Interferences of Semantic and Spatial Information Processing in Dual Task Performance between Cell Phone Talk and Driving

Background and Aim: To understand the difficulties of elderly in natural listening situations, the present study assessed the ability of participants to extract phonetic information and semantic information in noise. The main objective was to evaluate the relationship between age and performance in Semantic Information Processing (SIP) and Phonetic Information Processing (PIP) tasks. Methods: Fifty-three normal hearing participants aged 40 to 65 years were categorized into five age groups. Participants underwent information processing assessments using standardized semantic and phonetic questions from Kannada stories under Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) i.e., quiet, 0 dB SNR, and –4 dB SNR conditions. Results: Younger participants outperformed older participants in both SIP and PIP tasks. Performance was optimal in quiet conditions, followed by 0 dB and –4 dB SNR. Except at –4 dB, PIP scores exceeded SIP scores. A significant differences was observed between the groups 1–4 and group 5 at 0 dB SNR in PIP condition only. A moderate negative correlations indicated that performance in both SIP and PIP declined with age, with linear regression revealing reductions of 0.216 and 0.210 each year in SIP and PIP respectively. Conclusion: Age-related declines in PIP were noted at one SNR, while SIP remained stable, aligning with the Transmission Deficit Hypothesis (TDH). Nonetheless, regression analyses indicated a general decline in both SIP and PIP with age, supporting the Inhibitory Deficit Hypothesis (IDH).

