Follow your nose: Implicit spatial processing within the chemosensory systems.

Contrary to the common view that brain regions in the "what" and "where" streams distinctly process object and spatial cues, respectively, we found that both streams encode both object and spatial information but distinctly organize memories for objects and space. Specifically, perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex represent objects and, within the object-specific representations, the locations where they occur. Conversely, medial entorhinal cortex represents relevant locations and, within those spatial representations, the objects that occupy them. Furthermore, these findings reach beyond simple notions of perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex neurons as object detectors and MEC neurons as position detectors, and point to a more complex organization of memory representations within the medial temporal lobe system.

There is context-related temporal and spatial information in video. How to make better use of these information is the key to improving the accuracy and speed of video object detection. The method of processing spatial and temporal information through 3D convolution is better than that of processing spatial information first and then processing time dimension information. There are two reasons for this assertion. One is that the 3D convolution can process spatial information and temporal information at the same time which will not divide them into two parts in feature extraction. The other is that the human visual derivation mechanism needs to memorize multi frames and process a video as a whole. After the training test on NFS dataset, it is verified that 3D convolution has stronger ability to extract temporal and spatial information. In addition, this paper also proposes a downward sampling method by connecting the low-resolution layer and the high-resolution layer, which can effectively improve the FPN model and enrich its high-level feature representation. After training and testing with different number of downward sample modules on MOT16 dataset, the improvement of model performance by down-sampling module is verified. Finally, this paper combines the downward sample module with the 3D network, and obtains the best test results on the NFS dataset.

Virtual audio systems are commonly used today to create auditory environments for various listening tasks. The dimensions and absorption characteristics of the surrounding real visual space often do not match the virtual auditory listening space. This mismatch in spatial information has been shown to have a small or negligible effect in the perceived direction of sound sources. However, spatial cues can have a large effect on perceived auditory distance. The most veridical auditory spatial renderings are ones that match the visual space around the observer. Several experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of visual spatial information and head motion cues on perceived auditory distance. In the first experimental condition, naive observers were deprived of all visual cues while making judgments on the egocentric distance of sound sources played over loudspeakers. In the second condition, subjects were presented with mismatched visual and auditory spatial cues via a manikin. The acoustic manikin was either non‐moving or would rotate in correlation with the listener’s head motion. In the last (control) condition, sound sources were presented from loudspeakers with matching visual and auditory cues. The effects of the visual spatial cues and head motion cues on auditory distance judgments will be described.

Different species show an intriguing similarity in representing numerosity in space, starting from left to right. This bias has been attributed to a right hemisphere dominance in processing spatial information. Here, to disentangle the role of each hemisphere in dealing with spatial versus ordinal-numerical information, we tested domestic chicks during monocular versus binocular vision. In the avian brain, the contralateral hemisphere mainly processes the visual input from each eye. Four-day-old chicks learned to peck at the fourth element in a sagittal series of 10 identical elements. At testing, chicks faced a left-to-right-oriented series where the interelement distance was manipulated so that the third element was where the fourth had been at training; this compelled chicks to use either spatial or ordinal cues. Chicks tested binocularly selected both the fourth left and (to a lesser extent) right elements. Chicks tested monocularly chose the third and fourth elements on the seeing side equally. Interhemispheric cooperation resulted in the use of ordinal-numerical information, while each single hemisphere could rely on spatial or ordinal-numerical cue. Both hemispheres can process spatial and ordinal-numerical information, but their interaction results in the supremacy of processing the ordinal-numerical cue.

Differential cortical hemodynamics during standard and reversed visually guided navigation: An fNIRS-based investigation.

The purpose of this study is to examine the degradations of driving and talking performances due to interferences of semantic and spatial information processing during dual task performances between cell phone talk and driving. The color and geographical information fed into the ears through the cell phone is classified into semantic and spatial information in cerebral activities, respectively. The information regarding traffic signal and road scene perceived by the eyes in driving task is similarly classified. The interferences due to the combinations of their information were experimentally investigated using a driving simulator. Traveling instability and time lag of braking operation were measured as well as reaction time of listening task while driving. As a result, degradations of driving performances and reactions to listening task became more distinguished in case the same kind of information both from visual and auditory organs was processed simultaneously.

The progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology in the brain has been associated with aberrant neuronal network activity and poor cognitive performance in preclinical mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presently, our understanding of the mechanisms driving pathology-associated neuronal dysfunction and impaired information processing in the brain remains incomplete. Here, we assessed the impact of advanced Aβ pathology on spatial information processing in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of 18-month App NL-G-F/NL- G-F knock-in (APP KI) mice as they explored contextually novel and familiar open field arenas in a two-day, four-session recording paradigm. We tracked single unit firing activity across all sessions and found that spatial information scores were decreased in MEC neurons from APP KI mice versus those in age-matched C57BL/6J controls. MEC single unit spatial representations were also impacted in APP KI mice. Border cell firing preferences were unstable across sessions and spatial periodicity in putative grid cells was disrupted. In contrast, MEC border cells and grid cells in Control mice were intact and stable across sessions. We then quantified the stability of MEC spatial maps across sessions by utilizing a metric based on the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD). We found evidence for increased instability in spatially-tuned APP KI MEC neurons versus Controls when mice were re-exposed to familiar environments and exposed to a novel environment. Additionally, spatial decoding analysis of MEC single units revealed deficits in position and speed coding in APP KI mice in all session comparisons. Finally, MEC single unit analysis revealed a mild hyperactive phenotype in APP KI mice that appeared to be driven by narrow-spiking units (putative interneurons). These findings tie Aβ-associated dysregulation in neuronal firing to disruptions in spatial information processing that may underlie certain cognitive deficits associated with AD.

In two experiments, the effects of implicit attentional learning and habituation on inhibition of return (IOR) were assessed. Experiment 1 consisted of an informative variant of the spatial cuing paradigm (Posner, 1980), with the target appearing most often at the location next to the cue. Short-term as well as long-term learning of the regularities could be observed. This learning took place even though the participants were not able to verbalize the learned information, suggesting that the learning was implicit. By spatially separating the effects of implicit learning and IOR, we demonstrated that the magnitude of IOR slightly decreased because of long-term implicit orienting. In Experiment 2, a noninformative variant of the spatial cuing paradigm, IOR was still found to decrease over the course of the experiment. This suggests that habituation due to the mere repeated initiation of IOR also affects the magnitude of the IOR. This theory is supported by the finding that IOR recovered after short breaks in Experiment 2. However, habituation presumably only played a secondary role in Experiment 1. In sum, IOR was abolished by neither implicit attentional learning nor habituation. Here, the finding that IOR is not easily replaced by implicitly learned orienting clearly indicates that IOR is a powerful, low-level mechanism. We discuss implications of these results for the debate on the function of IOR.

