Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks through RoF-MIMO Technologies

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely recognized as a promising solution for enhancing various aspects of electric power grid and realizing the vision of smart grid. However, energy crisis and challenging wireless environment in smart grid create a number of challenges for WSNs, as a result of which energy efficiency become critically important. On the other hand, cognitive radio (CR) technology is expected to play a vital role in smart grid networks. Cognitive Sensor Networks (CSNs) can effectively address some unique challenges of WSNs in smart grid. In this paper, we aim to design an energy efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for CSNs. In this regard, we propose ECR-MAC, which is an energy-efficient receiver-based MAC protocol for CSNs. ECR-MAC uses a energy-efficiency based auction mechanism and preamble sampling techniques for providing high energy efficiency and reliability. In addition, ECR-MAC explicitly accounts for the peculiarities of a CR environment. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of ECR-MAC as a viable solution for CSNs.

The cognitive smart grid (SG) communication paradigm aims to mitigate quality of service (QoS) issues in obsolete communication architecture associated with the conventional electrical grid. This paradigm entails the integration of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) into power grids, enabling a two-way flow of information. However, due to the exponential increase in wireless applications and services, also driven by the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) smart devices, SG communication systems are expected to handle large volumes of data. As a result, the operation of SG networks is confronted with the major challenge of managing and processing data in a reliable and secure manner. The existing works in the literature proposed architectures with the objective to mitigate the underlying QoS issues such as latency, bandwidth, data congestion, energy efficiency, etc. In addition, a variety of communication technologies have been analyzed for their capacity to support stringent QoS requirements for diverse SGs environments. This notwithstanding, a standard architecture designed to mitigate the aforementioned issues for SG networks remains a work-in-progress. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the emerging technologies such as cognitive radio networks (CRNs) as part of the Fifth-Generation (5G) mobile technology for reliable communication in SG networks. Furthermore, a hybrid architecture based on the combination of fog computing and cloud computing is proposed. In this architecture, real-time latency-sensitive information is given high priority, with fog edge based servers deployed in close proximity to home area networks (HANs) for preprocessing and analyzing of information collected from smart IoT devices. In comparison to the recent works in the literature, which are mainly based on CRNs and 5G separately, the proposed architecture in this paper incorporates the combination of CRNs and 5G for reliable and efficient communication in SG networks.

As an indispensable infrastructure for the future life, smart grid is being implemented to save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. In smart grid, control center networks have attracted a great number of attentions, because their security and dependability issues are critical to the entire smart grid. Several studies have been conducted in the field of security, but few work focuses on the dependability analysis of control center networks. In this paper, we adopt a concise mathematic tool, stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in smart grid. With the proposed SPNs model, we can measure the dependability from two metrics, i.e., the reliability and availability, through analyzing the transient probability. We also study a specific case to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model in the dependability analysis of control center networks in smart grid.

Secure and reliable surveillance over cognitive radio sensor networks in smart grid

Security issues are the major concerns in the deployment of the smart grid system. One proposal of Secure, Intuitive and Low-cost Device Authentication (SILDA) mechanism designed for the Home Area Networks (HANs) in smart grid has presented an authentication protocol which is resilient against insider attackers, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and impersonation attacks. However, it encounters a problem with the key management and has been proved to be vulnerable to reply attacks and unknown key sharing attacks. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Secure Device Authentication (ESDA) scheme for the HAN in smart grid. By our proposal, t he vulnerability of the SILDA protocol can be overcome. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham Logic (BAN Logic) has been used to provide a proof on the logical correctness of the proposed scheme.

