Human Systems Integration (HSI) in Safety Management Systems

This paper provides an overview of the process, practices, developments and synergies that Airbus Defence and Space are implementing Human System Integration (HSI) into the Continuous Engineering/Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) throughout the company. The paper highlights these developments, which include internal research programmes, European Union funded research projects and Airbus internal synergy projects to provide a complete system engineering lifecycle. This research includes an EU funded 3 year project HoliDes—Holistic Human Factors and System Design of Adaptive Cooperative Human Machine Systems [1]. HSI has been incorporated in the project lifecycle via US Military (DoD-Instruction 5000.2) [2] with the introduction of a Human System Integration Plan, which is a key requirement for the validation and verification of any new system or any modification to any existing US military system. Airbus DS has used HSI in several innovative approaches, these include, the dramatic reduction in the manpower and costs of deployment and logistic support for large scale military operations, the integration with our Architectural Framework to provide a system architecture that is compliant with the US and UK Lines of development—Training, Equipment, Personnel (HR), Organisation, Information, Logistics, Concepts and Doctrine and Infrastructure and the introduction of ILS and Training into our MBSE approach. Airbus DS recognises the need to integrate HSI into its system engineering lifecycle as in the past the inclusion of human interaction has generally been missed and as most systems interact with people, HSI provides Airbus DS with complete systems integration process. Our Human System Integration (HSI) work at Airbus DS is evolving from the initial Human View Architectural Framework research [4] and then the nine HSI domains—Manpower, Personnel, Training, Human Factors Engineering, Environment, Occupational Health, Safety, Survivability and Habitability [5].

Safety Management System (SMS) is an advanced, top-down aviation process for managing safety risks in aviation industry. It provides a systemic approach to manage safety, develop or evaluate an aviation organizational structure, establish accountability systems, guiding policies and working procedures. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) demands from all aviation industries to implement SMS with the same level of priority that other core processes are managed. Present research was focused on reviewing critical principles, practices and application of SMS framework and how to eradicate human errors in aircraft maintenance through identification of hazards and launch of a risk management process. Implementation SMS in aviation organization was also investigated to establish the limitations as well as advantages gained in terms of outcomes of its implementation. Data from failed quality reports for various inspections during a specific period were collected for that organization. Analysis showed that most of the human errors committed during maintenance were personality based due to poor work ethics followed by training based errors. Personality and work ethics based errors were found to have 72.3% contribution to total errors. It was followed by Training based errors at 15.76% whereas, Organizational factors contributed to 11.92% of the total errors. After this, risk factor analysis was also carried out which showed that 8.83% errors fell in the Intolerable severity level, Tolerable region had a total of 56.73% and remaining 34.41% were part of the Acceptable errors category. As a result of this analysis a risk mitigation strategy was proposed for the organization under study. Similar studies could be conducted in other aviation organizations to assess and evaluate the implementation of SMS.

Safety in aviation impacts the overall success of the sector. It depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of safety management systems (SMSs), which contain diverse and complex elements. Thus, a quantitative methodology for aviation SMS in developing countries, capable of prioritising resources with incomplete information, is needed. Grey relational analysis (GRA) is the most appropriate tool for this situation. This study assessed an existing SMS and determined its critical elements in a developing country’s aviation industry. Questionnaires were framed from the SMS manual of the International Civil Aviation Organization and from previous literature. The robustness and the efficiency of the approach were tested with data obtained from airline operators in Nigeria. Assessment of SMSs was done among airline service providers ascertaining the important levels of SMS elements. GRA was then applied to this data to identify the most influential elements of an SMS. Several companies were examined. Company A needs for a focus on sharing safety information and sensitization techniques to enable SMSs to better permeate through all levels, making employees aware of their SMS roles and duties to pursue a better safety culture. Company B needs to focus on more in-depth safety information dissemination platforms and methods. Non-punitive reporting should be done and safety promotion, culture, training and education should be prioritised. Company A has a better safety record than B. Overall, from the grey model, 12 critical elements were found out of 22 revised SMS elements that affect SMS. The major critical component was the safety structure and regulation. This is needed to build long lasting and effective SMSs. The novelty of this work is its unique application of GRA for a developing country’s airline safety.

