Exploring Customers’ Experiences with P2P Accommodations: Measurement Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Market

PurposeIn the past decade, the luxury hotel industry in China has experienced rapid growth. To date, few scholars have investigated what consumers value about their experiences in luxury hotels generally, let alone specifically in the Chinese context. As a result, little is known about what Chinese consumers value in luxury hotel services. To bridge this gap, this paper aims to (1) develop a five-factor luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective; and (2) assess the relationship between these value dimensions and Chinese consumers’ intentions to stay in luxury hotels.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 492 Chinese luxury hotels consumers participated in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the proposed measurement model, and a hierarchical linear regression was used to test the relationship between luxury hotel value and purchase intentions.FindingsThe authors assessed five dimensions of luxury hotel value in the current study: utilitarian value, symbolic value, hedonic value, relational value and financial value. The regression results indicate that for Chinese luxury consumers, hedonic value is the most important predictor of luxury hotel purchase intentions, followed by financial value and utilitarian value. Interestingly, symbolic value and relational value do not significantly influence Chinese consumers’ luxury hotel purchase intentions.Practical implicationsLuxury hoteliers in China can use the value framework when making decisions about market segmentation and brand positioning and to gain a deeper understanding of what motivates target consumers’ purchase intentions. They can also use such knowledge to tailor their product offerings to the preferences of target consumers.Originality/valueThe current study is the first empirical test of a luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective in the Chinese market. Taking Chinese luxury consumers’ unique characteristics into consideration, the authors further investigate the relationships between various dimensions of luxury hotel value and Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions.

This study aims to explore the structure of Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Physical Education (PCK-PE), develop a scale, and verify its validity. This study was divided into primary and secondary preliminary surveys and one main survey. First, a scale was developed through the Delphi verification process after data were collected through an open questionnaire administered to 97 physical education teachers in January 2020. Second, a descriptive statistical analysis and an exploratory factor analysis was performed on data collected from 163 physical education teachers in February 2020. Finally, a questionnaire was administered to 265 physical education teachers in March 2020. The reliability of the scale was analyzed. Through confirmatory factor analysis, convergent, nomological, and discriminant validity were verified. A correlation analysis was conducted to verify criterion-related validity. Based upon the analysis, a PCK-PE scale was developed with 21 questions and five factors: knowledge of curriculum, pedagogy, educational philosophy, education evaluation, and class environment. The reliability and validity of the developed scale were verified.

Strategic Self‐Regulation for Speaking English as a Foreign Language: Scale Development and Validation

Objectives This study aim to verify the HESQUAL model whether it is an effective evaluation tool for evaluating teaching and administrative service quality in Chinese higher education.
 Methods This study based on the current situation of higher education in China, and flexible application of evaluation index of the HESQUAL model, adopted a research method of holistic approach, extracting and conducted initial test on factors for evaluation of teaching and administrative service quality in Chinese higher education, and offered an elementary evaluation tool through literature research, in-depth interviews. The study initiated preliminary survey (N=562) and main survey (N=806) distributing questionnaires to the three categories of higher education stakeholders: university students, university teachers and university administrators. Furthermore, software of SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 21.0 tested the reliability and rationality of the evaluation tool through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and yielded the final evaluation tool and model.
 Results Foremost, through exploratory factor analysis, a 5 dimensions solution with 20 indicators of the special evaluation tool for evaluation teaching and administrative service quality in Chinese higher education with internal consistency (α=.972) was identified in the preliminary survey. Secondly, through confirmatory factor analysis proved their sound model fit (χ2/df=4.512; CFI=.967; TLI=.961; GFI=.910; RMSEA=.066), good convergent validity and discriminant validity.
 Conclusions It was concluded that the evaluation tool is an effective and reliable tool for teaching and administrative service quality in Chinese higher education. This conclusion is exploratory, especially joined the dimension of “Students’ Personal Growth Quality in the University at learning”, which has rarely been seen in previous studies. But in the in-depth interview, experts reached a consensus.