In recent years, channel-hopping-based medium access control protocols have been proposed to improve the capacity in a decentralized multichannel cognitive radio (CR) network without using extra control channels. Each CR user has to stochastically follow a default channel-hopping sequence in order to locate a channel and conduct its frame transmission. In this paper, theoretical analysis is conducted on the probability of channel availability and the average frame delay for primary users (PUs) by considering the impact caused by imperfect sensing of CR users and imperfect synchronization between the primary and CR networks. According to the proposed analytical model with realistic considerations, an optimal channel-hopping sequence (OCS) approach is designed for the CR users based on a dynamic programming technique. It is designed by exploiting the optimal load balance between channel availability and channel utilization within the delay constraints of PUs. By adopting the OCS approach, maximum aggregate throughput of CR users can be achieved while considering PU's quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Moreover, in addition to the paired CR networks, the logical partition problem that occurs in generalized CR networks will also be addressed. This problem can severely degrade the aggregate throughput due to the decreased probability of connectivity between CR users, especially in a CR network with heavy traffic. Therefore, both wake-up successive contention (WSC) and wake-up counter-reset successive contention (WCSC) algorithms are proposed to increase the number of negotiations by both exploring the blind spot of imperfect sensing and amending the contention mechanisms between CR users. Compared to conventional channel-hopping sequences, numerical results illustrate that the proposed approaches can effectively maximize aggregate throughput for CR users under the QoS requirements of PUs.

Distributed power system network is going to be complex, and it will require high-speed, reliable and secure communication systems for managing intermittent generation with coordination of centralised power generation, including load control. Cognitive Radio (CR) is highly favourable for providing communications in Smart Grid by using spectrum resources opportunistically. The IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) having the capabilities of CR use vacant channels opportunistically in the frequency range of 54 MHz to 862 MHz occupied by TV band. A comprehensive review of using IEEE 802.22 for Field Area Network in power system network using spectrum sensing (CR based communication) is provided in this paper. The spectrum sensing technique(s) at Base Station (BS) and Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for detecting the presence of incumbent in order to mitigate interferences is also studied. The availability of backup and candidate channels are updated during "Quite Period" for further use (spectrum switching and management) with geolocation capabilities. The use of IEEE 802.22 for (a) radio-scene analysis, (b) channel identification, and (c) dynamic spectrum management are examined for applications in power management.

As an indispensable infrastructure for the future life, smart grid is being implemented to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability. In smart grid, control center networks have attracted a great deal of attention, because their security and dependability issues are critical to the entire smart grid. Several studies have been conducted in the field of smart grid security, but few work focuses on the dependability analysis of control center networks. In this paper, we adopt a concise mathematic tool, stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in smart grid. We present the general model of control center networks by considering different backup strategies of critical components. With the general SPNs model, we can measure the dependability from two metrics, i.e., the reliability and availability, through analyzing the transient and steady-state probabilities simultaneously. To avoid the state-space explosion problem in computing, the state-space explosion avoidance method is proposed as well. Finally, we study a specific case to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model in the dependability analysis of control center networks in smart grid.

The Cognitive Radio (CR) is the key technology to deal with spectrum scarcity by allowing unlicensed CR users to coexist with existing users in licensed spectrum bands without interfering with binding communications. Cognitive technology provides the spectrum ability to be shared with licensed networks. This radio system can adjust its transmitter and recipient parameters on the basis of interaction with the current conditions in the environment. Due to this flexibility cognitive radios are exploring different types of threats and security attacks. In this paper, we focus primarily on the Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) which is a major attack in the cognitive radio network. PUEA is similar to a Denial-of-service attack that can seriously disrupt the spectrum sensing process and deny other legitimate secondary users to access the available spectrum. We proposed a Neyman-Pearson composite hypothesis test (NPCHT) based analytical model to study the impact of PUEA in a fading wireless communication environment. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques can substantially reduce the impact of the malicious attack on the network

