Guidelines for the Display of Attribute Certainty

Various editorial decisions made during the cartographic design process may lead to different interpretations of the same phenomena, potentially emphasizing one phenomenon at the expense of another. Such decisions occur at different stages of map development, including the selection of enumeration units, a form of data representation (map type), and map graphics, including color scales. This article presents the results of a user study examining the impact of selected map design choices – specifically: a level of spatial unit aggregation, a type of color scale, and a form of data presentation (a qualitative area map, a choropleth map, a cartogram, graduated symbols with choropleth colors) – on the accuracy of perceiving the dominance of a phenomenon shown on thematic maps. The study employed thematic maps visualizing two socially relevant topics: ethnonational diversity and presidential election results, each displaying two categories. The survey, conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method, involved 151 participants. Respondents were asked to identify which of the two categories was dominant on a given map. Response accuracy (identification of the actual dominant phenomenon), the perceived difficulty of the tasks, and the perceived magnitude of dominance were measured. Participants were also asked to describe the spatial distribution of the dominant phenomenon and indicate a map design preferred by them. Based on the collected responses, the analysis revealed statistically significant differences in metrics depending on the map designs tested. The tested map designs, therefore, vary in their degree of persuasiveness in portraying dominance. The article concludes by identifying the techniques that more or less effectively distort the information conveyed by thematic maps.

The counselor in a children's health camp is the central figure in the system of interaction with children. He has a significant impact on the psychological and physical development of his charges. This circumstance requires attention to the psychological aspects of his work. These aspects include both theoretical and practical levels, which are inextricably linked. The theoretical level is represented by professional knowledge in the fields of pedagogy and psychology. The practical level is expressed in psychological attitudes and the possession of a professional pedagogical perspective on the educational and upbringing process in a children's health camp. In turn, the practical level has an external and internal side that requires psychological support in order to improve the quality of the counselor's work.

Presentation of information for spatial decision support A survey on the use of maps by participants in quantitative water management in the IJsselmeer region, The Netherlands

Principles and objectives governing Soviet thematic mapping of nearby planets are outlined, types of information sources for such mapping categorized, and the suitability of different types of information sources for thematic mapping are evaluated. This is followed by a classification of thematic planetary maps according to type. The need for a standardized, systems approach to the determination of map scales, compilation and generalization, symbolization, and map design is emphasized as an essential prerequisite for the development of complex atlases of individual planets, atlases of “comparative planetology,” and the establishment of “planetary information systems.” Translated by Jay Mitchell; PlanEcon, Inc.; Washington, DC 20005 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1987, No. 6, pp. 60-67.

It is common to note that the English law of torts protects privacy interests in a less direct and more disjointed manner than such interests are protected in France, Germany and the United States.1 Those who regard this as a deficiency and consequently urge reform are met by counter-arguments at three levels: theoretical, practical and strategic. At the theoretical level, the dispute between ‘privacy sceptics’ and ‘privacy disciples’ is over the value of privacy, and how it is to be weighted relative to other values such as freedom of expression and freedom of the press. At the practical level, the dispute is over the translation of concern about privacy into workable law. At the strategic level, the dispute is over whether reform will be best managed by the judiciary or the legislature, or even whether privacy interests are likely to be better protected by extra-legal approaches. The three levels cannot be kept separate. Conclusions at the theoretical level are clearly relevant to discussion at the practical level, and the view taken on the degree of difficulty at the practical level may affect the choice of strategy.

Contemporary South Africa places the practice of sociology before unusual challenges on both theoretical and practical problem-solving levels. In order to meet these challenges we urgently need a paradigm in which the creational nature of reality is acknowledged. Accepting such a paradigm is in itself a challenge because of the foothold the existing paradigm has on western thought. Until sociologists accept this challenge they will continue to contend with existing paradigms which try to explain reality by approaching it in terms of its own existence. For this purpose one of the aspects of reality is absolutized time and again and made a principal of origin for the whole of reality. This means that the rest of reality is theoretically forced to function according to the mode of the absolutized aspect. This misconception leads to many problems on theoretical and practical levels. Scientists can be freed from this by accepting the creational nature of reality, which should lead to a better understanding of its problems. S. Afr. J. Sociol. 1986, 17(4): 143–147