Purpose - In this study, the safety related tasks for low cost carriers’ were examined and measures to improve them were suggested. As the air demand increases rapidly, number of passenger has mushroomed in Korea and in order to keep with the demand low cost carriers have played a role. However, low cost carriers’ safety related tasks are not reliable level so far. Thus, in this study, the low cost carriers’ current situations in terms of safety are investigated, especially regarding how well the ICAO’s new safety policies are applied. Research design, data, and methodology - The results of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation’ investigation are introduced and field study results are analysed. Current status of retaining experts, staffs, administrators in terms of aviation safety tasks of low cost carriers is compared to those of major airliner and low cost carriers’ aviation safety culture is also analyzed by examining the systems and questioning staffs. Especially the culture regarding aviation safety is very important because the culture surrounding the safety tasks plays a major role in every respect of conducting the tasks. Results – Overall the current status of low cost carriers’ aviation safety tasks is below standard. Especially retaining experts and staffs is basically below the required level. Also, system and organization to conduct safety tasks are not satisfactory. In particular, aviation safety culture is not settled to operate appropriately. Conclusions - The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and member states are continuing to launch new safety policies in response to the surging demand for air travel worldwide. The most urgent and important issue among the various safety policies is to reduce air accidents. In order to reduce the number of accidents, ICAO decided to reduce the number of accidents by using the Reactive Safety Management. ICAO has to ensure that each member country can implement proactive safety management for aviation safety. A safety management system (Safety Management System) is a system in which each member state implements a fulfillment standard. The current situation and problems of the safety management system for each airline are suggested and proposed for improvements.

Institutional interaction to address greenhouse gas emissions from international transport: ICAO, IMO and the Kyoto Protocol

The National Academies Board on Human Systems Integration (BOHSI) has organized this session exploring the state of the art and research and design frontiers relating to the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to Healthcare. Advances in AI, machine learning, and robotics promise to revolutionize access to and quality of healthcare. At the same time lessons learned from earlier applications of AI technologies suggest a need to carefully consider the user and use context and the need for effective human-machine teaming design to avoid brittle systems that fail to be used or worse that negatively impact patient safety. The Panel brings together prominent researchers from both the Human Factors and Computer Science and AI communities to discuss promising applications, challenges and short-falls and ways forward for achieving the promise of enhanced delivery of health care through application of AI technologies.

The authors discuss issues which the United States (US) military have to face in order to achieve more with the people resources after the downsizing efforts are complete. One way is to improve the human-machine relationship. To achieve this goal, the DoD has mandated a series of Human Systems Integration (HSI) analyses throughout the defense acquisition process. Defense acquisition managers, their contractors, and the HSI research and development community need a database of information about HSI tools, databases, and test facilities. They need this information to easily identify technology available in each of the Liveware domains of manpower, personnel, training (MPT), safety, health hazard prevention, and human factors engineering (HFE) to fully integrate human consideration into the acquisition process. Under the sponsorship of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management and Personnel) HSI office and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Research Study Group.21 (RSG.21), ARL-HRED-STRICOM and CSERIAC have surveyed the HSI community to obtain a comprehensive database of HSI technologies. Highlights of the survey and resulting database are presented. The methods used to collect information about the HSI technologies, findings, and implications of the Liveware survey, are discussed. >

The progressive commercialization of aviation operations in the 1930s required that methods to ensure the safety of operations had to be employed. Facilitated by improving technology, including techniques to forecast and track weather patterns, aircraft operators and the governments oversaw a relatively safe industry. The progression of safety management into a formal system was also promoted by regulations. Globally, the formation of bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Association prompted an international approach to managing aviation safety. A holistic approach to the management of safety risks and hazards encourages a culture which appreciates the importance of safety. A safety management system is able to embody these ideals, and apply them in a systematic, explicit and proactive manner. Safety risk management consists of two elements: hazard identification; and risk assessment and mitigation. Hazards are a condition or object with the potential to cause harm, damage, or reduced functionality of personnel or equipment.

Husein Sastranegara Bandung International Airport was previously an airport called Andir (Andir Airfield) during the Dutch East Indies era in 1920. As time progressed, Husein Sastranegara Bandung International Airport was managed by PT. Angkasa Pura II in 1994. Even though it has been processed by PT. Angkasa Pura II and many improvements have been made, but there are still facilities that are not available in accordance with Minister of Transportation Regulation Number KM 21 of 2005 concerning the Implementation of Indonesian National Standards (SNI) 03-7095-2005 concerning Markings and Signs in Aircraft Movement Areas at Airports as a Mandatory Standard, namely Service Road markings. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the actualization (actual condition) of the Service Road in order to fulfill the Safety Management System at Husein Sastranegara Bandung International Airport. The research method used is qualitative, the informant validation tool uses NVivo Softwear, and data validation uses triangulation, and the tool to answer research questions uses fishbone to answer "why (epistemology)" and triangulation to answer "how (axiology)". The results of this research are that the Service Road is a marking on the apron which is mandatory due to ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) regulations. The Service Road at Husein Sastranegara Bandung International Airport has not yet been built so the Safety Management System is still not fulfilled, but the management of PT. Angkasa Pura II has created a Service Road design plan in accordance with KP 777 of 2016 concerning the Master Plan for Husein Sastranegara International Airport in Bandung City, West Java Province. The research recommends that Service Roads be immediately built and created in order to fulfill aviation safety according to the Safety Management System.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a generic model of Integrated Management System of Quality, Environment and Safety (IMS-QES) that can be adapted and progressively to assimilate various Management Systems, of which highlights: ISO 9001 for Quality; ISO 14001 for Environment; OHSAS 18001 for Occupational Health and Safety. Design/methodology/approach – The model was designed in the real environment of a Portuguese Organization and 160 employees were surveyed. The rate response was equal to 86 percent. The conceived model was implemented in a first phase for the integration of Quality, Environment and Safety Management Systems. Findings – Among the main findings of the survey the paper highlights: the elimination of conflicts between individual systems with resources optimization; creation of added value to the business by eliminating several types of wastes; the integrated management of sustainability components in a global market; the improvement of partnerships with suppliers of goods and services; reducing the number of internal and external audits. Originality/value – This case study is one of the first Portuguese empirical researches about IMS-QES and the paper believes that it can be useful in the creation of a Portuguese guideline for integration, namely the Quality Management Systems; Environmental Management Systems and Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems among others.