The modern electric grid is developing through smart grid network and at particular demand load response a smart grid network how much affected the efficiency of the overall grid system is a key factor of system analysis. Due to the traditional loading of grid network is often excessive cost and so estimation of smart power grid network increase day by day through mathematical modeling tools which reduces operating time and cost. Furthermore the proposed smart model can also reduce computing costs together with time concern than more accurate problem representation in classical orientation. This paper establish a Stability analysis of IEEE 14 bus power model using demand respond monthly data of West Bengal Power scenario and demonstrates its feasibility. The results obtained are verified with the standard available results. We shortly summarize in our paper the approach of physical application, calculation procedure and difference types of stability possibilities that are illustrated in detail in the references. Load modelling is also applied when demand needs to be shifted at point of response in our experimental investigation that resuts the informational value and reliability of the different indices. Method of the experimentation was compared with the different index values observed by numerical simulation in time domain on realistic sample network. Aim of this work is to enhance stability methods for calculating on different cases through smart network planning, operation control and to provide a possibility of realtime monitoring system of stability for power dispatcher.

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have been considered one of the very promising technologies for the implementation of smart grid. And security of WSNs becomes a central concern. The security solutions for generic wireless sensor networks cannot be directly used in smart grid WSNs. In this paper, the applications of sensor networks in electric power systems are discussed and analyzed first. Then, the characteristics of smart grid WSNs are summarized. Threats and security requirements special for wireless sensor networks used in smart grid systems are presented. Based on these works, reference security architecture was proposed to guide the development and the design of the security solutions of wireless sensor networks in smart grid systems, considering the information security requirements of electric power systems. Moreover, open security issues needed solve to protect WSNs applied in smart grid, and research challenges are introduced.

A novel approach of interdependency modeling of Smart Grid and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks is introduced. Methodological approach for vulnerability reduction considering both structural and functional vulnerability is introduced in this paper. The analysis of cyber-attacks on Smart Grid and SCADA network is discussed. Paper discusses importance and need of clean, sustainable and green energy for the future. Paper also analyzes interdependent Smart Grid and SCADA network under severe emergency situations. The contribution of this paper provides novel network with integrated infrastructures for active and survivable network operation. Thus novel Smart Grid and SCADA interdependency network will act as future's clean, sustainable and Green energy model.

In the present paper time series data from 1976 to 2010 on the price, area, yield and production of major pulses (gram, masoor, mung and mash) is analyzed to estimate the compound growth rate, instability index and annual fluctuation of area, yield, production and prices. Own price flexibility and cross price flexibility between gram, masoor (winter pulses) and mash and mung (summer pulses) was analyzed to measure the impact of production on cross prices. Growth rate of prices for all these pulses was positive throughout the study period. Price of masoor was highly instable as compared other pulses. High fluctuation in area of mung was found throughout the study period. The analysis of own price flexibility reveals that gram and mung are less risky pulses. Keeping in view the quantity imported due to fulfill the demand supply gap, government should provide incentives to farmers for national food security.

The smart grid (SG) system is expected to involve huge amount of data with different levels of priorities to different applications or users. The traditional grid which tend to deploy propriety networks with limited coverage and bandwidth, is not sufficient to support large scale SG network. Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising communication platform for SG network by utilizing potentially all available spectrum resources, subject to interference constraint. In order to develop a reliable communication framework for CR based SG network, thorough investigations on the current radio spectrum are required. This paper presents the spectrum utilization in Malaysia, specifically in the UHF/VHF bands, cellular (GSM 900, GSM 1800 and 3G), WiMAX, ISM and LTE band. The goal is to determine the potential spectrum that can be exploit by the CR users in the SG network. Measurements was conducted for 24 hours to quantify the average spectrum usage and the amount of available bandwidth. The findings in this paper are important to provide insight of actual spectrum utilization prior to developing a reliable communication platform for CR based SG network.

Smart Grid requires lots of applications in the terminals to sense the environment or control the intelligent devices. Due to the low cost and high function, wireless sensors have been deployed in power grid wildly. Depending on wireless sensor network (WSN), the grid can build a two-way communication system, and then customers can interact extensively with the network, both in providing power consumption data and even feeding back domestically produced energy into the grid. This paper starts with an overview of various applications of wireless sensor network in smart grid and then discusses exiting issues. Wireless sensor network can sense and monitor the transmission line, substation, home etc. however, the issues of security, reliability, standardization etc should be address.