Groundwater Institutions in the Face of Global Climate Change

The potential impact of global climate change on the distribution of bird species can be predicted based on observed climate change and current knowledge of the factors affecting range boundaries. The concept of an ecological niche allows one to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise the impact of environmental factors on species. The study estimates the parameters of the thermal projection of the ecological niche of birds in Zhytomyr region, compares different approaches to modelling the response of species to the average annual temperature gradient, identifies ecological groups of birds based on their thermal gradient, and provides prospects for these ecological groups in the context of global climate change. The beta-function was found to reflect the reactions of different species within a single bell-shaped pattern across the entire gradient of the environmental factor. This makes it possible to estimate the optimal level for all bird species. Kurtosis can be used to distinguish between different response patterns within the beta model. Zero kurtosis indicates a symmetrical bell-shaped response. The relationship between the kurtosis of species response models and the optimum is complex. In general, species show negative kurtosis in the warm part of the range, indicating a sharp break in the species response curve in the warm part of the factor range. In the middle part of the factor range, the kurtosis value randomly fluctuates around zero, indicating a predominant tendency towards symmetrical response forms and the prevalence of the classical bell-shaped response model. The limits of variation of kurtosis are of great importance in the cold part of the range. The thermal projection of the ecological niche was used to divide bird species into ecological groups based on the position of the optimum zone and the width of the tolerance amplitude. It is shown that ecological groups differ in their prospects under global climate change. Stenotopic megatherms have the best prospects in the face of global climate change. The habitat conditions of all other bird species in the region will deteriorate over the next 70 years. The most threatening prospects should be expected for stenotopic microtherms. The stenotopic megatherms include 68 species, which is 25.9% of the total regional bird fauna. That is, global climate change poses a threat to 74.1% of the region's bird species. Stenotopic megatherms are typified by Anseriformes, Bucerotiformes, Gruiformes, and Pelecaniformes. It was predicted that Ciconia ciconia has the greatest prospects for expansion due to global climate change. The stenotopic microtherms are represented by 18 species, which is 6.9% of the regional avifauna. For these species, climatic conditions will significantly limit the number of favourable habitats. This ecological group is most strongly typified by for Galliformes, Piciformes, and Strigiformes. Climate change will lead to a shift in the range of Picus canus, which will reduce the abundance of this species in the region.

This paper explains about culture of local wisdom of Kampung Kuta and the indigenous community for a long time ago, which is facing adaptive climate changes in Ciamis Regency, West Java. Local wisdom has a strategic role to give a contribution in adding an insight and environmental knowledge, in case facing climate changes. A set of problems that can be examined in this research study covers : Identification kind of relevant local wisdom to face climate changes, the role of local wisdom in facing climate changes, adaptation pattern of community in facing climate changes. The research method that is used is a qualitative methods and the ethnography approach. The source of data in the research and information are obtained directly by an informant as oral data about the different forms of local wisdom and data about various cultural events. Data has been analyzed and examined validating using triangulation technique to collect and source data. Based on analysis that have been done indicates that local wisdom values in Kampung Kuta has some character, those are very selective, well mannered, give priority to harmony, future oriented. Form of that local wisdom is integrated in knowledge, conviction, understanding or insight, custom and ethic. The form of local wisdom that relevant in facing climate changes can be seen by its instilling principles to love the environment, caring and maintaining the environment, overseeing and conserving the environment. The role of local wisdom values of Kampung Kuta community in facing climate changes in utilizing natural resourches, applying taboo in conserving the forest, applying taboo in daily activity. Integration pattern of local wisdom values of Kampung Kuta community on practicing cultural adaptation to face climate changes is implement traditional ceremonies, build house.

Most organisms face similar problems with respect to their conservation in the face of global climate change. Here, we examine probable effects of climate change on the hyperdiverse plant family Orchidaceae. In the 20th century, the major concerns for orchid conservation revolved around unsustainable harvest for the orchid trade and, more importantly, land conversion from natural ecosystems to those unable to support wild orchid populations. Land conversion included logging, fire regimes and forest conversions to agricultural systems. Although those forms of degradation continue, an additional suite of threats has emerged, fueled by global climate change. Global climate change involves more than responses of orchid populations to increases in ambient temperature. Increasing temperature induces secondary effects that can be more significant than simple changes in temperature. Among these new threats are extended and prolonged fire seasons, rising sea levels, increases in cyclonic storms, seasonal climate shifts, changes in orthographic wind dew point and increased drought. The long-term outlook for orchid biodiversity in the wild is dismal, as it is for many animal groups, and we need to start rethinking strategies for conservation in a rapidly changing world.