The aviation industry in Indonesia is considered flourishing as the national airline industries are expected to grow and develop well in the future, according to the Ministry of Industry. This condition has resulted in increasingly dense schedules of departure and arrival of aircraft at the airport. Improved aircraft flight schedule will be directly proportional to the increase in the risk of the accident flights and serious incidents. To prevent the associated risk, there are standards that must be met to be able to carry out the flight activities safely. The International Civil Aviation Organization has set the airport safety management system (SMS) as a mandatory standard for airline industries. This research aims to investigate the implementation of the SMS, i.e., safety management manual (Doc 9859). A gap analysis is performed to compare the standard with the observed phenomena. The case study was conducted in Adisumarmo International Airport which is located in Boyolali, Central Java Province. The results show that there are indeed gaps in the implementation of the standard. The fault tree analysis and barrier analysis are then employed to identify the cause of failure.

The present paper delves into the challenge of implementing international flight safety standards into the Russian regulatory framework governing the establishment, application, and refinement of aviation safety management systems (SMS) in the civil aviation sector in Russia. It underscores the reliance of SMS regulatory adherence on the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) set forth by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The paper conducts an examination of prevailing discrepancies, indeterminacies, and ambiguities in delineating core terms and concepts within the English and Russian renditions of ICAO SARPs documentation. Furthermore, it offers an evaluation of the implementation hurdles associated with SARPs in regulatory documentation pertaining to civil aviation flight safety in Russia. The deficiencies in the regulatory infrastructure for flight safety in Russia are substantiated. Drawing from practical insights gained in formulating and improving regulatory and methodological support for SMS in prominent Russian airlines, the paper proposes measures to mitigate inaccuracies and uncertainties in the integration of ICAO SARPs editions within the Russian regulatory framework for aviation industry service providers.

Liveware is the name coined to describe collectively all acquisition disciplines which directly affect humans in defense systems. Liveware domains include manpower, personnel, training, safety, health hazards prevention, and human engineering. To build this liveware database, the Department of Defense Training and Performance Data Center (TPDC) developed automated and manual survey instruments to collect essential information from HSI tool and database developers, maintainers, and users. TPDC enlisted the Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center to assist with the survey and verification of database content. TPDC will make the resulting database available online and on disk to government and industry. This database will support use of HSI tools and databases throughout the acquisition process. Ultimately, the goal is to help defense acquisition personnel and their contractors develop the most cost-effective systems possible by optimizing the use of and environment for people within acquired or modified systems. >

While industry has typically benefitted from considering human system integration (HSI) throughout the product development cycle, a unique set of challenges exist in the context of military acquisition that has prevented its early and late consideration in the cycle. Early input is critical for identifying capability gaps and potential error- or problem-prone feature implementations. This panel, comprised of multidisciplinary practitioners and researchers from the Army Research Laboratory, discusses methods they have trialed to integrate HSI processes into early-stage system design decisions, and the challenges and lessons that they have learned along the way. These panelists draw from their varied areas of expertise ranging from the design of aviation and ground vehicles to Soldier-worn protective gear and from small weapons to command and control systems to reveal critical factors and insights that are generalizable across a wide range of products and industry sectors, as well as those that warrant further investigation.

Human Systems Integration (HSI) is a discipline in which human capabilities and limitations across various dimensions are considered in the context of the design and evaluation of a dynamic system of people, technology, environment, tasks, organization, and other systems with the ultimate goal of achieving system resilience and adaptation, approaching joint optimization. An HSI perspective is described in the context of the Two Eagles mission, in which two pilots crossed the Pacific Ocean in a gas balloon. The two pilots set both the record for the longest duration and for the longest distance in a gas balloon. The system extended far beyond the balloon and the two pilots. It was complex and distributed around the world. There were many challenges associated with HSI issues, which are detailed in this paper and exemplify the value of a systems perspective.