Gendered Distinctions of Interjection Usage in the YouTube Context

<p><strong>This study aims to capture the image of Muslim youth in the national media Jawa Pos online using corpus-based linguistic analysis. The tendency and alignment of the media in portraying Muslim youth can lead to positive, negative, and neutral public opinion. This research is a text study using a quantitative and qualitative descriptive approach, by collecting news with the keywords Muslim/Islamic youth on Jawapos online and obtaining 39 news stories with 12,636 words. The news text is then analyzed and applied using Antcont to obtain linguistic features of word frequency, collocation, and concordance with descriptive linguistic analysis. The research results show that; the frequency of words that are significant means that the Jawa Pos online in reporting on Muslim youth tends to be general, with the involvement of government activities in places of worship, namely masjid. The emergence of collocations tends to be more about reporting on mosque youth, although there is a tendency for political elements and implies messages and actions that must be carried out by youth. Whereas with the emergence of concordance, this media provides definitions to opinions about the meaning of Muslim youth in general, both negative, neutral, and positive, and more often generates news with a positive and balanced tendency. From this result, the Indonesian national media should report in a balanced manner in constructing the image of Muslim youth in Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong> <em>Corpus Analysis, Imaging, Muslim Youth, National Online Media.</em></p>

Unadapted English loanwords have become part of informal communication in many languages, including Croatian. Their use is often motivated by the lack of adequate native equivalents, exposure to English through the media, but also by the prestigious status of the English language. A vast body of research has been dedicated to lexical borrowing, especially from English. At the same time, corpus analyses have mostly been conducted on smaller, ad hoc corpora. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to present the database of English loanwords in Croatian. The database was developed by algorithmic and manual classification of words from the Corpus of Croatian news portals, ENGRI, and provides a list of 9,452 unadapted English loanwords together with the data on their absolute and relative frequencies. The analysis showed that most loanwords (75.85%) appear less than 50 times, while a total of 44.78% of words appear 10 times or less. The biggest drop in the number of loanwords is observed in the categories of occurrence above 500, while only 27 words appear 5,000 times or more. The most frequent English loanword in the corpus is ‘show’ with 80,805 occurrences, which is 0.0122% of all words in the corpus. The analysis of loanwords that occur more than 5,000 times showed that most of them have Croatian translation equivalents,which confirms the role of the media in the introduction of new words. In addition to providing an insight into the occurrence of English loanwords in Croatian, this database also represents a valuable contribution to Croatian computational linguistics resources and enables future experimental research by providing the data on word frequency.

This study argues that corpus analysis has yet to incorporate probabilistic reasoning into the measurement of dispersion. This proposal continues a recent observation that some commonly used dispersion measures were impaired by an extreme sensitivity to the random noise characterizing any real-world data set. This article will show that this could have been avoided if (a) the underlying metaphor for ‘corpus dispersion’ had been more carefully considered and (b) the measures had been derived from an appropriate probability mass distribution. The text then proposes a computationally efficient dispersion measure developed from a Poisson model of an unbiased word dispersion. Unlike several current measures, this measure is shown to give a score that is meaningful at all word frequencies while being more sensitive to real dispersional bias and less sensitive to noise.

Given inequitable access to learning resources caused by socioeconomic and historical issues, many Indigenous students have fallen behind grade expectations. This is in particular critical at the high school level, with increased academic English language demands in their learning of content areas. This paper reports on an exploratory study using corpus analysis that examined Indigenous students’ vocabulary use in verbal narratives, a spoken corpus—the representation of adolescent oral language competence at the school. It evaluated the feasibility, in terms of vocabulary coverages, of using both human-created and AI-generated narrative curriculum materials with enriched vocabulary to support culturally responsive vocabulary instruction. The study was conducted in an Indigenous high school in Canada, located in a remote First Nation community where most students spoke Ojibwe as their first language. The results found that Indigenous students’ narratives used a significant percentage of the first 1000 high frequency words and a small percentage of the second 1000 high frequency and academic words. Human-created and AI-generated narratives had a significantly higher percentage of the second 1000 high frequency words than Indigenous students’ narratives. Finally, AI-generated narratives contained a significantly higher percentage of academic words than both Indigenous youth’s and human-created narratives. The implications of the findings indicate that a data-driven corpus-based language pedagogy can be effective developing in innovative vocabulary instructional materials for future CALL interventions to support Indigenous youths. This can be achieved in light of culturally responsive pedagogy by leveraging Indigenous oral literacy traditions of storytelling, the youths’ narrative skills and their interests and aspirations. The present study has shown that some AI tools, along with carefully piloted prompts, have the capacity to efficiently co-develop vocabulary instructional content.

