Future military mobile radio communication systems from electronic warfare perspective

The subject of research in this article is the process of building a mobile communication system that operates under electronic countermeasures. The aim is to develop recommendations for building a wireless mobile communication system that operates effectively in a complex interfering electromagnetic environment. The strategy for building a mobile wireless communication system is based on the use of a grouping of low-altitude UAVs with ultra-wideband signal technology circulating in control and communication channels, with the integration of artificial intelligence elements into its structure. The objective of this study is to ensure the stable and secure operation of a wireless mobile communication system despite electronic countermeasures. The methods of analytical, temporal positional pulse coding, and fuzzy logical inference were used to make decisions on the transfer of service in the network. The following results were obtained. A strategy for building a wireless mobile communication system despite electronic countermeasures has been developed. It is shown that in order to obtain high noise immunity of control and communication channels and to protect information from interception, wireless ultra-wideband communication technology should be used. This will provide large volumes and speeds of information transmission. A technical solution for the design of an ultra-wideband transceiver antenna system is proposed. Moreover, it is recommended to use the results of data processing in a fuzzy decision-making system for the transfer of service between mobile network nodes in conditions of interference. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows. The use of ultra-wideband channels makes it possible to increase the number of control and communication channels in a wireless mobile system almost unlimitedly. The preliminary distribution of orthogonal codes between the channels realizes the process of control and communication without the interception of information and mutual interference. The use of the time-position-pulse coding method prevents the occurrence of intercharacter distortions of the encoding ultrashort pulses. This also reduces the level of distortion of information signals caused by multipath propagation, which guarantees the security of information in the system. The use of a fuzzy decision-making system for the transfer of services between mobile network nodes allows dynamically changing the network topology in real time and maintaining high quality of service under electronic countermeasures.

In order to solve the problems of low-risk assessment accuracy and long time-consuming assessment of current wireless mobile communication systems, a wireless mobile communication system based on artificial intelligence algorithms is proposed. First, the research status of risk assessment of wireless mobile communication system at home and abroad is analyzed, and the risk assessment index system of wireless mobile communication system is established; then, the learning samples are collected according to the risk assessment index system of wireless mobile communication system, and artificial intelligence algorithm is used to optimize the neural network. Build the wireless mobile communication system risk assessment model; finally, carry out the wireless mobile communication system risk assessment simulation comparison test. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of the risk assessment of the wireless mobile communication system by the artificial intelligence algorithm is over 95%, and the assessment error is smaller than in other models. The risk assessment time of the wireless mobile communication system is significantly reduced, the real-time performance is better, and it has a higher practical application value.

Summary form only given. Emerging demands for high data rate multimedia based services and high spectral efficiency are the key drives for the continued technology evolution in wireless communications. Recently, several advancements have been introduced for 3G wireless communication systems to further enhance the data rate and the system performance. However, due to the proliferation of wireless multimedia applications and services such as video teleconferencing, network gaming, and high-quality audio/video streaming, it is apparent that 3G wireless systems will be unable to comply with this ever increasing demand for broadband wireless services. The next generation wireless communication systems (namely, fourth generation (4G) or beyond 3G (B3G) systems) are expected to support much higher data rate services compared to evolving 3G systems (up to 100 Mbit/s in outdoor environments and up to 1 Gbit/s in indoor environments). The major technical challenges will be achieving high spectral efficiency and handling high frequency-selectivity due to the use of large bandwidth. Hence, it has become crucial to incorporate the recent technical advances in the physical layer into the future wireless systems. In this keynote speech, an overview of leading technological advances and future trends in the physical layer that enable truly ubiquitous broadband wireless capabilities will be presented. The topics include multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies, adaptive modulation, cooperative diversity, multicarrier CDMA, ultra wideband (UWB) transmission, and cognitive radio.

Physical layer security (PLS) in wireless communication systems has attracted extensive research attentions in recent years. Unlike cryptography-based methods applied in upper-layer in network, PLS methods are applied in physical layers and can provide information-theoretic security by utilizing the randomness of signals and wireless channels. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review in the domain of physical layer authentication (PLA) in wireless communication systems, including the concepts, several key techniques of typical PLA architectures as well as future challenges and research trends in more sophisticated communication systems. The survey begins with an overview of the background and basic concepts of PLA, such as the general model of wireless security communication system, typical frameworks of key-based/less PLA systems, and the common attack models. We then discuss the major concerns and key techniques that are applied in PLA systems, where three types of authentication schemes are considered, i.e., the authentication based on channel information, radio-frequency and identity watermarks. Basic models and representative research results about key approaches and techniques applied to the authentication systems above are subsequently covered. Finally, the associated challenges and potential research trends of PLA in future communication systems are presented at the end of the survey paper.

