Flight safety level improvement methodology based on the pilot model

Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents are among the most frequent and deadly accidents in aviation (IATA, 2016). Pilots have sometimes only a few seconds to react to the ‘Pull-Up’ alarm that indicates an imminent collision with the ground. The auditory modality of the alarm can generate stress, which can disrupt cognitive processes (Porcelli et al., 2008) and negatively impact the ability to take timely and appropriate actions (Scholz et al., 2009). While in general humans are less sensitive to auditory stimuli than to visual stimuli (Mrugalska et al. 2016), the auditory component of the ‘Pull-Up’ alarm is loud and prominent whereas its visual component is more discreet (i.e., small text). Consequently, a first step to enhance the efficiency of this alarm would be to increase the conspicuity of its visual component by enlarging the ‘Pull-Up’ text size and to increase its salience by displacing it from the artificial horizon to the bottom of the Primary Flight Display (PFD). However, enlarging the inscription may not be sufficient to cope with the loss of cognitive performance due to stress (BEA, 2009). Previous researched found that watching an action activates premotor cortex and pre-initiates the gesture imitation through the mirror neuron system (Ocampo & Kritikos, 2011). Therefore, presenting a video of the gesture to perform (i.e., a hand pulling the sidestick), in case of imminent impact with the ground, should pre-activate the motor reaction to the alarm and then improve the pilots’ performance in terms of reaction time. The present experiment aimed at assessing whether these ‘Pull-Up’ video better performance than more conventional ‘Pull-Up’ alarms. Both behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) results were used to assess the best alarm design.

This article discusses how airline and airport associations are increasingly finding opportunities to collaborate with each other and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to meet common safety goals. The development of Standards (uniform applications that are necessary for international air navigation safety) and Recommended Practices (uniform applications that are desirable for international air navigation safety), collectively called SARPs, form the cornerstone of these relationships. Joint development of Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS), together with SARPs, provides true viability for these interorganizational relationships. Other airline industry organizations that jointly participate in the development of standards include the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Airports Council International (ACI). The article also discusses how ICAO and IATA share safety-related information from their respective safety audit programs, including accident/incident data. The formal agreement between these organizations is designed to help each to better identify potential safety risks, thereby mitigating the possibility of aircraft accidents. Known as the first global standard for airline safety management, the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) has processed 70% of international scheduled traffic involving 150 airlines. The article also discusses joint initiatives involving such practical operations issues as airport management. Of particular note is a discussion about the Airport Management Professional Accreditation Program (AMPAP), a joint program launched in 2007 by ICAO and ACI. Among its emphases is optimizing the sharing of knowledge across international borders to provide in-depth expertise to airport operators for achieving greater operating efficiencies.

Abstract.The study of the formation of adaptive competence of future pilots in the training process is relevant given the active integration of Ukrainian aviation into the world community, development of relations and increasing interoperability of Ukrainian military aviation with the NATO Air Forces, in accordance with the Military Doctrine of Ukraine and the Strategic defense bulletin, as well as the urgent need to use the rules of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which cooperate with ICAO, when using the common airspace. Recently, civil and military aviation have been working closely together, and military pilots are increasingly involved in evacuating the population during emergencies abroad, multinational military exercises, etc.
 Pilots of civil and military aviation of Ukraine should adapt to the requirements of the new environment as soon as possible, and higher education institutions that train pilots should adjust the training process in accordance with the new requirements. The issue of adaptive competence in general and in particular, the adaptive competence of future pilots has not been sufficiently studied yet in the modern scientific literature and therefore needs further consideration. The article aims to define and characterize the basic concepts of formation of adaptive competence of future pilots in the process of their training, which will be followed by scientific substantiation, creation of structural-functional model of formation of adaptive competence of future pilots, and creation and approbation of author's technology at the educational institutions which train pilots.
 The article considers and investigates the concepts of adaptation and its types; professional adaptation of the pilot; adaptability; competencies and competency; professional competency of the future pilot, its components and criteria of its formation; concepts and features of adaptive competency of future pilots. It also describes and characterizes the features of the future activities of pilots and certain requirements for the training of pilots in civil and military aviation.
 Key words: adaptation, adaptability, competence, adaptive competence, professional training.