Orientation: Self-leadership is considered to be essential for effective individual functioning in occupational and academic contexts. The revised self-leadership questionnaire (RSLQ) is widely utilised for measuring self-leadership, but its psychometric properties have not been established on a South African sample. By implication, important questions also exist about the theoretical structure of self-leadership in the South African context. Research purpose: The research aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and factorial validity of the revised self-leadership questionnaire on a South African sample. In doing so, the results of the research would also provide valuable insights into the latent factor structure of the self-leadership construct. Motivation for the study: On a practical level, the research sought internal validity evidence for the use of the RSLQ in the South African context. On a theoretical level, questions remain about the best conceptual representation of self-leadership as a construct. Research design, approach and method: The revised self-leadership questionnaire was administered to a non-probability sample of 375 South African young adults. The first and second-order factor structure underlying contemporary models of self-leadership using confirmatory factor analytic techniques was tested. Main findings: Results showed that the RSLQ measured self-leadership with suitable reliability and internal validity. All eight subscales had high internal consistency coefficients. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the first and second-order models conclusively demonstrated good factorial validity. Practical/managerial implications: The study found that the RSLQ has good measurement properties for a South African context. Academics, practitioners and managers are urged to use the measure in its present form for applications such as leadership development and promoting self-management. Contribution/value-addition: The study extends the body of psychometric evidence supporting the use of the revised self-leadership questionnaire in the South African milieu. The researchers have further indicated that self-leadership can be represented by a hierarchical latent factor structure, where a general factor drives more specific dimensions of self-leadership.

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings Modelling Vague Shape Dynamic Phenomena from Sensor Network data using a Decentralized Fuzzy Rule-Based Approach Roger Cesarie Ntankouo Njila 1 , Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi 1 , Jean Brodeur 1 Centre de Recherche en Geomatique, 2314 Pavillon Casault; Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada, G1K 7P4 Email: roger-cesarie.ntankouo-njila.1@ulaval.ca, Mir-Abolfazl.Mostafavi@scg.ulaval.ca, recherchegeosemantic@videotron.ca Abstract Modelling dynamic phenomena of vague shape from sensor data is still a challenging problem for many applications. In this paper, we propose a decentralized fuzzy rule-based approach based on fuzzy object model to build a more realistic spatiotemporal representation for such phenomena. This approach has been successfully implemented in a simulation case of bushfire monitoring, showing advantages for spatial decision making in a disaster management context. Keywords: sensors, sensor data, fuzzy objects, disaster management, spatial decision support 1. Introduction Extracting geospatial information from geosensor data can help to better understand a complex phenomenon for real time decision making process (Sadeq et al. 2013). Several approaches are used for the extraction of geospatial information from sensor data. Many of these approaches are developed based on the assumption that monitored phenomena are of crisp shape with well- defined boundaries. However, many dynamic phenomena have vague spatial boundaries, and their accurate detection and extraction from sensor data is a challenging problem. In this paper we propose a decentralized fuzzy rule-based approach to address this problem. In the proposed method, sensors detect vague shape phenomena using a fuzzy logic reasoning approach and collaborate with their neighboring sensors to infer vague spatial extent of the phenomena and its dynamics. We adopt Crisp-Fuzzy objects (Pauly and Schneider 2008) as a more realistic model for large scale and vague shape dynamic phenomena. This paper is organized as follows. After a brief background presented in section 2, section 3 describes the proposed approach implemented in section 4 for a bushfire simulation case showing it applicability for real time spatial decision process in disaster management. Section 5 presents conclusions and future works. 2. Background Spatial computing can be undertaken in a sensor system following a centralized (all data are sent to process center), a decentralized (located at sensor site or other site) or a hybrid approach (Chong and Kumar 2003). Crisp vector objects are extracted in the existing approaches using statistics or filters (Chintalapudi and Govindan 2003) or qualitative reasoning (Guan and Duckham 2009). Real-world phenomena are inherently uncertain (Carniel et al. 2015). Crisp-Fuzzy objects model (Pauly and Schneider 2008) is an interesting candidate for the representation of such phenomenon. In this model the geometry of object is composed of a kernel and a conjecture part, the kernel part belongs definitely and always to the vague object but one can’t say with certainty whether conjecture part considered as the broad boundary belongs to the vague object.

The article presents the development of the methodology of economic security of enterprises through the harmonization of existing established methodologies, which reflects the development of the modern approach to scientific research. The paper proposes the author's approach, according to which the harmonization of the methodology of economic security is considered as a process of coordination and ordering of methodologies (including their elements) aimed at its strengthening in the form of identifying, assessing and countering its threats, which is especially relevant in conditions of uncertainty. It also emphasizes that this process should be carried out in stages, namely, only when a certain level is achieved between the elements of individual methodologies. As a result, a schematic approach to the harmonization of methodologies of the methodology of economic security of enterprises is clearly demonstrated, which includes a combination at two levels: theoretical and practical. At the theoretical level, harmonization is a set of theoretical developments and the development of scientific research, at the practical level – an assessment of the development of application in practice with further implementation. For each level, tasks, areas of application, goals and desired results are defined, which unites already established approaches taking into account modern changes. For the implementation of the presented approach, the specific properties of the methods of practical harmonization are important, namely: conversion, transformation and standardization. Each of the properties is described according to the principle of highlighting its essential characteristics, significance for the processes of strengthening the economic security of enterprises and potential results of application in practice, which confirms the importance of unification at the two above-mentioned levels. Accordingly, the presented harmonization of methods is a kind of instruction for the logical improvement of the methodology of economic security of enterprises in the direction of its strengthening.