While frequency of occurrence and lexical diversity are common measures of lexical proficiency, very few studies have examined range along with these two other lexical indices, especially in EFL contexts. Using a sample of 529 undergraduate EFL learners’ essays, the present study examined the development of three indices of lexical proficiency (word frequency, range and lexical diversity) across 3 different proficiency levels. No similar study has been conducted so far in the Moroccan context, which makes this study a valuable contribution to a better understanding of university learners’ productive lexical knowledge. Unexpectedly, although frequency is an established measure which can successfully show differences in learners’ proficiency, the results of this study indicate that at the productive level, the range of content words and lexical diversity might better reflect differences among learners of different proficiency levels. While word frequency was stable among the three groups, indices of range and lexical diversity reflected better lexical knowledge in higher proficiency levels. We concluded that in EFL contexts, range and diversity might be better measures of proficiency. This suggests that there should be more focus on developing these two aspects in EFL classes.

Studies of human emotion perception have linked a distributed set of brain regions to the recognition of emotion in facial, vocal, and body expressions. In particular, lesions to somatosensory cortex in the right hemisphere have been shown to impair recognition of facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Although these findings suggest that somatosensory cortex represents body states associated with distinct emotions, such as a furrowed brow or gaping jaw, functional evidence directly linking somatosensory activity and subjective experience during emotion perception is critically lacking. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate decoding techniques, we show that perceiving vocal and facial expressions of emotion yields hemodynamic activity in right somatosensory cortex that discriminates among emotion categories, exhibits somatotopic organization, and tracks self-reported sensory experience. The findings both support embodied accounts of emotion and provide mechanistic insight into how emotional expressions are capable of biasing subjective experience in those who perceive them.

The ability to recognize emotion is important to wellbeing and building relationships with others, making this skill important in adolescence. Research investigating adolescents’ ability to recognize facial and vocal emotion expressions has reported differing conclusions about the pattern of emotion recognition across this developmental period. This systematic review aimed to clarify the pattern of recognition for facial and vocal emotion expressions, and the relationship of performance to different task and emotion expression characteristics. A comprehensive and systematic search of the literature was conducted using six databases. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data for adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age and measure accuracy of the recognition of emotion cues in either the face or voice. A total of 2333 studies were identified and 47 met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies focused on facial emotion recognition. Overall, early, mid-, and late-adolescents showed a similar pattern of recognition for both facial and vocal emotion expressions with the exception of Sad facial expressions. Sex of the participant also had minimal impact on the overall recognition of different emotions. However, analysis showed considerable variability according to task and emotion expression characteristics. Future research needs to increase focus on recognition of complex emotions, and low-intensity emotion expressions as well as the influence of the inclusion of Neutral as a response option.

Considering that the analysis of any specialized language should have a representative set of terms, this paper describes the selection of specific Romanian business terms, extracted and processed from a self-compiled corpus, to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Romanian business terminology in order to build an updated Romanian-English glossary of business terms and collocations. The analysis of these linguistic structures is based on the use of analytical techniques that belong to corpus linguistics as it would be impossible to detect them intuitively. The study focuses on the design of a real corpus extracted from the Romanian business environment. The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology followed in order to compile a corpus for Romanian business language and propose a list of 100 most frequent business words in Romanian. This proposal is made after the compilation and analysis of a study corpus of approx. 1 million words extracted from 8 genres belonging to written business communication. The present paper is part of a larger study that carried out a contrastive analysis of the Romanian and English business languages in order to find similarities and differences between the two target languages.

This research focused on the description of lexical sophistication in LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching. To obtain the description of lexical sophistication in LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, the researcher used a corpus software called Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Lexical Sophistication (TAALES). Sixty-six articles published in 2016, 2017 and 2018 were used as the data of this study. There were five descriptions of lexical sophistication in LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, namely word frequency, word range, n-gram, academic list and word information. The word frequency (87%) showed the good amount of percentage in the articles. Word range (87%) showed the use of words in the articles were delivered properly. N-gram (35%) showed the sign of low lexical sophistication scores. Academic list (15%) showed low lexical sophistication scores. Word information (60%) showed high lexical sophistication scores. The percentage of each description of lexical sophistication showed that the academic list gained the lowest percentage among the other descriptions of lexical sophistication. It can be inferred that the academic list aspect in LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching needs to be upgraded.

From children to teenagers and then to adults, individuals' emotional expression ability has undergone significant changes. From the compulsory education stage to the general senior middle school stage, students' cognitive and emotional needs will change greatly. Students of different school stages show significant differences in their vocal emotional expression, which not only affects their social skills but also has important guiding significance for educational practice. Therefore, this study focuses on the vocal emotional expression of students at different school stages. This study explores the differences in vocal emotional expression among students at different school stages (primary school, junior high school, and senior high school), with a focus on the expression characteristics of different emotional types and the situation of inconsistent internal and external emotions. The research results show that in terms of emotional types, students at different school stages have a relatively high accuracy rate in expressing sadness, while the accuracy rate for expressing anger is the lowest, and the accuracy rate for expressing anger is significantly lower than that for other emotions. In terms of school stages, the overall accuracy of emotional expression among students improves with the increase of school stages, but the differences between school stages are not significant. In the task of expressing inconsistent internal and external emotions, the study found that senior high school students have significantly better emotional conversion ability than primary and junior high school students, indicating that as the school stage increases, students' adaptability in complex emotional expression tasks gradually improves.