The first international activities addressing climate change might be dated back to 1972 to the UN Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm. The negotiations addressing an international climate regulation framework beyond 2020 continued in the annual United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conferences of the Parties. The treatment of international aviation and maritime emissions was a real issue in the Kyoto process as these two industry sectors do not fit in the design scope of the Protocol, which allocates the responsibility for emissions or emissions reduction to single states. Traditionally, the environment-oriented activities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) were based on technical analysis and then developed to standards, guidance and policies. The International Air Transport Association has been active from the very beginning in supporting ICAO in its environment-related activities. For international aviation, a global system would be the most effective and efficient system to control and reduce emissions, far better than any regional or local system.

This paper aimed to identify the challenges and propose recommendations to manage sustainability of the airline industry in a pandemic. When the World Health Organization stated Covid-19 as pandemic on March 11, 2020, governments in all countries ordered lockdowns, imposed travel restrictions, and required quarantine of 14 days for visitors and citizens upon arrival at the airport. The airlines industry came to a standstill. As Covid-19 is a recent and evolving phenomenon, the methodology employs secondary research based on data from authoritative sources such as the World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and International Air Transport Association (IATA) to identify the challenges. Peer reviewed research on past pandemics, especially the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003 help formulate recommendations to manage sustainability. The challenges are financial crisis, travel restrictions and customer distrust. The recommendations are positioning customer safety first, customer engagement, pricing strategy and collaboration with government. Limitations of the research and future research suggestions are presented

The proliferation of transnational institutions in the form of protocols, conventions, regimes and standards is a growing influence on organizational practice. Recent work on the origins and impact of transnational institutions focuses upon processes in ‘core’ states, but their influence in developing countries has not received much attention. In this paper we narrate a case study of the diffusion of two institutional regimes represented by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in Iranian civil aviation. The case study describes a seemingly frictionless and uncontested embedding of the emergent international aviation regime in post-World War II Iran and a severe challenge to those institutions in the years following Iran's Islamic revolution. We characterize the rise and decline of these regimes as a double process of institutionalization and de-institutionalization, and identify political and technical factors that drive institutional change. We discuss several theoretical and policy implications stemming from the experience of transnational aviation institutions in Iran.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of Advance Passenger Information (API) and Passenger Name Record (PNR) systems as significant instruments in the field of operational and investigative activities. The article highlights the historical development and legal framework governing the implementation of these systems, with a particular focus on international standards introduced by the United Nations Security Council, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the European Union, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the World Customs Organization (WCO). The study examines in detail the practical experience of implementing API/PNR in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the European Union, underlining their crucial role in countering terrorism, illegal migration, human trafficking, drug smuggling, and other forms of transnational organized crime. API enables the transmission of identification data about passengers prior to their arrival, while PNR provides a wide range of additional information, including booking records, travel itineraries, personal data, and payment methods. The integration of API and PNR data therefore creates a powerful tool for risk assessment, detection of suspicious individuals, identification of criminal networks, and well-timed intervention by law enforcement agencies. The article also explores challenges associated with API/ PNR implementation, such as the variable quality of data, technical interoperability issues between different systems, and the risks of human rights violating, particularly the right to privacy and data protection. Special emphasis is placed on the relevance of these systems for Ukraine, which is currently in the process of developing its own legal and institutional framework for API/PNR. The author argues that establishing a unified national API/PNR system in compliance with international standards will strengthen Ukraine’s national security, improve border control, and foster deeper integration into global security and data exchange mechanisms.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the effects of human, technical, and operating factors on the safety record of 50 airlines over the period 2004 to 2015. The factors examined include (1) pilot salary, (2) fleet age, (3) International Air Transport Association - Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) certification, (4) International Civil Aviation Organization safety parameters (i.e., legislation, organization, licensing, operations, airworthiness, accident investigation, air navigation service, and aerodromes), and (5) cultural-related indices (such as power distance, degree of uncertainty avoidance, and language for communication). Among the important factors such as organization, licensing, and operations performance, pilot salary is identified as the most important factor differentiating airlines with or without crashes. Within the group of airlines that encountered air accidents during the study period, fleet age, airworthiness, accident investigation, air navigation services and aerodromes scores, and salary are found to be significant factors on accident rate. IOSA certification, aerodromes, language of communi-cation, and uncertainty avoidance appear to be totally immaterial. Identifying the important factors is important to assist airlines investigate and improve their safety records.

