Export Restrictions and COVID-19

Export taxes have been used in many countries. The 2007–2008 food price crisis shed light on export policies’ dangerous consequences for food security during periods of price spikes. Some countries, and Argentina in particular, implemented export taxes for almost all tariff lines in those years.\nDuring the past 15 years, several papers have been written on the impact of export duties and other barriers to exports in Argentina. The area of analysis (poverty, employment, public revenues, and so on) and the methodology have varied in each case. However, most of the literature is based on partial equilibrium frameworks or does not consider dynamic effects for projections of the most important economic variables (such as gross domestic product, or GDP; exports; agricultural production; and employment). Additionally, most of those studies were done in the first decade of the new millennium, when food prices and the evolution of trade and global growth were different from their current context.\nIn December 2015, the new Argentine government repealed taxes on exports of agro-industrial goods, except for soybeans (and their by-products), on which an initial reduction of 5 percentage points was established. Likewise, the government also eliminated the quantitative restrictions that existed for some products until that moment.\nBased on these changes in legislation, this study aims to analyze the impact of changes in export duties and export restrictions on Argentina’s economy, measuring their impact on different economic variables. The scenario also includes the elimination of other nontariff barriers to export. The paper finds that export taxes and restrictions in Argentina do affect world prices and the country’s terms of trade, and that their removal leads to declines in the world prices of the products involved (negatively affecting producers of similar products in other countries but benefiting consumers). Second, the removal of export taxes and restrictions leads to some increases in GDP and welfare in Argentina, but with a variety of effects on productive sectors: those benefiting from the policy reduction increase, but the rest tend to contract. Third, the reduction in export taxes increases the government’s deficit and negatively affects investment, through a crowding-out effect. To avoid the latter effect, another simulation considers the level of a compensatory increase in the consumption tax. Fourth—and contrary to the idea that the elimination of the export tax differential in the oilseeds value chain would lead to a decline in the production of the processed products (such as soybean oil)—the simulations show that when the elimination of the differential is combined with an overall reduction of export taxes, both primary and processed products of the same item expand.\nIn September 2018, in the midst of financial needs, the Argentine government once again imposed export duties on all goods and services. However, given the scope of this work, the implications of that action were not included in this paper and will be included in a new version of it.

Abstract: In this article, I set out to highlight the importance of the role of taxes and fees in the formation of budget revenues in the context of the situation generated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and fiscal tactics adopted by European states in 2021 to combat economic imbalances caused by pandemic situation. In these conditions, I believe that the state in a market economy must be present, both in political life and in economic and social life, having as its main role the provision of public goods and services. Moreover, in order for the state to be able to fulfill its functions and attributions regarding satisfy the general requirements of the society, in special conditions, it is necessary to identify the additional finances. The largest share in the state's financial resources is held by mandatory levies, which are made through taxes and fees. Also, I believe that through this article I will make a theoretical basis that allows the development of research topics in the financial and fiscal field, starting from the risks generated in the field by the pandemic situation.

The issue of insolvency among enterprises in Ukraine is particularly pertinent in times of economic crisis. The extensive armed occupation by the Russian Federation has caused economic losses for all citizens and businesses in Ukraine, with some companies exhibiting signs of bankruptcy. For businesses, the war has complicated or rendered ineffective operations, timely settlements with suppliers, and the fulfillment of obligations in full. Additionally, Ukraine is currently in the process of gradual integration into the European community with specially defined rules and conditions for market functioning, which may lead to a decrease in financial stability for local businesses. The essence of the concept of " financial rehabilitation" is explored in the article, and the roles and significance of financial rehabilitation for enterprises with the aim of preventing their bankruptcy in times of martial law are determined. The advantages of pre-trial financial rehabilitation are highlighted, and the scales of application of the financial rehabilitation procedure for a chosen period in Ukraine are examined. It is argued that in times of martial law, particular attention is deservedly paid to external factors that may lead to business bankruptcy. This is associated with the transition of the domestic economy to a wartime footing, migration, and mobilization of the able-bodied population, which affect demand and supply for goods, jobs, and services in Ukraine. The advantages of applying financial rehabilitation to restore the solvency of modern enterprises are identified, with pre-trial financial rehabilitation being an effective means of protecting the rights of the debtor and having several advantages over bankruptcy proceedings. It is determined that for successful financial rehabilitation, the company must convince debtors of the expediency of conducting financial rehabilitation. To appear convincing and prospective, the debtor must provide a liquidation and financial analysis of the troubled enterprise. The expediency of financial rehabilitation can be justified by the fact that enterprises possess sanative potential and have developed a convincing financial rehabilitation concept and corresponding remedial measures. Thus, the pre-trial financial rehabilitation procedure is a convenient and expeditious means of financial recovery for the debtor, enabling avoidance of bankruptcy proceedings initiation and minimization of risks associated with enterprise shutdown.