Sustainable Aquaculture Futures

Populations with little genetic variation are more vulnerable to the arrival of new pests or diseases, pollution, changes of climate and habitat destruction or other catastrophic events. Biological diversity is the best tool to counter environmental changes and combat climate change in uncertain future. Spatial isolation, fragmentation, increased in-breeding, low fruit set in disturbed natural forests necessitates more population sizes to generate enough variability through mutation and recombination's. Planting a diverse array of species and seed sources is a hedge in the face of global climate change. The best plantation strategy is to maintain diversity, breed for generalists, and deploy intimate mixtures of seed sources or progeny-tested families. Flowering time and seed maturation in plants could be altered in the scenario of climate change; so, should be understood and taken care off. In the era of climate change, conservation of forest genetic resources and their management is necessary to maintain required biodiversity to combat climate change. Seed banking is also a tool in combating the loss of global plant diversity.

This study reviews the various conservation strategies applied to the four redwood species, namely coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Sierra redwood or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and South American redwood or alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), which are endemic in the USA, China and South America, respectively. All four redwood genera belong to the familyCupressaceae; they are monospecific, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened in their native ranges due to human activity and a changing climate. Therefore, the management objective should be to conserve representative populations of the native species with as much genetic diversity as possible for their future survival. Those representative populations exhibiting relatively high levels of genetic diversity should be selected for germplasm preservation and monitored during the conservation phase by using molecular markers.In situandex situstrategies for the preservation of germplasm of the redwoods are discussed in this study. A holisticin situgene conservation strategy calls for the regeneration of a large number of diverse redwood genotypes that exhibit adequate levels of neutral and adaptive genetic variability, by generative and vegetative methods for their preservation and maintenance in their endemic locations. At the same time, it would be desirable to conserve the redwoods in newex situreserves, away from their endemic locations with similar as well as different environmental conditions for testing their growth and survival capacities. In addition, otherex situstrategies involving biotechnological approaches for preservation of seeds, tissues, pollen and DNA in genebanks should also be fully exploited in the face of global climate change.

Climate is changing at an alarming rate, imposing significant negative impacts on the quantity and nutritional quality of the economical crop yield. Overreliance on staple cereals that demand high inputs has ecological, economic, and nutritional risks. Nutritional profiles of major food crops are being degraded under changing climate and the global micronutrient malnutrition called `hidden hunger` causes severe health impacts on developing countries in the world. Elevated atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration have reduced iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels of major food crops, thus, leading to dietary deficiencies of these micronutrients, constituting a major public health concern. Food legumes, which are highly suitable crops in the low-input farming systems, are a well-known source of Fe and Zn. Further, low-input farming systems have been reported as an integral component in climate-resilient food systems. Efficient use of existing genetic diversity of food legumes could improve the nutritional output of cropping systems, thereby sustaining human Fe and Zn nutrition in the face of global climate change. This review explores and describes the underexploited potentials of food legumes to be used as an integral component in low-input food-production systems adapted to climate change to combat micronutrient malnutrition, particularly focusing on Fe and Zn, which are of significant concern as key drivers of global micronutrient malnutrition.

Limited seed dispersal distance in endemic species from tropical mountaintop grasslands may restrict upward migration in response to climate change

Moving species outside their historic ranges may mitigate loss of biodiversity in the face of global climate change.

Factors influencing local ecological knowledge of forage resources: Ethnobotanical evidence from West Africa's savannas

The purpose of this research is to explain the implementation of preaching about the environment to overcome the problem of climate change in society. Qualitative research methods with a library study approach. Data collection techniques with documentation studies and data processing with reduction and presentation of data. The results showed: environmental preaching is preaching that is directed at improving and protecting the surrounding environment in the face of global climate change. The purpose of this da'wah is to make people aware of the importance of protecting the surrounding environment which is carried out by providing education to the community, environmental campaigns, developing environmentally friendly products, counseling, and training on the utilization of surrounding environmental resources. With this environmental preaching, it is hoped that the community will become more aware and be able to protect the environment so that it becomes more friendly and beneficial to the surrounding community.