The progressive commercialization of aviation operations in the 1930s required that methods to ensure the safety of operations had to be employed. Facilitated by improving technology, including techniques to forecast and track weather patterns, aircraft operators and the governments oversaw a relatively safe industry. The progression of safety management into a formal system was also promoted by regulations. Globally, the formation of bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Association prompted an international approach to managing aviation safety. A holistic approach to the management of safety risks and hazards encourages a culture which appreciates the importance of safety. A safety management system is able to embody these ideals, and apply them in a systematic, explicit and proactive manner. Safety risk management consists of two elements: hazard identification; and risk assessment and mitigation. Hazards are a condition or object with the potential to cause harm, damage, or reduced functionality of personnel or equipment.

With the installation on the most recent aircraft of large engines with a bypass ratio of 10–12, the engine noise contribution to the overall aircraft noise was reduced, and airframe noise has now become one of the most important noise sources during the approach phase. The paper presents a review of airframe noise analytical modeling and prediction. Indeed, aircraft manufacturers need prediction tools for rapid assessment of noise exposure around airports, standards certification noise levels as defined by the International Civil Aviation Organisation and optimized operational procedures at various stage of aircraft design. At present, this kind of noise model can only be based on analytical or semi-empirical modeling. For both slats, flaps and landing gears, main noise mechanisms are presented, as well as the associated noise models used at Airbus for airframe noise prediction. These models were validated with specific noise flight tests on various Airbus aircraft dedicated specifically to airframe noise measurements. Validation cases are presented at the end of the paper for three examples.

The promulgation of Safety Management Systems was instituted by The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)’s Safety Recommended Practices (SARPs) under Annex 19, and their technical specifications led to state and operator-level systems implementation. These guidelines aim to monitor risk issues through safety data collection analysis and exchange, and legal guidance for protecting safety information and related sources relative to aircraft design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance. ICAO member states agreed to collaborate in securing uniformity, but that did not include compliance. Indeed, differences can prevail between SARPs and individual countries and practices. We aim to demonstrate that Human System Integration (HSI) can contribute to overcoming these challenges by making emergent safety themes, facts, and issues tangible beyond subjective interpretation when they require prompt and performant corrections in the interest of safety, regularity, and efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually improve data distillation, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the entire system and its components, whether these are from safety platforms, databases, or HSI concepts and sources, ensuring synchronization.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common newly-diagnosed cancer, one of the leading causes of illness and death in the Western world, and the second most common cause of cancer morbidity in Europe. Yet, CRC is a preventable disease and, if detected early, highly treatable. Early detection and prevention are health care strategies of critical importance for the reduction of CRC morbidity and mortality. In a number of countries, screening programmes have been implemented on nationwide scale since the 1960s for other forms of cancer. The early detection of cancer increases the likelihood of successful outcomes, but in order to have early detection, education and training promoting early diagnosis and resulting in increased screening, participation is needed. Additionally, the effectiveness of screening can be measured by the reduction on mortality, but it greatly depends upon tangible and sometimes intangible factors, contingent on setting and target population; it is essential, for example, to identify and screen the appropriate target population and to overcome implementation and uptake barriers. All of these issues, with emphasis on obstacles encountered at the level of general and family practice are highlighted in a recent editorial in Family Practice (Lionis and Petelos, 2011). Although the screening is performed in the context of public health, and for the benefit of the community, the rights and welfare of the individual should also be respected. The role of the General Practitioner/Family Practitioner (GP/FP) and generally of the Primary Care Provider (PCP) is challenging yet instrumental in achieving this balance, as it is at that level screening is initiated (Viguier et al, 2011). The involvement and the role of GPs and PCPs in convincing patients to participate and initiate CRC screening should be further explored and elucidated, as it is of key importance in cultural and organisational context and health policy issues (Sarfaty, 2006). CRC screening of asymptomatic population groups is currently recommended in the USA and many European countries, and a number of pilot and nationwide programmes have been developed for this purpose. More specifically, mass screening programmes are currently established in 13 of 39 European countries (Pox et al, 2007; Manfredi et al, 2011) with feasibility studies undertaken as pilot actions in many more.

LektorėSocialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus universitetoUžsienio kalbų institutasUniversiteto g. 5, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 5) 268 72 68El. paštas: roma.kriauciuniene@tvm.vu.ltStraipsnyje keliama būsimųjų užsienio kalbų mokytojų dorinių nuostatų ugdymo tobulinimo universitete problema. Dėmesys telkiamas į dorinės nuostatos plėtotei reikšmingą veiksnį – užsienio kalbų studentų požiūrį į mokytojo profesijos kompetencijas. Remiantis diagnostinio tyrimo duomenimis siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip tiriamieji vertina užsienio kalbų mokytojo kompetencijas: bendrakultūrę, profesinę kalbinę, profesinę pedagoginę ir bendrąją, ir kokią įtaką tai gali daryti būsimų mokytojų dorinėms nuostatoms.

Введение. Обоснована актуальность проблемы реализации независимой оценки профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов по дисциплинам методического блока. Выполнен анализ профессиональных стандартов к функциям специалиста, в том числе и в области педагогической деятельности. Исходя из этого, определена роль изучения прикладных дисциплин в процессе освоения обучающимися профессии «учитель начальных классов». Также выполнен анализ содержания учебных планов по направлению подготовки 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки)», по результатам которого можно сделать выводы об увеличении количества дисциплин и практик в области предметно-методического модуля. Материалы и методы. С помощью анализа содержания нормативно-правовых документов начальной школы описано состояние проблемы реализации независимой оценки профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов, определено направление, в котором, в первую очередь, необходимо разрабатывать методы этой оценки. Кроме этого, представлены профили дисциплин, по которым предложено оценивание профессиональных компетенций обучающихся: Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки). Направленность (профили): Начальное образование. Управление начальным образованием; Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки). Направленность (профили): Начальное образование. Английский язык; Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки). Направленность (профили): Начальное образование. Дошкольное образование). Также перечислены дисциплины, в содержании которых необходимо начинать подготовку к форме оценивания профессиональных компетенций, основной из которых обозначен демонстрационный экзамен. Результаты. Представлено обоснование использования демонстрационного экзамена в качестве способа реализации независимой оценки профессиональной компетенции будущих учителей начальных классов, описаны функции демонстрационного экзамена по отношению к обучающимся, а также разработана примерная структура подготовки к нему. Например, в структуру могут входить следующие этапы: определение оценочных средств демонстрационного экзамена, разработка заданий (кейса) в содержании билетов демонстрационного экзамена, разработка карты оценки результатов демонстрационного экзамена. Обсуждение. В качестве содержания этапов подготовки к разработке демонстрационного экзамена представлено описание оценочных средств в рамках дисциплин методического блока. Например, можно предложить рассмотреть компетенции в соответствии с содержанием ФГОС ВО и Основной профессиональной образовательной программой по направлению подготовки 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки)» и соотнести их с выбранными дисциплинами. Если составлять содержание возможных заданий экзаменационных билетов, то предлагается разделить их на два блока, а при разработке карты оценки результатов включить в ее содержание совокупность критериев по закрепленным за выбранной дисциплиной компетенциям и требований, предъявляемых к заданиям экзаменационного билета. Заключение. Приведены доказательства необходимости реализации демонстрационного экзамена в современной концепции подготовки кадров в области начального языкового и литературного образования, определена роль участников образовательных отношений при использовании этой формы оценки результатов обучения, описаны предполагаемые итоги представления выполненных экзаменационных заданий по дисциплине методического блока. Кроме этого, определена важность практической направленности демонстрационного экзамена, создания условий, приближенных к реальной педагогической деятельности, реализации научного аспекта данной работы. Ключевые слова: профессиональные компетенции; демонстрационный экзамен; русский язык; методика обучения русскому языку; обучающиеся; младшие школьники; педагогический университет; будущий учитель; будущий учитель начальных классов. Основные положения: – определены проблемы реализации независимой оценки профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов в области дисциплин методического блока; – сформулировано обоснование использования демонстрационного экзамена как одной из наиболее эффективных форм оценки профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов; – обозначены функции, примерная структура и этапы реализации демонстрационного экзамена в рамках дисциплин методического блока на примере методики обучения русскому языку и литературе в начальной школе. Introduction. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem of realization of independent assessment of professional competencies of future elementary school teachers in the field of disciplines of methodological block. The analysis of professional standards in terms of requirements to the functions of a specialist, including those in the field of pedagogical activity, has been carried out. On this basis, the role of studying applied disciplines in the process of mastering the profession of “elementary school teacher” was determined. Also the content of curricula for training direction 44.03.05 “Pedagogical Education (with two training profiles)” is analyzed, according to the results of which it is possible to draw conclusions about the increase in the number of disciplines and practices in the field of subject-methodical module. Materials and methods. The of analyzing the content of normative and legal documents of elementary school, the state of the problem of realization of independent assessment of professional competencies of future elementary school teachers is described, the direction in which first of all it is necessary to develop methods of this assessment is determined. In addition, the profiles, in the content of disciplines for which the assessment of students' professional competencies is proposed, are presented: Pedagogical Education (with two training profiles). Direction (profiles): Elementary education. Management of primary education; Pedagogical education (with two training profiles). Direction (profiles): Elementary education. English Language; Pedagogical Education (with two profiles). Direction (profiles): Elementary education. Preschool Education). Also listed are the disciplines, in the content of which it is necessary to begin preparation for the form of assessment of professional competencies, the main of which is designated demonstration exam. Results. As the results of this research work, the rationale for using the demonstration exam as a way to implement independent assessment of professional competence of future elementary school teachers is presented, the functions of the demonstration exam in relation to students are described, and an exemplary structure of preparation for the exam is developed. For example, the structure may include the following stages: defining the assessment tools of the demonstration exam, developing tasks (case study) in the content of the demonstration exam tickets, and developing a map for evaluating the results of the demonstration exam. Discussion. As the content of the stages of preparation for the development of the demonstration exam the description of assessment tools within the disciplines of the methodological block is presented. For example, it can be proposed to consider the competencies in accordance with the content of FSES HE and the Basic Professional Educational Program in the direction of training 44.03.05 Pedagogical Education (with two training profiles) for the selected disciplines. If we consider the content of possible tasks of the tickets, it is proposed to divide them into two blocks, and when developing a scorecard to include in its content a set of criteria for the competencies assigned to the selected discipline and the requirements for the tasks of the examination ticket. Conclusion. The evidence of the necessity of realization of the demonstration examination in the modern concept of training in the field of elementary language and literature education is given, the role of the participants of educational relations in the use of this form of assessment of learning outcomes is defined, and the expected results of the presentation of the completed examination tasks in the discipline of the methodological block are described. In addition, the importance of the practical orientation of the demonstration exam, the creation of conditions close to the real teaching activity, the realization of the scientific aspect of this work is determined. Keywords: Professional competencies; Demonstration exam; Russian language; Methodology of teaching Russian language; Students; Junior schoolchildren; Pedagogical university; Future teacher; Future elementary school teacher. Highlights: The problems of realization of independent assessment of professional competencies of future elementary school teachers in the field of disciplines of methodological block have been determined; The substantiation of using the demonstration examination as one of the most effective forms of assessing professional competencies of future elementary school teachers was formulated; The functions, approximate structure and stages of realization of the demonstration examination within the disciplines of the methodological block on the example of the methodology of teaching Russian language and literature in elementary school are outlined.

Risk of ischemic stroke after new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hyperthyroidism