Digital competences represent essential skills for adapting to 21st-century conditions; encompassing the safe and critical use of information society technologies for work, daily life, and communication. Determining the digital competence levels of individuals is crucial to guide interventions aimed at enhancing these competences. This study presents the development process of a Digital Competence Scale for Faculty Members (DCS-FM), designed specifically to assess the digital competence levels of higher education instructors. The data collection process took place during the 2020–2021 academic year among faculty members working at ... University in ... province of Türkiye. Researchers collected the data themselves to ensure consistency and reliability throughout the process. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a six-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the six-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. In the process of developing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies, data were collected from a total of 740 unique faculty members. The scale development process involved two pilot applications and one main application, with exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and item analyses conducted throughout. Confirmatory factor analysis of the collected data yielded a 30-item scale encompassing six factors. These factors align with the European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators (known as ‘DigCompEdu’) developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Based on the validity and reliability analysis results and findings, it can be concluded that the scale possesses the sufficient psychometric properties sought in the literature.

This empirical research of tourists' cultural experiences aims to advance theory by developing a measurement model of tourists' motives towards attending cultural experiences for samples of Western and Asian tourists visiting Melbourne, Australia. Drawing upon Iso-Ahola's (1989) seeking/avoiding dichotomy theory for tourist motivation dimensions, the hypothesized dimensions primarily included escape and seeking-related dimensions, and some hedonic dimensions because of their relevance to aesthetic products (Hirschman & Holbrook, 1982; Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982), which are the context for this study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to cross-validate the underlying dimensionality structure of cultural experience motives. A four-factor model was extracted from the EFA consistent with some theoretical formulations and was retained in the CFA. Specific cultural language group differences for the motive dimensions were also hypothesized between Western and Asian tourist samples, and within the Chinese- and Japanese-speaking Asian tourist samples, but not within the different cultural groups of English-speaking Western tourists. These cross-cultural hypotheses were tested for the motive dimension measurement model using invariance testing in CFA. The findings for the motive dimensions differing by cultural group were not as expected. Significant cultural differences between Western and Asian tourists were not found, but a new finding of this study was significant differences between English-speaking tourists in their motives for attending cultural experiences. Marketing implications of these findings are also presented.

To the Editor: With the increase in life expectancy, the number of adults aged 60 and older will increase to 2 billion by 2050, 80% of whom will be living in developing countries.1 Falling is one of the main health problems of older adults, with approximately one-third of individuals aged 65 and older experiencing falls.2 Falls and fear of falls are related to one another, with each being a risk factor for the other.3 Fear of falls may result in avoidance of daily activities and reduction in the older adult's quality of life.4, 5 The Falls Efficacy Scale—International (FES-I) is an instrument that Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) designed to investigate fear of falls in older adults.6 The present study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a Persian version of the FES-I in Iranian older adults. Individuals aged 60 and older from a retirement center in Tabriz (Iran) who were able to speak, comprehend, read, and write Persian and were living independently in the community participated (n = 200). The study was performed between October 2012 and March 2013 after approval of the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The FES-I is a self-report questionnaire with 16 items assessed on a four-item Likert scale (not at all concerned to very concerned).6 Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients (test–retest) were used to investigate reliability; values greater than 0.7 indicated good reliability, and values less than 0.5 indicated unacceptable reliability.7 To determine the validity of the construct, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were considered. Correlation matrix, principal axis factoring, varimax rotation, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) were used for exploratory factor analysis.1 To evaluate the structure of the factors of exploratory factor analysis, goodness of fit of confirmatory factor analysis was conducted based on chi-square degrees of freedom (χ2/df) less than 5, goodness-of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) greater than 0.9, root mean square residual (RMSR) less than 0.1, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08, comparative fit index (CFI) greater than 0.9, normed fit index (NFI) greater than 0.9, non-normed fit index (NNFI) greater than 0.9, incremental fit index (IFI) greater than 0.9, relative fit index (RFI).7 Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In all analyses, P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Cronbach alpha was 0.90 to 0.95 and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients were 0.82 to 0.84 for the factors and total instrument. The adequacy of the factor analysis model was confirmed (KMO = 0.936 and for Bartlett test, χ2 of Bartlett test was 2,505.781, df 120, P < .05). In exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, two factors were extracted. Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 from the questionnaire were loaded in the first factor, and items 11, 13, 14, and 15 were loaded in the second factor. Two extracted factors determined 67.55% of total variance changes.1 In confirmatory factor analysis, based on the comparison of the data of goodness of fit for two- and one-factor analysis and theoretical basic (χ2/df < 5, RMSR < 0.1, NFI > 0.9, NNFI > 0.9, CFI > 0.9, IFI > 0.91) and the closeness of GFI and AGFI to 0.9, there was no considerable difference in these values for three models. All relationships between the items and factors were significant (P < .05). Thus, based on this model, the structure of exploratory factor analysis for this questionnaire was confirmed in two factors (Table 1). Test–retest and internal consistency reliability in accordance with previous literature were confirmed.6, 8-10 In the investigation of factor analysis in the present study and other studies, two factors were extracted, but loaded items on each factor in the studies were different.6, 10 Based on the results of this study, the Persian version of the FES-I has good validity and reliability in community-dwelling older people. This instrument can be used as an easy, low-cost method of measuring fear of falling in Iranian older adults. This article is the result of a thesis approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of medical sciences no. 9161. Our gratitude goes to all the older adults participating in this study, ProFANE, and the collaboration of Persian and English translators who helped us in translating the instrument. Finally, we are grateful to the staff of the Tabriz retirement center in allowing us to conduct the research there. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this paper. Sponsor's Role: None.