Accuracy and intensity of posed emotional expressions in unmedicated schizophrenia patients: Vocal and facial channels

The expression of human emotion is integral to social interaction, and in virtual reality it is increasingly common to develop virtual avatars that attempt to convey emotions by mimicking these visual and aural cues, i.e. the facial and vocal expressions. However, errors in (or the absence of) facial tracking can result in the rendering of incorrect facial expressions on these virtual avatars. For example, a virtual avatar may speak with a happy or unhappy vocal inflection while their facial expression remains otherwise neutral. In circumstances where there is conflict between the avatar's facial and vocal expressions, it is possible that users will incorrectly interpret the avatar's emotion, which may have unintended consequences in terms of social influence or in terms of the outcome of the interaction. In this paper, we present a human-subjects study (N = 22) aimed at understanding the impact of conflicting facial and vocal emotional expressions. Specifically we explored three levels of emotional valence (unhappy, neutral, and happy) expressed in both visual (facial) and aural (vocal) forms. We also investigate three levels of head scales (down-scaled, accurate, and up-scaled) to evaluate whether head scale affects user interpretation of the conveyed emotion. We find significant effects of different multimodal expressions on happiness and trust perception, while no significant effect was observed for head scales. Evidence from our results suggest that facial expressions have a stronger impact than vocal expressions. Additionally, as the difference between the two expressions increase, the less predictable the multimodal expression becomes. For example, for the happy-looking and happy-sounding multimodal expression, we expect and see high happiness rating and high trust, however if one of the two expressions change, this mismatch makes the expression less predictable. We discuss the relationships, implications, and guidelines for social applications that aim to leverage multimodal social cues.

Many authors have speculated about a close relationship between vocal expression of emotions and musical expression of emotions. but evidence bearing on this relationship has unfortunately been lacking. This review of 104 studies of vocal expression and 41 studies of music performance reveals similarities between the 2 channels concerning (a) the accuracy with which discrete emotions were communicated to listeners and (b) the emotion-specific patterns of acoustic cues used to communicate each emotion. The patterns are generally consistent with K. R. Scherer's (1986) theoretical predictions. The results can explain why music is perceived as expressive of emotion, and they are consistent with an evolutionary perspective on vocal expression of emotions. Discussion focuses on theoretical accounts and directions for future research.

Experimental studies indicate that recognition of emotions, particularly negative emotions, decreases with age. However, there is no consensus at which age the decrease in emotion recognition begins, how selective this is to negative emotions, and whether this applies to both facial and vocal expression. In the current cross-sectional study, 607 participants ranging in age from 18 to 84 years (mean age = 32.6 +/- 14.9 years) were asked to recognize emotions expressed either facially or vocally. In general, older participants were found to be less accurate at recognizing emotions, with the most distinctive age difference pertaining to a certain group of negative emotions. Both modalities revealed an age-related decline in the recognition of sadness and -- to a lesser degree -- anger, starting at about 30 years of age. Although age-related differences in the recognition of expression of emotion were not mediated by personality traits, 2 of the Big 5 traits, openness and conscientiousness, made an independent contribution to emotion-recognition performance. Implications of age-related differences in facial and vocal emotion expression and early onset of the selective decrease in emotion recognition are discussed in terms of previous findings and relevant theoretical models.

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) commonly causes speech impairments, including difficulties in expressing emotions through voice. Method: The objective of this study was to investigate gendered vocal expressions of fear, anger, sadness, and happiness for mild to moderate PD. Prosodic features (related to fundamental frequency (F0), intensity (I), speech rate, articulation rate, and number and duration of pauses) and acoustic correlates of voice quality (CPPS, jitter, shimmer, and HNR) were collected from 14 patients with PD (mean age = 69.93; SD = 7.12; 8 males, 6 females) and 13 healthy controls (HC) (mean age = 68.13; SD = 8.27; 5 males, 8 females) matched for age, sex, and years of education. The utterances were extracted from four emotional and one neutral text. The neutral utterance and the emotional utterances were compared. Intra-sex comparison (female with PD vs. female HC and male with PD vs. male HC) and inter-sex comparison (female vs. male both for patients with PD and for HC), were performed with the Mann–Whitney test. A Mann–Whitney test was also used to compare the different emotional conditions, considering sex and PD diagnosis as well. Results: No significant intra-sex differences were found for the neutral speech, but inter-sex differences emerged. Regarding emotional speech, females with PD featured lower MaxF0 than female HCs for happiness and higher intensity variability (SD I) for sadness. Utterances by females with PD had lower CPPS than utterances by HCs for anger and fear. Utterances by males with PD had lower minimum intensity (MinI) than utterances by male HCs when expressing fear. Conclusions: Emotional vocal expression in individuals with PD was found to be impaired and showed sex differences. These findings have the potential to significantly impact the quality of life of PD patients.