The encyclical proclaims the centrality of human development, which includes acting with gratuitousness and solidarity in pursuing the common good. This paper considers first whether such relationships of gratuitousness and solidarity can be analysed through the prism of traditional theories of social psychology, which are highly influential in current management research, and concludes that certain aspects of those theories may offer useful tools for analysis at the practical level. This is contrasted with the analysis of such relationships through Aristotelian virtue ethics (in particular as interpreted by MacIntyre 1985, 1998, 1999), which is emerging as a strong force in the field of business ethics, and which has strong conceptual similarities with the ideas put forward by Benedict XVI. Aristotelian virtue ethics offers a better fit with the aims of the encyclical at the theoretical level but it presents a number of challenges at the practical level, which the paper suggests may be addressed through the integration in its analysis of human action of models derived from social psychology.

In the last decade, quality standards for the practice of arts education have rightly risen. At the same time, it becomes more important for arts education projects to prove their success to funding bodies. This development has created an increasing need to assess the impact of arts education projects, often making it a self-referential action. This article takes one step back and raises the question more generally: what impact can an evaluation have on a project and how can it be done in order to create an added-value for the practice of arts education?
 By analysing the examples of the German-wide programme Arts and Games of the Robert Bosch Foundation and the Foundation Brandenburger Tor as well as the project Foyer Public of the Theatre Basel, both evaluated by the independent research institute EDUCULT in Vienna, possible impacts of evaluation on the projects themselves are presented. Results of this analysis shed light on lessons learned through these projects on a practical level. From research experience, to how assumptions are made about prerequisites, to how evaluations can be relevant to the practice and how it is possible to generate an impact. One option for achieving these goals is the implementation of a co-creative research design which is examined more in detail on a theoretical level, defining advantages and challenges of this approach.

Collaborations between researchers and practitioners have recently become increasingly popular in education, and educational design research (EDR) may benefit greatly from investigating such partnerships. One important domain in which EDR on collaborations between researchers and practitioners can be applied is research on simulation-based learning. However, frameworks describing both research and design processes in research programs on simulation-based learning are currently lacking. The framework proposed in this paper addresses this research gap. It is derived from theory and delineates levels, phases, activities, roles, and products of research programs to develop simulations as complex scientific artifacts for research purposes. This dual-level framework applies to research programs with a research committee and multiple subordinate research projects. The proposed framework is illustrated by examples from the actual research and design process of an interdisciplinary research program investigating the facilitation of diagnostic competences through instructional support in simulations. On a theoretical level, the framework contributes primarily to the literature of EDR by offering a unique dual-level perspective. Moreover, on a practical level, the framework may help by providing recommendations to guide the research and design process in research programs.

In Chapter 2, we introduced a series of examples of how cartography selects and depicts terrestrial, celestial, and human biological features of physical phenomena. Geographic and oceanographic maps help us to find our way on land and sea. Star maps help us to explore the universe. In this chapter, we turn our attention inwards and explore the design of mind maps, maps that represent our thought, our experience, and our knowledge. In traditional cartography, a thematic map always has a base map and a thematic overlay. For many physical phenomena, a geographic map is probably the best base map we may ever have: intuitive, solid, and real. Now we want to produce a map of the mind. In this category of phenomena, a geographic connection may no longer be valid. A geographic base map cannot be taken for granted. What metaphor do we use to hold something as fluid as our thought together? What are the design principles in constructing a metaphoric base map that can adequately represent what is by its nature invisible, intangible, and intractable?

Summary Thematic maps and atlases, as complex production, can be compiled in different ways to reach the optimal quality of the product. It is possible to define the basic principles, which have to be applied developing thematic cartography projects. Main paradigms have to be also implemented before creating the information system for the first National atlas of Lithuania. Three models for creating a thematic map are defined (Fig 1). 1. Object based model. Object oriented design is time and resource saving technology which should be applied for thematic map design, seeking better efficiency and quality of maps in response to their users (Fig 2). This model is the most convenient for the complex thematic mapping, when multidimensional systems of conventional signs are used. From the point of traditional thinking in thematic cartography, “disadvantages” of this model are: high level of standardisation and relatively big cost in the design stage of the project. 2. Evolutionary model. In this model several dr...

Reviews the contribution to “rapid tooling” of QuickCast 1.0 and QuickCast 1.1. Explains the genesis and development of QuickCast 1.0, illustrating both its technical ability, and its capacity for saving time and money, and also outlining its industrial shortcomings. Gives a thorough elucidation to the more recently introduced QuickCast 1.1 at both theoretical and practical levels – its range of potential applications being documented through case studies – and presents it in terms of its capacity to solve those problems that its predecessor could not. Discusses in detail the characteristics of solutions to these problem areas and provides test results obtained at various foundries.