Workplace incivility is defined as low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target. In this sense, it involves a violation of workplace norms that could damage the quality of working relationships. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factor structure of the adaptation of Straightforward Incivility Scale (SIS; Leiter 2013) in an Italian sample. A sample of 404 healthcare workers completed the SIS. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. In the first step of analysis, exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis with 202 participants revealed three factors: supervisor, coworker, and instigated incivility. In the second step, a confirmatory factor analysis with 202 participants supported the 15-item three-factor model in the cross-validation sample. Results provide confirmation of the cross-cultural stability of the facet, factor, and global scale structure of the SIS.

Background. Adequate physical activity is essential to healthy aging. This study aimed to examine the construct validity of the Persian version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) among community-dwelling adults, which would be used as a screening tool at the Neyshabur longitudinal study on the aging (NELSA) Center. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Neyshabur, Iran, as a pilot phase at the NELSA center between May and January 2019. The sampling method was a stratified random method. For explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 300 and 650 community-dwelling adults aged 50 and older were selected, respectively. EFA was used with the principal component extraction method, and Varimax rotation and CFA were performed with the maximum likelihood estimation method. Results. Of the 950 participants, 445 (46.8%) were male, and 505 (53.2%) were female. The mean age of participants was 63 ± 8.6 years. The mean physical activity score was 89.7 ± 70.7. According to the percentage of variance explained in EFA, all five extracted factors explained 62.7% of the total variance. The results of CFA showed that all item-scale relationships were significant (P &lt; 0.05), except for household activity (Q8) and leisure time activity (Q2) (P &gt; 0.05). The values of the fit indices showed that the model fits well with the data. Conclusion. The EFA and CFA confirmed the construct validity of the Persian version of PASE. This questionnaire is suitable for measuring the physical activity level of older Persian adults. Practical Implications. The Persian version of PASE is suitable for measuring the physical activity level of older Persian adults.

This study aimed to investigate the latent constructs in the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale using a research context of Japanese undergraduates who learn English as a foreign language. The study conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis against two different groups of Japanese undergraduate students. First, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract factors from 33 items of the scale in its application to 149 management major students. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the factors from the exploratory factor analysis. Data from 237 English language learners at two universities—155 undergraduates at a foreign study university and 82 at a general university—were applied to test a hypothetical model in relation to the extracted latent constructs. Results of the two factor analyses identified and confirmed two underlying components of the scale: (1) communication apprehension and (2) fear of failing. The model fit statistics illustrated that the two-factor paradigm appropriately fit the data from the second undergraduate group. Implications of the results are discussed.