COVID-19 is not just a health crisis. It has disrupted the economy of the entire world. Like most sectors, it has brought massive changes to the field of journalism. The objective of the article is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on journalism in Bangladesh. This study follows a qualitative research methodology based on secondary sources. The study’s findings have shown that the pandemic situation has strongly affected the journalism industry and their work in Bangladesh. Many local newspapers have been severely affected by losses in advertising revenues from coronavirus. Advertisements have gone down by 70-80% despite an increase in television and online media viewership. COVID-19 has infected 1,010 journalists from 191 media houses in Bangladesh. Among these, 942 people have been recovered and 35 journalists passed away till November 15. Prior to COVID-19, few journalists were in financial crisis due to non-receipt of regular salary allowance; this crisis has become more evident during the pandemic situation. At least 600 journalists have been discharged and many journalists have been given compulsory leave without pay. Despite all the hurdles, Bangladeshi journalists continued to contribute to information gathering, dissemination and raising public awareness.

The article is devoted to the study of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) with the identification of priority partners for the purpose of diversification and activation of foreign trade cooperation. It was emphasized that the foreign trade of Ukraine is dominated by trade in goods, where a negative trade balance is formed, in particular, in trade with EU countries. In order to determine the key consumers of domestic goods among the EU-27 countries, an ABC analysis was conducted based on the volume of goods exported to them by Ukraine in 2016–2021. The distribution of EU countries into groups was carried out as follows: group A – countries that account for a significant volume of exports of goods by Ukraine (about 80% of the total volume); group B – countries with an average level of export supplies of goods from Ukraine (about 15%); group C – countries with a small volume of exports of goods from Ukraine (about 5%). ABC-analysis is complemented by XYZ-analysis, which allows to analyze and forecast the stability of export of goods to EU countries. Based on the results of the ABC-XYZ analysis, a conclusion was made regarding the expediency of supporting the volume and dynamics of trade cooperation with key EU partner countries in the export of goods – Poland, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, and the need to intensify efforts to increasing the export of goods to countries that in the medium term have the potential to become attractive markets for the consumption of domestic products – France, Bulgaria, Belgium, Lithuania, and to a lesser extent – Denmark, Greece and Latvia. At the same time, it is noted that the vast majority of these countries are highly developed economies of the European Union, and trade in goods with them for Ukraine is disparate. Therefore, it is important to continue cooperation with the EU regarding the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, recognition of the equivalence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures for opening markets, and simplifying the export of food and agricultural products. It is also necessary to increase efforts to gradually open public procurement markets. The further liberalization of transport with the EU, the conclusion of agreements in the field of road, inland water and railway transport are also important.