Smilek, Eastwood, and Merikle (2000) demonstrated that the detection of change was facilitated when the target character changed in many rather than few of its features. Specifically, the function relating search response time to display set size was shallower when more features changed than when fewer features changed. The researchers interpreted these results as indicating that large feature changes provide preattentive guidance of focal attention to the location of the change. We tested this preattentive guidance hypothesis by examining change detection performance in the context of a spatial cuing paradigm. The hypothesis predicts that (1) the cost on invalidly cued trials should be less when more features change than when fewer features change, and (2) the features manipulation should have no effect on validly cued trials. In contrast to these predictions, our results show that cuing effects are equivalent across all levels of feature change and that a robust effect of the features manipulation is observable for both validly and invalidly cued trials. We argue that large feature changes do not provide preattentive guidance and in fact can be detected more readily after attention is already in place at the target location.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于GIS的山西省矿产资源规划环境影响评价 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305161092 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学地理信息科学系,南京大学地理信息科学系,中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查工作项目（12120113007500）；江苏师范大学博士学位教师科研支撑项目（11XLR01）. A method of environment assessment of mineral resources planning for shanxi provinces base on GIS Author: Affiliation: Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:基于目前我国矿产资源规划编制过程中的环境评价，提出了一种基于GIS（Geographic Information System）技术，实现矿产资源规划环境影响定量评价方法。在对规划区环境现状进行大尺度综合评价的基础上，利用GIS的空间分析功能，有针对性的实现规划区敏感环境保护目标的筛选、环境影响范围的确定和矿产资源开发对环境保护目标影响程度的定量表达。结合山西省矿产资源规划方案，根据山西省各区域资源开发对敏感保护目标的影响特征，在定量计算各区域环境现状综合评价分级的基础上，分别对其生态环境、水环境、地质环境等方面的影响进行评价和预测，结果显示：山西省矿产资源规划空间布局总体合理，不会对敏感环境保护目标造成严重破坏，但部分矿产资源开采区距离保护目标较近，需要在矿产资源规划实施中加以保护。提出的评价方法较好地兼顾矿产资源开发与区域环境保护，可以有效地提高矿产资源规划环境评价结果的准确性和科学性；该方法可以综合地、定量地评价矿产资源规划对不同环境保护目标的影响程度和范围，为矿产资源规划方案的修订提供有价值的参考。 Abstract:With the rapid development of economy in demand for mineral resources, it is becoming more and more important to coordinate the relationship between mineral exploration and environmental protection. To abate the environmental impact on the mineral exploitation, one of the most important means is to assess the environmental impact of mineral resources planning. The ultimate objective of plan environmental impact assessment is to ensure that assessing conclusions and environmental consequences are combined into strategic decision-making process. Planning environmental impact assessment is the only type of strategic environmental assessment that is required to be conducted in plans by Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment Act. Mineral resources planning have just issued in China, and are still on the exploratory stage. Those studies are mainly focused on improving the evaluation system, exploring the evaluation methods and so on. Quantitative analysis of environmental effects and processing of spatial information are the most difficult procedures which have no generalized evaluation approaches at present. The commonly applicable methods falls into several catalogues in previous studies of environmental impact assessment on mineral resources planning. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), multi-objective analysis and expert judgment method are often used to select assessment indicators. Those methods can be applied to identify, forecast, and analyze potential environment impact when mineral resource planning is brought into effect. However, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of the changes of mineral development structure for their deficiencies in processing of the regional spatial information and synthetic analysis of multiple attribute information. The deficient methodologies have become a restriction to the actual impacts evaluation of mineral resources planning.According to the current situation of environment impact assessment for mineral resources planning, this paper proposes the quantitative assessment method for environmental impact of mineral resources planning based on GIS. The present situation of environmental evaluation process in the study area is established firstly, mainly includes: the division of evaluation unit, the establishment of evaluation index and evaluation classification, and the selection of evaluation model. Using the above indicators and models, large scale of quantitative evaluation for the present situation of environment in the study area is presented. Based on the results of the study area mineral resources planning large-scale comprehensive quantitative assessment, the identification and selection of environmental impact factors are introduced, the model and system for environmental assessment is set up in this research. In this paper, taking the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province as example, the approach is introduced in detail. Through spatial analysis methods provided by the GIS technology, the environmental impact of mineral resources planning to ecological environment, water environment, geological environment and atmospheric environment are given quantitatively. Based on the results of the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province, some valuable suggestions are proposed in this research. The example shows that the GIS are a very efficient and practical method for environmental assessment of mineral resources planning. It cans provide reasonable analysis processes, quantitative and visual results, which makes the environmental assessment more accurate and scientific. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The current study aims at identifying how lateralized multisensory spatial information processing affects response monitoring and action control. In a previous study, we investigated multimodal sensory integration in response monitoring processes using a Simon task. Behavioral and neurophysiologic results suggested that different aspects of response monitoring are asymmetrically and independently allocated to the hemispheres: while efference-copy-based information on the motor execution of the task is further processed in the hemisphere that originally generated the motor command, proprioception-based spatial information is processed in the hemisphere contralateral to the effector. Hence, crossing hands (entering a “foreign” spatial hemifield) yielded an augmented bilateral activation during response monitoring since these two kinds of information were processed in opposing hemispheres. Because the traditional Simon task does not provide the possibility to investigate which aspect of the spatial configuration leads to the observed hemispheric allocation, we introduced a new “double crossed” condition that allows for the dissociation of internal/physiological and external/physical influences on response monitoring processes. Comparing behavioral and neurophysiologic measures of this new condition to those of the traditional Simon task setup, we could demonstrate that the egocentric representation of the physiological effector's spatial location accounts for the observed lateralization of spatial information in action control. The finding that the location of the physical effector had a very small influence on response monitoring measures suggests that this aspect is either less important and/or processed in different brain areas than egocentric physiological information.

Prefrontal unit activity during delayed conditional discriminations in the monkey

Representation of Spatial Goals in Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex

The contribution of auditory cortex to spatial information processing was explored behaviourally in adult ferrets by reversibly deactivating different cortical areas by subdural placement of a polymer that released the GABAA agonist muscimol over a period of weeks. The spatial extent and time course of cortical inactivation were determined electrophysiologically. Muscimol-Elvax was placed bilaterally over the anterior (AEG), middle (MEG) or posterior ectosylvian gyrus (PEG), so that different regions of the auditory cortex could be deactivated in different cases. Sound localization accuracy in the horizontal plane was assessed by measuring both the initial head orienting and approach-to-target responses made by the animals. Head orienting behaviour was unaffected by silencing any region of the auditory cortex, whereas the accuracy of approach-to-target responses to brief sounds (40 ms noise bursts) was reduced by muscimol-Elvax but not by drug-free implants. Modest but significant localization impairments were observed after deactivating the MEG, AEG or PEG, although the largest deficits were produced in animals in which the MEG, where the primary auditory fields are located, was silenced. We also examined experience-induced spatial plasticity by reversibly plugging one ear. In control animals, localization accuracy for both approach-to-target and head orienting responses was initially impaired by monaural occlusion, but recovered with training over the next few days. Deactivating any part of the auditory cortex resulted in less complete recovery than in controls, with the largest deficits observed after silencing the higher-level cortical areas in the AEG and PEG. Although suggesting that each region of auditory cortex contributes to spatial learning, differences in the localization deficits and degree of adaptation between groups imply a regional specialization in the processing of spatial information across the auditory cortex.

The ups and downs (and lefts and rights) of synaesthetic number forms: Validation from spatial cueing and SNARC-type tasks