Teacher leadership is gaining momentum in the school improvement program nowadays. School reformation depends on teacher leaders' ability to implement new approaches and help colleagues develop their skills, values, and expertise. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate the teacher leadership instrument to measure the aspect of value using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which has 31 items. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social sciences version 22 and Structural Equation Modelling version 20.0. This study was administered to 320 teachers in 19 secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, using questionnaires. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) yielded a 29 items three-factor model termed as Being a Consultant (PR), Fostering a Cooperation Culture (MBK), and Leading the Teaching and Learning Process (PPdP). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded 17 items demonstrating three factors that achieved the model fit index, with Chi-squared/degree of freedom (Chisq/df) = 2.541, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.934, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.944; and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.070. The composite reliability and average variance extracted of the domains ranged from 0.54 to 0.57 and 0.85 to 0.89. The study found that the instrument is valid and reliable in measuring the values aspect of teacher leadership models. This model's development can have a huge impact on teachers' leadership training through the teachers' professionalism improvement programs.

To examine whether the psychometric properties of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work scales could be replicated with post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) patients and to measure the criterion validity through its association with psychological distress. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 814 patients (739 men and 75 women) who had returned to work after their first MI and who were followed up by telephone at an average of 2.2 years after their baseline interview (1998-2000). The psychological demands scale of the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire was used to measure effort. Reward was measured with nine items from the original reward scale by Siegrist plus two proxy items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the theoretical structure of ERI. Using log-binomial regression models, we evaluated the association between ERI scales and psychological distress measured with the 14-item Psychiatric Symptom Index. ERI scales and subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analysis using oblique (promax) rotation yielded a three-factor solution with items representative of extrinsic effort (Factor 1) and reward subscales (Factors 2 and 3). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit with the data. The internal consistencies and discriminant validities of the ERI scales were satisfactory. Furthermore, effort, reward, and ERI ratio were significantly associated with psychological distress (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26-2.31; PR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.16-2.29; and PR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.17-2.47, respectively). The psychometric properties of the ERI scales were generally reproduced among post-MI patients. The associations with psychological distress supported the criterion validity of the ERI scales in this population.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia among patient with dementia of various degrees

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a empathy scale for early childhood teachers. Methods To this end, 128 preliminary questions were developed through literature review. Next, the opinions of 5 experts were collected through content validity verification, and 56 items were extracted through validity testing. Afterwards, a preliminary survey was conducted on 20 teachers, and a main survey was conducted on 342 teachers. After exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, the validity and reliability were finally verified. Results Based on the research results, a tool was developed to measure the empathy ability of early childhood teachers. This tool consisted of 15 items for empathy for infants and 11 items for empathy for adults. Finally, the early childhood teacher empathy ability measurement tool consisted of 26 items with 2 sub-factors. Conclusions This scale is expected to be useful data for the development of follow-up research by measuring the empathy ability of early childhood teachers and revealing the relationship with related factors.

The purpose of this study is to develop a Korean version of the teacher self-efficacy scale for early childhood teachers by adapting Bandura's (2006) teacher self-efficacy scale (TSES) and considering the contextual suitability of early childhood education in Korea, and to verify its validity and reliability. In the preliminary investigation, the constructs and questions of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers were explored through literature analysis, translation-back-translation, and content validity verification. As a result of the preliminary investigation, a preliminary draft of 6 constructs and 28 questions was developed. In main survey, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted on 305 early childhood teachers to verify the scale goodness of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers. As a result of the study, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers was developed with 6 constructs and 28 questions, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient was found to be .96. Therefore, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers developed in this study was found to be an appropriate scale for measuring the teacher efficacy of early childhood teachers.