Introduction. The pandemic situation, the rapid transition to distance learning forms - all this was a serious test for participants in the educational environment. Panic, fear for health and life, as well as fear of social threat, when the previous structures of interaction with the outside world began to be violated accompanied people. This situation can be described as difficult, extreme, taking beyond the normal human experience that affected the whole world, humanity. It can also be defined as a situation related to social entropy (uncertainty), since it is characterized by novelty, contradiction and complexity. We are currently experiencing uncertainty in all spheres of life. External life circumstances, new challenges in terms of self-isolation, distance - destroyed the usual picture of the human world. A person is also forced to overcome "personal" uncertainty, while experiencing a dissonant state in the cognitive, emotional, motivational - value spheres. The uncertainty of the situation is also related to unpredictability, to the inability to predict development, as well as to uncontrollability, that is, the ability to manage the development of events. It should be noted that in the educational environment there is the same uncertainty, difficulties and fears that are currently experienced not only by the adult population, i.e. parents of students and teachers, but also by students. In our view, overcoming the difficult and uncertain situation of pandemic and conscious adoption of distance learning forms will be related to the peculiarity of the development of personal qualities of the younger generation, among which resistance will be most relevant to the possibilities of positive overcoming.Materials and Methods. The article should be an analytical review, where an attempt was made to systematize scientific psychological and pedagogical knowledge on the problem of difficulties and restrictions in various structural components of the educational environment and find resources to overcome the uncertain, difficult situation associated with the consequences of the pandemic and the introduction of distance learning. The main method of studying this problem is the theoretical analysis of information in the works of domestic and foreign authors, which presents theoretical and empirical studies on the introduction, opportunities and risks of distance learning forms, as well as attitudes to it.Results. Problems related to introduction of remote forms of education in structural components of educational environment are considered and analyzed; there are presented models of distance learning, allowing to ensure appropriate quality of trainees training. The results of a survey of students of various faculties of Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky regarding difficulties and attitude to distance learning format during the period of self-isolation are given.Discussion and Conclusions. The conclusion is based on the need for further theoretical analysis and synthesis of available scientific research on the implementation, opportunities and risks of remote forms of training. Based on the results of a few psychological studies of domestic and foreign authors, it is proved necessary to further study the problem of the influence of remote forms of education on the personality of students, as well as the finding of factors, resources, mechanisms that contribute to the informed adoption and choice of adequate forms and strategies of behavior by participants in the educational process. The importance of finding the personal and environmental resources of a person when emerging from difficult, uncertain situations related to the digitalization of training is justified.

This article presents an empirical analysis of the link between technological leadership and the use of information and communication technologies. This paper aims to formalize the factors that determine the country’s potential for technological leadership. The methodological toolkit for analyzing the link between the development of information and communication technologies and the technological leadership of the country is the methods of panel regression analysis: the fixed effects model, the random effects model, the Hausman test for correlated random effects, the combined regression model with dummy variables, the Wald test and the model fixed effects with dummy variables. The information base of the research is World Bank data, data files of national accounts of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Eurostat data. The object of the study is the data of ten countries of the world (Brazil, India, China, South Africa, South Korea and Turkey, France, Germany, Italy and Spain), the period of the study is 2008-2016 years. The indicator of innovative development of the country, which is evaluated by the number of issued patents, was used as a dependent variable. The influence of factor indicators is considered in terms of four components: entrepreneurship (the number of new enterprises founded in the country during the fiscal year), export of high-tech goods (the share of the export of high-tech goods in the total export of goods according to 2007 data), GDP per capita (in US dollars for according to 2010 data), startups (number of registered startups). According to the results of building a model with fixed effects, a positive relationship between the technological leadership of the country and the development of information and communication technologies has been proven. In addition, the results of empirical calculations prove that the share of export of high-tech goods in the total export of countries is insignificant during the analyzed period. The study proves the essential role of information and communication technologies in technological progress and empirically confirms the potential difference in profits between manufacturers and exporters of technological products.

International trade is one of the classic areas of study in economics. Its empirical analysis is a complex problem, given the amount of products, countries and years. Nowadays, given the availability of data, the tools used for the analysis can be complemented and enriched with new methodologies and techniques that go beyond the traditional approach. This new possibility opens a research gap, as new, data-driven, ways of understanding international trade, can help our understanding of the underlying phenomena. The present paper shows the application of the Latent Dirichlet allocation model, a well known technique in the area of Natural Language Processing, to search for latent dimensions in the product space of international trade, and their distribution across countries over time. We apply this technique to a dataset of countries’ exports of goods from 1962 to 2016. The results show that this technique can encode the main specialisation patterns of international trade. On the country-level analysis, the findings show the changes in the specialisation patterns of countries over time. As traditional international trade analysis demands expert knowledge on a multiplicity of indicators, the possibility of encoding multiple known phenomena under a unique indicator is a powerful complement for traditional tools, as it allows top-down data-driven studies.