There is context-related temporal and spatial information in video. How to make better use of these information is the key to improving the accuracy and speed of video object detection. The method of processing spatial and temporal information through 3D convolution is better than that of processing spatial information first and then processing time dimension information. There are two reasons for this assertion. One is that the 3D convolution can process spatial information and temporal information at the same time which will not divide them into two parts in feature extraction. The other is that the human visual derivation mechanism needs to memorize multi frames and process a video as a whole. After the training test on NFS dataset, it is verified that 3D convolution has stronger ability to extract temporal and spatial information. In addition, this paper also proposes a downward sampling method by connecting the low-resolution layer and the high-resolution layer, which can effectively improve the FPN model and enrich its high-level feature representation. After training and testing with different number of downward sample modules on MOT16 dataset, the improvement of model performance by down-sampling module is verified. Finally, this paper combines the downward sample module with the 3D network, and obtains the best test results on the NFS dataset.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于GIS的山西省矿产资源规划环境影响评价 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305161092 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学地理信息科学系,南京大学地理信息科学系,中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查工作项目（12120113007500）；江苏师范大学博士学位教师科研支撑项目（11XLR01）. A method of environment assessment of mineral resources planning for shanxi provinces base on GIS Author: Affiliation: Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:基于目前我国矿产资源规划编制过程中的环境评价，提出了一种基于GIS（Geographic Information System）技术，实现矿产资源规划环境影响定量评价方法。在对规划区环境现状进行大尺度综合评价的基础上，利用GIS的空间分析功能，有针对性的实现规划区敏感环境保护目标的筛选、环境影响范围的确定和矿产资源开发对环境保护目标影响程度的定量表达。结合山西省矿产资源规划方案，根据山西省各区域资源开发对敏感保护目标的影响特征，在定量计算各区域环境现状综合评价分级的基础上，分别对其生态环境、水环境、地质环境等方面的影响进行评价和预测，结果显示：山西省矿产资源规划空间布局总体合理，不会对敏感环境保护目标造成严重破坏，但部分矿产资源开采区距离保护目标较近，需要在矿产资源规划实施中加以保护。提出的评价方法较好地兼顾矿产资源开发与区域环境保护，可以有效地提高矿产资源规划环境评价结果的准确性和科学性；该方法可以综合地、定量地评价矿产资源规划对不同环境保护目标的影响程度和范围，为矿产资源规划方案的修订提供有价值的参考。 Abstract:With the rapid development of economy in demand for mineral resources, it is becoming more and more important to coordinate the relationship between mineral exploration and environmental protection. To abate the environmental impact on the mineral exploitation, one of the most important means is to assess the environmental impact of mineral resources planning. The ultimate objective of plan environmental impact assessment is to ensure that assessing conclusions and environmental consequences are combined into strategic decision-making process. Planning environmental impact assessment is the only type of strategic environmental assessment that is required to be conducted in plans by Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment Act. Mineral resources planning have just issued in China, and are still on the exploratory stage. Those studies are mainly focused on improving the evaluation system, exploring the evaluation methods and so on. Quantitative analysis of environmental effects and processing of spatial information are the most difficult procedures which have no generalized evaluation approaches at present. The commonly applicable methods falls into several catalogues in previous studies of environmental impact assessment on mineral resources planning. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), multi-objective analysis and expert judgment method are often used to select assessment indicators. Those methods can be applied to identify, forecast, and analyze potential environment impact when mineral resource planning is brought into effect. However, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of the changes of mineral development structure for their deficiencies in processing of the regional spatial information and synthetic analysis of multiple attribute information. The deficient methodologies have become a restriction to the actual impacts evaluation of mineral resources planning.According to the current situation of environment impact assessment for mineral resources planning, this paper proposes the quantitative assessment method for environmental impact of mineral resources planning based on GIS. The present situation of environmental evaluation process in the study area is established firstly, mainly includes: the division of evaluation unit, the establishment of evaluation index and evaluation classification, and the selection of evaluation model. Using the above indicators and models, large scale of quantitative evaluation for the present situation of environment in the study area is presented. Based on the results of the study area mineral resources planning large-scale comprehensive quantitative assessment, the identification and selection of environmental impact factors are introduced, the model and system for environmental assessment is set up in this research. In this paper, taking the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province as example, the approach is introduced in detail. Through spatial analysis methods provided by the GIS technology, the environmental impact of mineral resources planning to ecological environment, water environment, geological environment and atmospheric environment are given quantitatively. Based on the results of the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province, some valuable suggestions are proposed in this research. The example shows that the GIS are a very efficient and practical method for environmental assessment of mineral resources planning. It cans provide reasonable analysis processes, quantitative and visual results, which makes the environmental assessment more accurate and scientific. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Texting while walking (TeWW) has become common among people of all ages, and mobile phone use during gait is increasingly associated with pedestrian injury. Although dual-task walking performance is known to decline with age, data regarding the effect of age on dual-task performance in ecological settings are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age, environment (indoors/outdoors), and mixed reality (merging of real and virtual environments) on TeWW performance. A cross-sectional design was used. Young (n=30; 27.8±4.4 years) and older (n=20; 68.9±3.9 years) adults performed single- and dual-task texting and walking indoors and outdoors, with and without a mixed reality display. Participants also completed evaluations of visual scanning and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test) and functional mobility (Timed "Up & Go" Test). Indoors, similar interference to walking and texting occurred for both groups, but only older adults' gait variability increased under dual task conditions. Outdoors, TeWW was associated with larger age-related differences in gait variability, texting accuracy, and gait dual-task costs. Young adults with better visual scanning and cognitive flexibility performed TeWW with lower gait costs (r=0.52-0.65). The mixed reality display was unhelpful and did not modify walking or texting. Older adults tested in this study were relatively high functioning. Gaze of participants was not directly monitored. Although young and older adults possess the resources necessary for TeWW, older adults pay an additional "price" when dual-tasking, especially outdoors. TeWW may have potential as an ecologically valid assessment and/or an intervention paradigm for dual-task performance among older adults as well as for clinical populations.

Differential cortical hemodynamics during standard and reversed visually guided navigation: An fNIRS-based investigation.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services have become increasingly ubiquitous in recent years as they greatly facilitate our daily life. To promote IoT data and semantic interoperability, we propose an edge–cloud framework. The edge end is responsible for handling customized data processing tasks and transferring the processed data, while the cloud end deals with semantic information processing. Additionally, we present an entity tree embedding algorithm at the cloud end to convert IoT entities and attributes into embedding vectors in a tree-structured way. Consequently, entity embeddings could reflect the semantic information at both Class and Property levels, which ameliorates our previous entity embedding method, leading to better embedding results and clustering effects. Finally, the entity tree embedding algorithm and the corresponding compression algorithm are evaluated. Results indicate that the Whitening algorithm is the best method to compress embedding vectors. More importantly, the entity tree embedding algorithm captures both the semantic and structural information of entities and attributes. Additionally, the clustering experiments show that the proposed embedding algorithm achieves better clustering results compared with the original entity embeddings and the uncompressed averaging method.

The progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology in the brain has been associated with aberrant neuronal network activity and poor cognitive performance in preclinical mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presently, our understanding of the mechanisms driving pathology-associated neuronal dysfunction and impaired information processing in the brain remains incomplete. Here, we assessed the impact of advanced Aβ pathology on spatial information processing in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of 18-month App NL-G-F/NL- G-F knock-in (APP KI) mice as they explored contextually novel and familiar open field arenas in a two-day, four-session recording paradigm. We tracked single unit firing activity across all sessions and found that spatial information scores were decreased in MEC neurons from APP KI mice versus those in age-matched C57BL/6J controls. MEC single unit spatial representations were also impacted in APP KI mice. Border cell firing preferences were unstable across sessions and spatial periodicity in putative grid cells was disrupted. In contrast, MEC border cells and grid cells in Control mice were intact and stable across sessions. We then quantified the stability of MEC spatial maps across sessions by utilizing a metric based on the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD). We found evidence for increased instability in spatially-tuned APP KI MEC neurons versus Controls when mice were re-exposed to familiar environments and exposed to a novel environment. Additionally, spatial decoding analysis of MEC single units revealed deficits in position and speed coding in APP KI mice in all session comparisons. Finally, MEC single unit analysis revealed a mild hyperactive phenotype in APP KI mice that appeared to be driven by narrow-spiking units (putative interneurons). These findings tie Aβ-associated dysregulation in neuronal firing to disruptions in spatial information processing that may underlie certain cognitive deficits associated with AD.

An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was used to specify those brain areas supporting the processing of sentence-level semantic and syntactic information. Hemodynamic responses were recorded while participants listened to correct, semantically incorrect and syntactically incorrect sentences. Both anomalous conditions recruited larger portions of the superior temporal region than correct sentences. Processing of semantic violations relied primarily on the mid-portion of the superior temporal region bilaterally and the insular cortex bilaterally, whereas processing of syntactic violations specifically involved the anterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus, the left posterior frontal operculum adjacent to Broca's area and the putamen in the left basal ganglia. A comparison of the two anomalous conditions revealed higher levels of activation for the syntactic over the semantic condition in the left basal ganglia and for the semantic over the syntactic condition in the mid-portion of the superior temporal gyrus, bilaterally. These data indicate that both semantic and syntactic processes are supported by a temporo-frontal network with distinct areas specialized for semantic and syntactic processes.

The current study aims at identifying how lateralized multisensory spatial information processing affects response monitoring and action control. In a previous study, we investigated multimodal sensory integration in response monitoring processes using a Simon task. Behavioral and neurophysiologic results suggested that different aspects of response monitoring are asymmetrically and independently allocated to the hemispheres: while efference-copy-based information on the motor execution of the task is further processed in the hemisphere that originally generated the motor command, proprioception-based spatial information is processed in the hemisphere contralateral to the effector. Hence, crossing hands (entering a “foreign” spatial hemifield) yielded an augmented bilateral activation during response monitoring since these two kinds of information were processed in opposing hemispheres. Because the traditional Simon task does not provide the possibility to investigate which aspect of the spatial configuration leads to the observed hemispheric allocation, we introduced a new “double crossed” condition that allows for the dissociation of internal/physiological and external/physical influences on response monitoring processes. Comparing behavioral and neurophysiologic measures of this new condition to those of the traditional Simon task setup, we could demonstrate that the egocentric representation of the physiological effector's spatial location accounts for the observed lateralization of spatial information in action control. The finding that the location of the physical effector had a very small influence on response monitoring measures suggests that this aspect is either less important and/or processed in different brain areas than egocentric physiological information.