The article presents the general provisions and essence of the approach to building a mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes. The main components of the mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes with low intelligence availability are considered. The general structure of a mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes is proposed. It is shown that in the basic modeling unit of the subprocess of determining the rational routes of radio exchange among the set of possible ones, an optimization problem is solved. The result of solving this optimization problem is presented in tabular form for convenience. The analytical expressions for the third-rank tensor of the intelligence accessibility of individual branches of the radio communication system structure are obtained.

The wireless mobile communication systems have developed from the second generation (2G) through to the current fourth generation (4G) wireless system, transforming from simply telephony system to a network transporting rich multimedia contents including video conferencing, 3-D gaming and in-flight broadband connectivity (IFBC) where airline crew use augmented reality headsets to address passengers personally. However, there are still many challenges that are beyond the capabilities of the 4G as the demand for higher data rate, lower latency, and mobility requirement by new wireless applications sores leading to mixed content-centric communication service. The fifth generation (5G) wireless system has thus been suggested, and research is ongoing for its deployment beyond 2020. In this article, we investigate the various challenges of 4G and propose an indoor, outdoor segregated cellular architecture with cloud-based Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G, we review some of its key emerging wireless technologies needed in meeting the new demands of users including massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) system, Device-to-Device (D2D), Visible Light Communication (VLC), Ultra-dense network, Spatial Modulation and Millimeter wave technology. It is also shown how the benefits of the emerging technologies can be optimized using the Software Defined Networks/Network Functions Virtualization (SDN/NFV) as a tool in C-RAN. We conclude that the new 5G wireless architecture will derive its strength from leveraging on the benefits of the emerging hardware technologies been managed by reconfigurable SDN/NFV via the C-RAN. This work will be of immense help to those who will engage in further research expedition and network operators in the search for a smooth evolution of the current state of the art networks toward 5G networks.

Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure wireless communications are currently under development to improve traffic efficiency and safety. The time-critical nature of road safety applications imposes the need to accurately dimension the operation and performance of wireless vehicular communication systems. Given that radio propagation modeling has been shown to importantly affect the performance of traditional mobile and wireless communication systems, this work investigates its impact on the dimensioning of traffic safety wireless vehicular communications by separately analyzing the contributions of pathloss, shadowing and fast fading.

On Industrial MAC Protocols: State of the Art Systems and Recent Approaches

The evolution towards the 6th mobile systems Generation (6G) will be characterized by several factors, among which it is possible to identify two significant trends for the topics of this paper: i) the always increasing Bandwidth (BW) and high data rates, and ii) the increasingly complex radio systems architecture. The former will lead to exploit centimeter-wave (∼ 7-15 GHz), millimeter-wave (∼ 26-43 GHz) and sub-Terahertz (∼ 90-300 GHz) frequencies to achieve ultra-high data rates on air. This means that radio hardware platforms will have to support processing volumes of the order of several hundred Gbit/s up to 1 Tbit/s. The latter will make more intensive use of massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and beamforming technologies, already introduced in the 5th mobile systems Generation (5G), which will require a very high number of radiating elements, leading to high complexity and energy consuming radio systems. In this scenario, high-speed optical transmission systems, integrated photonics for interconnection systems in high-bandwidth-density hardware platforms, co-packaged optics, advanced photonic communication systems on integrated optical waveguides, radio-over-fiber transmission systems, and microwave photonics components for implementing radio functions (currently dominated by microwave technologies) will all play a critical role, and in some cases, drive disruptive innovation for future 6G radio systems. Extending its traditional definition, in this paper we will refer to all these technologies as Microwave Photonics (MWP), intended as the set of critical photonic technologies, often associated with integrated photonic technologies, contributing to the realization of future radio systems.

The coexistence of broadband systems with currently deployed Professional Mobile Radio (PMR) communication systems like Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) has gained much deserved attention. In the recent literature, it has been suggested that LTE-like FBMC-OQAM system working on linear devices can coexist in PMR band, while conventional OFDM-based LTE system fails. When we take into account, the RF impairments in radio communication systems; it is inevitable to consider the non-linear nature of High Power Amplifiers (HPAs), as they add severe hindrance in this aspect. In this paper, we address this issue and show that LTE-like FBMC-OQAM system working on non-linear devices can still co-exist with PMR/PPDR systems, when suitable peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is applied.