The problem of urban flood of Guwahati, a city located in the northeast part of India, is one of the burning problems at present. The topography of the city is such that rainwater cannot drain out easily from the heart of the city. With rapid growth of residential area in the surrounding hills, sediment yield from the immediate upper catchment is increasing and deposition of the same in drains is adding another dimension to this problem. Therefore innovative planning and efficient design of the drainage network is necessary. An effort has been made to study finer details of the siltation process by investigating a small part of the drainage system. Theoretical analysis has revealed that for the existing cross section and bed slope, flow velocity in the drain should have exceeded the required scouring velocity to make the channel a self cleansing one. Thus, sedimentation occurs due to other factors. Possible factors responsible for sediment deposition have been analyzed and some remedial measures have been suggested. Scope of restricting sediment and water yield from the hilly watershed by implementing ecological management practices (EMP) has also been investigated and a concept of adopting optimal EMP has been suggested.

Epidemics and Pandemics have been plaguing mankind since many centuries, and are a cause of major healthcare expense in modern times. The novel coronavirus pandemic of 2019-2020 spread worldwide faster than many previous pandemics, including EBOLA in 2017. Although personal protective equipment, and social distancing slowed the outbreak, a vaccine is needed to ensure global immunization and to stop this deadly outbreak. Developing a vaccine in times of a public health crisis comes with a lot of ethical considerations, including overlooking proper informed consent, the issue of using placebo in control arm of trials, extended timelines of development of vaccines, randomized placebo control trial of secondary vaccine once the first vaccine is approved, and utilizing vulnerable population for trials. These issues are often overlooked due to the urgency of the situation, and the need of developing a cure/vaccine can lead to potential oversight of many regulations. We discuss some of these issues related to vaccine development in a pandemic situation in this commentary paper. We also discuss some of the arguments supporting a secondary vaccine development such as logistical/economic issue, better efficacy, and the conditions of Equipoise.

Economics of global interactions: Introduction to the special issue

Study is intended to emphasis significant impact of covid-19 a global pandemic situation in Indian economy. Indian economy consists various segments like, rail system, ecommerce industry, automobile sector, restaurants industry, information technology and software services, travels and tourism industry and lots of others industry having vital role in Indian economy. Economy was running as usual and suddenly at the end of third quarter of fiscal year 2019-20 a novel corona virus entered in Indian territory and start to infect the peoples silently. Gradually number of infected persons increased and a global pandemic situation been declared by the concerned authorities. Just within two months it’s been spread across the country and survival gone typical in normal course. Hence Indian government decided to complete lockdown nationwide to cope up with this global pandemic situation. Indian economy been sickening due to global pandemic situation. Every industry adversely affected by this covid-19 a global pandemic. Financial as well as convenience crises been arisen. To run and maintain economy every government required funds which is collected in form of taxes like, income tax, goods and service tax, etc. goods and services tax leviable only on supply of goods or services. Now in nationwide lockdown, supply of goods and services are completely affected adversely. Hence GST collection will also be affected adversely.

Contribution of real-life studies in France during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the national pharmaco-epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 vaccines

In light of the COVID-19 health crisis, organisational resilience appears more than ever to be a necessity, a strategic imperative for companies during this unprecedented crisis. Companies that were able to adapt their business model to the particular circumstances created by the COVID crisis are those that were able to adjust quickly to deal with the emergency by developing new working practices or by responding flexibly to customer needs. Thus, organisational resilience refers to the ability of organisations to resist and overcome crises by developing resilience mechanisms that enable them to achieve high performance and ensure their sustainability. The main objective of this research is to explain, through a case study, the importance of organisational resilience for a pharmaceutical company in times of crisis, how the company demonstrated resilience during the COVID-19 health crisis and to identify the company’s resilience mechanisms. To achieve this objective, we conducted a qualitative study based mainly on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with managers of the pharmaceutical company Hikma Algérie, a subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals, a Jordanian generic pharmaceutical company based in London. Like other sectors, the pharmaceutical industry has also been impacted in its operations by the COVID-19 pandemic. It has faced significant challenges, including limited availability of workers, reduced working hours and export restrictions on certain pharmaceutical ingredients, and has therefore had to organise itself to avoid disruptions in the supply of medicines. The results of the study identify various resilience factors that helped propel the company through the pandemic, such as capital resilience, strategic resilience, relational resilience and cultural resilience. It resulted in increased sales, a stronger strategic position and market share gains, demonstrating the strategic importance of organisational resilience to the pharmaceutical company in times of crisis.

Strategies to minimize preventable morbidity and mortality resulting from pandemics like COVID-19.