmax & Rsm) of work materials at different currents in sink EDM process. The experiments were carried out on Al & Die steel components at different currents using cu as a common tool material. The surface roughness parameters under study included average roughness (Ra), average maximum height of the profile (Rz), maximum roughness depth (Rzmax) and the mean spacing of the asperities (Rsm). Machining time of each component and micro hardness of the work pieces before and after machining ware also obtained. In this work the Surface integrity was characterized by roughness parameters and micro hardness values. The results of this investigation revealed that the surface roughness parameters, machining time and micro hardness of work pieces were influenced by current and could be utilized to achieve desired quality of surface finishing thereby increasing the EDM efficiency.

Abstract. Tomato yellow leaf curl disease spreads very fast and often causes huge yield losses. It does not represent obvious symptoms on leaves until the disease becomes serious. This paper investigated the possibility of discriminating tomato yellow leaf curl disease by texture and leaf vein features in fluorescence image. A fluorescence imaging system was used to collect fluorescence images of healthy and diseased tomato leaves. It includes a high-speed camera (30 frames per second), filters (center wavelength: 690 nm), and excitation LEDs (center wavelength: 430 nm). By automatic iterative threshold selection, the leaf pixels were separated from back ground. After region filling, the binary mask images were acquired. Then AND operator was used to extract leaf vein images with gray information. Sub-images were segmented into 40X40 pixels. Leaf vein images were extracted by hit-or-miss transform (HMT) from sub-images. 8 texture features and 8 leaf vein features were calculated by gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The discrimination model was evaluated by support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that the infected leaf represented a clear leaf vein in sub-images and leaf vein images, especially in the main vein. All texture features and leaf vein features had significant dispersion. The differences between infected and healthy leaves were obvious for 5 features (T_ENT_MEAN, T_ENT_DEV, T_INE_DEV, L_ASM_DEV, and L_ENT_DEV). The method obtained good classification accuracy of 82.61%.

Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), one of the best known texture analysis methods, estimates image properties related to second-order statistics. These image properties commonly known as texture features can be used for image classification, image segmentation, and remote sensing applications. In this paper, we present an FPGA based co-processor to accelerate the extraction of texture features from GLCM. Handel-C, a recently developed C-like programming language for hardware design, has been used for the FPGA implementation of GLCM texture features measurement. Results show that the FPGA has better speed performances when compared to a general purpose processor for the extraction of GLCM features.

Biometrics is the study of unique characteristics present in the human body such as fingerprint, palm-print, retina, iris, footprint, etc. While other traits have been explored widely, only a few people have been considered the foot-palm region, despite having unique properties. Prior work has explored the foot shape features using length, width, major axis, minor axis, centroid, etc. but they are not reliable for personal verification due to similarity in the physical composition of two persons. It increases the demand for more unique features based on the footprint. Footprint texture features coming from creases of foot palm are unique and permanent like palmprint texture features. Hence the main objective of the paper is to investigate various kinds of texture feature techniques. These techniques will be further used in correct extraction of footprint features. After extraction of footprint features a detailed experimental analysis is performed to discover the uniqueness in foot texture. It is further utilized to test its viability as a human recognition trait. We describe a detailed feature extraction and classification technique applied to a collected footprint data-set. For feature extraction, we use three techniques: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Histogram Oriented Gradient (HOG), and Local Binary Patterns (LBP). Feature classification is performed using four techniques: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Ensemble Subspace Discriminant (ESD). GLCM provides less accuracy, while HOG generates a big feature vector which takes more execution time. LBP provides a trade-off between the accuracy and the execution time. Detailed quantitative experiments show: GLCM with LDA provides an accuracy of $$88.5\%$$ , HOG with Fine-KNN achieves $$86.5\%$$ accuracy and LBP with LDA achieves the accuracy of $$97.9\%$$ .

Texture feature of the froth image is widely used in the working condition recognition of froth flotation. However, due to the complexity of the froth image, the current texture features vary greatly and are difficult to identify the work condition accurately. Therefore, we propose a dynamic texture feature named LBP on the TOP and GLCM Histograms (LTGH) which integrates the local binary patterns (LBPs) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) histograms on the three orthogonal planes (TOP). First, we use the rotation invariant LBPs to enhance rotation invariance and illumination robustness. Then, we implement the TOP on the enhanced texture feature map to generate the multiple dimensional enhanced feature maps. After that, we calculate the GLCM and supplementary features (SFs) on the multiple dimensional enhanced feature map. Finally, we integrate the histogram of the GLCM and SFs to discriminate the texture feature. The LTGH feature considers the froth structures both in the macrolevel and microlevel and captures the temporal information between the froth images. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness and stability of the proposed texture feature for work condition recognition in froth flotation. Compared with other traditional texture features, the accuracy of the LTGH feature has been increased by at least 7.76%.