The rapid growth of wireless communication systems and devices has increased global energy consumption in wireless communication networks. Therefore, wireless communication technologies are advancing towards the development of fifth-generation wireless communication systems and beyond, i.e., towards the development of sixth-generation wireless communication systems. It is important that the energy efficiency of wireless communication systems considered a significant parameter along with data rate, delay and reliability. Green wireless communication systems aim to reduce the power consumption of wireless communication systems minimize carbon emissions and make wireless communication systems environmentally sustainable. This paper presents a comprehensive review of sustainable wireless communication systems and energy-efficient protocols for green wireless communication systems. This study discusses various architectural strategies such as energy-efficient base stations, heterogeneous and ultra-dense networks, cloud radio access networks, adaptive networks, renewable energy and their role enables wireless networks to modify their behavior according to the nature of the data and availability of resources. Further, the paper discusses the role of sustainable wireless protocols in all layers of wireless communication, where techniques like power control, duty cycle, energy-efficient routing and transport protocols are playing a significant role in removing the unnecessary communication and utilizing resources efficiently. It also discusses enabling technologies that can be utilized in energy-efficient network operation including energy harvesting, cognitive radio, artificial intelligence, edge computing and network virtualization. Moreover, some of the major challenges in energy-efficient wireless communication including decisions, complexity, security, cost, and regulatory issues, are addressed. This study provides an sustainable wireless communication can be achieved based on recent developments and existing research gaps in wireless communication particularly in future 5G and 6G networks.

The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and other third-generation mobile radio systems will be required to support data rates up to 2 Mb/s. This paper examines whether a direct-sequence spread-spectrum air interface can support such a high data rate in an outdoor environment. A mathematical analysis of the operation of a RAKE receiver is presented. Monte-Carlo methods are used to establish the probability that a 2-Mb/s link is possible and the proportion of system capacity such a link would consume. It is concluded that with sufficiently complex RAKE receivers and a high enough chip rate, it is certainly practical for a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) mobile radio system to offer a 2-Mb/s service and that the overall spectrum efficiency will be high provided that the majority of users of the system use much lower data rates.

The convergence of high data rate multimedia services such as speech, audio, video, image and data will be the main features of future wireless systems. Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) is one of the powerful techniques to meet the requirements of next generation broadband and wireless mobile communication systems. MC-CDMA system allows many users to get the benefit of both orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique and code division multiple access scheme (CDMA). It offers high spectral efficiency, high data rate, low transmit power, lower implementation complexity, large system capacity and narrowband interference rejection capability. Multicarrier systems are very sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO) caused by Doppler shifts and imperfections of transmitter and receiver oscillators, which leads to loss of orthogonality among the subcarriers resulting in intercarrier interference (ICI). In this paper, a low complexity receiver phase rotated conjugate cancellation (RPRCC) algorithm using an iterative maximum likelihood (ML) based CFO estimation is proposed. The proposed method reduces the ICI which in turn reduces the multiple access interference (MAI) and subsequently increases the system capacity. Simulation results show that the RPRCC method provides better carrier to interference ratio (CIR) and bit error rate (BER) performance compared to transmitter phase rotated conjugate cancellation (PRCC) technique and conventional conjugate cancellation (CC) scheme.

International audience

The mobile user objective system (MUOS) is a next generation military satellite communication system based on terrestrial 3GPP WCDMA. In any mobile wireless communication system, user terminal movement forces cell and/or beam handovers. In MUOS, the challenge of maintaining system performance in handovers and in the general class of mobility events, potentially becomes more difficult due to requirements for high speed aircraft terminals with velocities up to 900 mph, requirements for group services for point to multi-point communications, and beam movement resulting from non-geostationary satellite orbit. This paper describes the technical approach for analyzing MUOS system performance in mobility events. An example scenario using realistic user terminal characteristics, user terminal population geographic lay-downs, and moving satellite beam footprints is given. The analysis results show that required MUOS system performance is maintained for two types of network topologies. This approach can be used to evaluate performance for other candidate MUOS terminal platforms such as the Joint Strike Fighter, which can reach maximum speeds of 1200 mph.