Prefrontal unit activity during delayed conditional discriminations in the monkey

Although most studies agree that humans cannot smell in stereo, it was recently suggested that olfactory localization is possible when assessed implicitly. In a spatial cueing paradigm, lateralized olfactory cues impaired the detection of congruently presented visual targets, an effect contrary to the typical facilitation observed in other sensory domains. Here, we examined the specificity and the robustness of this finding by studying implicit localization abilities in another chemosensory system and by accounting for possible confounds in a modified paradigm. Sixty participants completed a spatial cueing task along with an explicit localization task, using trigeminal (Experiment 1) and olfactory (Experiment 2) stimuli. A control task was implemented to control for residual somatosensory stimulation (Experiment 3). In the trigeminal experiment, stimuli were localized with high accuracy on the explicit level, while the cueing effect in form of facilitation was limited to response accuracy. In the olfactory experiment, responses were slowed by congruent cues on the implicit level, while no explicit localization was observed. Our results point to the robustness of the olfactory interference effect, corroborating the implicit-explicit dissociation of olfactory localization, and challenging the view that humans lost the ability to extract spatial information from smell. The absence of a similar interference for trigeminal cues suggests distinct implicit spatial processing mechanisms within the chemosensory systems. Moreover, the lack of a typical facilitation effect in the trigeminal domain points to important differences from spatial information processing in other, nonchemosensory domains. The possible mechanisms driving the effects are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Contrary to the common view that brain regions in the "what" and "where" streams distinctly process object and spatial cues, respectively, we found that both streams encode both object and spatial information but distinctly organize memories for objects and space. Specifically, perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex represent objects and, within the object-specific representations, the locations where they occur. Conversely, medial entorhinal cortex represents relevant locations and, within those spatial representations, the objects that occupy them. Furthermore, these findings reach beyond simple notions of perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex neurons as object detectors and MEC neurons as position detectors, and point to a more complex organization of memory representations within the medial temporal lobe system.

Different species show an intriguing similarity in representing numerosity in space, starting from left to right. This bias has been attributed to a right hemisphere dominance in processing spatial information. Here, to disentangle the role of each hemisphere in dealing with spatial versus ordinal-numerical information, we tested domestic chicks during monocular versus binocular vision. In the avian brain, the contralateral hemisphere mainly processes the visual input from each eye. Four-day-old chicks learned to peck at the fourth element in a sagittal series of 10 identical elements. At testing, chicks faced a left-to-right-oriented series where the interelement distance was manipulated so that the third element was where the fourth had been at training; this compelled chicks to use either spatial or ordinal cues. Chicks tested binocularly selected both the fourth left and (to a lesser extent) right elements. Chicks tested monocularly chose the third and fourth elements on the seeing side equally. Interhemispheric cooperation resulted in the use of ordinal-numerical information, while each single hemisphere could rely on spatial or ordinal-numerical cue. Both hemispheres can process spatial and ordinal-numerical information, but their interaction results in the supremacy of processing the ordinal-numerical cue.

Representation of Spatial Goals in Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex

The contribution of auditory cortex to spatial information processing was explored behaviourally in adult ferrets by reversibly deactivating different cortical areas by subdural placement of a polymer that released the GABAA agonist muscimol over a period of weeks. The spatial extent and time course of cortical inactivation were determined electrophysiologically. Muscimol-Elvax was placed bilaterally over the anterior (AEG), middle (MEG) or posterior ectosylvian gyrus (PEG), so that different regions of the auditory cortex could be deactivated in different cases. Sound localization accuracy in the horizontal plane was assessed by measuring both the initial head orienting and approach-to-target responses made by the animals. Head orienting behaviour was unaffected by silencing any region of the auditory cortex, whereas the accuracy of approach-to-target responses to brief sounds (40 ms noise bursts) was reduced by muscimol-Elvax but not by drug-free implants. Modest but significant localization impairments were observed after deactivating the MEG, AEG or PEG, although the largest deficits were produced in animals in which the MEG, where the primary auditory fields are located, was silenced. We also examined experience-induced spatial plasticity by reversibly plugging one ear. In control animals, localization accuracy for both approach-to-target and head orienting responses was initially impaired by monaural occlusion, but recovered with training over the next few days. Deactivating any part of the auditory cortex resulted in less complete recovery than in controls, with the largest deficits observed after silencing the higher-level cortical areas in the AEG and PEG. Although suggesting that each region of auditory cortex contributes to spatial learning, differences in the localization deficits and degree of adaptation between groups imply a regional specialization in the processing of spatial information across the auditory cortex.