Both conventional agriculture (CA) and organic agriculture (OA) are inextricably linked to climate and will impact and be impacted by climate change (CC). OA, unlike CA, encompasses heterogeneous agricultural management methods and practices, given its multiple origins around the world. Although it represents <1% of the world's agricultural production and about 9% of total agricultural area, OA is a globally growing, low-input, dynamic and knowledge-intensive production system. It provides a larger flow of multiple ecosystems services than, and differs fundamentally from, CA in the conceptual approaches that frame crop, animal and natural resources-management strategies. Organic farmers have fewer means to manage their production systems and they need greater expertise and more time to optimize the management of OA in the face of CC. The diverse OA-based agroecological systems (AESs), compared with CA, provide more regulatory functions that enable OA to adjust to changing environmental conditions; however, OA may experience larger inter-annual variability which is attributed to fewer short-term possibilities for controlling biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, small-scale organic farmers and communities are seemingly able to cope with weather fluctuations and climate extremes because of the self-regulating ability of OA and the enormous variability in internal adaptation strategies they have developed over time. However, vulnerability of OA to CC will eventually depend on the level of exposure and sensitivity to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, and on its intrinsic buffering capacity for adaptation and mitigation. Long-term sustainability of OA in the face of CC is intractably linked to ecological sustainability. CC and ecological disturbances may force OA to undergo structural changes or adjustments as to land area; farm size and land tenure; farming complexity, crop-livestock integration, sustainable intensification and specialization; environmental stewardship; and labour intensity. Conventionalization, to the extent that it does not undermine its core principles, may become the only economically viable structural change option to adapt large-scale OA to CC. In order to minimize the impact of CC, OA needs to function within the broader context of multidisciplinary agro-ecological principles, while adopting scientifically based, resource-efficient and semi-closed AESs' approach. The challenge facing OA is to develop measurable and reliable biophysical vulnerability indicators to prioritize adaptation and mitigation efforts at the farm and local levels.

El Nino (drought) and La Nina (floods) effects of climate change will significantly reduce production and productivity in the agricultural sector, particularly in food crops. The availability and accessibility of food will be impacted by climate change, disrupting food security and vulnerability. This research aims to examine in more depth the impacts caused by climate change and ways that can be taken to mitigate the risks posed. This research was carried out using the PAR (Participatory Action Research) method through FGD (Forum Group Discussion), which was carried out with representative experts, such as academics, farmers, BULOG and BMKG. The results of the research show that there are many impacts caused by climate change on food security, such as drought and floods resulting in changes in the planting season, an increase in weeds, pests and diseases in plants, and increasing temperatures will cause crop productivity to decrease, causing a decrease in crop yields. So, in facing the challenges and impacts of climate change, there needs to be significant and continuous collaboration from all aspects of dealing with climate change so that food security is achieved. Providing complete information to farmers regarding the challenges and solutions in facing climate change, research that can be carried out to reduce and mitigate climate change, the existence of adequate availability aspects to support universal food security and agricultural adaptation in facing climate change as well as climate change adaptation strategies indispensable for sustainable food security

Understanding the conditions under which rapid evolutionary adaptation can prevent population extinction in deteriorating environments (i.e. evolutionary rescue) is a crucial aim in the face of global climate change. Despite a rapidly growing body of work in this area, little attention has been paid to the importance of interspecific coevolutionary interactions. Antagonistic coevolution commonly observed between hosts and parasites is likely to retard evolutionary rescue because it often reduces population sizes, and results in the evolution of costly host defence and parasite counter-defence. We used experimental populations of a bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and a bacteriophage virus (SBW25Φ2), to study how host-parasite coevolution impacts viral population persistence in the face of gradually increasing temperature, an environmental stress for the virus but not the bacterium. The virus persisted much longer when it evolved in the presence of an evolutionarily constant host genotype (i.e. in the absence of coevolution) than when the bacterium and virus coevolved. Further experiments suggest that both a reduction in population size and costly infectivity strategies contributed to viral extinction as a result of coevolution. The results highlight the importance of interspecific evolutionary interactions for the evolutionary responses of populations to global climate change.

Population expansion is a global issue, especially for food production. Meanwhile, global climate change is damaging our soils, making it difficult for crops to thrive and lowering both production and quality. Poor nutrition and salinity stress affect plant growth and development. Although the impact of individual plant stresses has been studied for decades, the real stress scenario is more complex due to the exposure to multiple stresses at the same time. Here we investigate using existing evidence and a meta-analysis approach to determine molecular linkages between 2 contemporaneous abiotic stimuli, phosphate (Pi) deficiency and salinity, on a single plant cell model, the root hairs (RHs), which is the first plant cell exposed to them. Understanding how these 2 stresses work molecularly in RHs may help us build super-adaptable crops and sustainable agriculture in the face of global climate change.