History of Communications

The electronic wireless communications age has its earliest origins with Thomas Edison and Guglielmo Marconi about 100 years ago. Early R&D on portable communications systems was carried out over forty years ago at AT&T Bell Labs, who led much of the earliest development in communications in the United States. Motorola pursued mobile wireless communications research beginning in the 1960s resulting in the first mobile cellular telephone service in the early 1980s. Decades of continuous cost/performance improvements from the semiconductor and IC packaging industry have had a dramatic impact on reducing the costs, and hence affordability, of all forms of commercial electronics and communications systems. Furthermore, the recent decade has seen an increased desire for personal and business communications mobility, security and access to information at any time, anywhere. Many of these factors have launched numerous commercial wireless communications systems, such as paging and cellular phone systems from a relatively high-end niche market into the multi-billion dollar consumer electronics businesses of today.

Smart and cell phone with self-contained sensor such as accelerometer, gyroscopic and digital magnetic compass sensor have been popular. Combining certain algorithm and those sensors, it can estimate user’s activity, situation and even user’s absolute position. However, estimation of user’s activity, situation and user’s absolute position become difficult when once sensors posture and position are changing from original position in user’s motion. Also, according to stored, worn and handheld position and posture of those cell and smart phone are often changed. Therefore, we exclude estimation of user’s position and we focus to only estimation of user’s activity and situation for risk management. Basically, we design special classifier for detecting user’s unusual behavior and apply other user’s position data from internet to the results detected by the classifier which are combined wavelet transform and SVM. We assume that user’s unusual activity and situation can be detected by smart and cell phone with high accuracy.KeywordsActivity recognitionWearable computerSVMnearly fall incidentcell phone and smart phone

A cellular mobile telephone system is usually divided into service areas that are employed for different mobility management needs. For instance, sites in the system are grouped into location areas that are used to find mobiles and terminate incoming calls. In this way, the system only needs to track the movement of users when they cross from one service area to another. Still, since the tracking is done using radio bandwidth that is needed for telephone calls, it is important to carefully design the service areas to minimize the mobility management load. The authors define the characteristics that are needed in the service areas for digital cellular systems and state the service area design problem as a graph partitioning optimization problem where the goal is to minimize the diameter of the resulting subgraphs. A heuristic technique is then proposed to design service areas in a systematic and efficient way. This technique achieves better utilization of system resources and produces service areas whose characteristics are close to optimal. >

Today, using communications devices such as simple and smart mobile phones has led man to face EMFs more. Thus is essential, measuring and comparing the emitted EMFs of simple mobile phones with that of smart phones. The EMFs of 2 simple mobile phones and 2 smart phones were measured by EMFs measurement portable equipment model HI-3603 in a ringing mode. Ultimately, the difference between electric and magnetic fields in simple and smart phones was evaluated by the ANOVA statistical test. The means of the electric fields of simple and smart mobile phones was 2.38±0.18 v/m and 1.9±0.18 v/m respectively. The means of magnetic fields of simple and smart mobile phones was 0.49±0.13 mG and 0.48±0.1 mG, respectively. The ratio of the mean of electric field in simple and smart phones to the standard limit (53.8 v/m) was 4.42% and 3.53% and also the ratio of the mean of electric field in simple and smart phones to the standard limit is 25.12% and 24.61%, respectively. Despite the fact that the mean of electric and magnetic fields of simple mobile phones is more than smart ones, the ANOVA statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference between these two means (P value > 0.05). Despite the fact that EMFs in simple and smart phones are approximately equal or less than the standard limits, the safety notes shall be considered while using each of these devices.

Cellular mobile telephone systems are rapidly going into service throughout the Continental United States. They are being installed in a large variety of vehicles both of domestic and of foreign manufacture. In this paper we discuss the physical, climatic, and electronic environments which cellular telephones may expect to encounter in nationwide service. We also discuss procedures used to evaluate the ability of a cellular phone to operate without failure in these environments and to avoid interfering with the increasingly complex vehicular electronic systems.

Cellular mobile telephone systems are rapidly going into service throughout the Continental United States. They are being installed in a large variety of vehicles both of domestic and of foreign manufacture. In this paper we discuss the physical, climatic, and electronic environments which cellular telephones may expect to encounter in nationwide service. We also discuss procedures used to evaluate the ability of a cellular phone to operate without failure in these environments and to avoid interfering with the increasingly complex vehicular electronic systems.

Embracing the Self-Service Economy

Ambulatory cell phone injuries in the United States: An emerging national concern

SUMMARYLong‐distance trips are generally under‐reported in typical household surveys, because of relative low frequency of these trips. This paper proposes to utilize location data from cellular phone systems in order to study long‐distance travel patterns. The proposed approach allows passive data collection on many travelers over a long period of time at low costs. The paper presents the results of a study that applies cellular phone technology to assess trips at the national level. The method was specifically designed to capture long distance trips, as part of the development of a national demand model conducted for the Economics and Planning Department of the Israel Ministry of Transport. The method allows the construction of origin–destination tables directly from the cellular phone positions. The paper presents selected results to illustrate the potential of the method for transportation planning and analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimal Paging in Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems

Superstorm Sandy, and similar disasters, have demonstrated the vulnerability of the nation's cellular telephone systems. Difficulties include overloads when usage suddenly increases; physical destruction of tower sites; and lack of sustained backup power. In contrast, US terrestrial broadcasters have a proven track-record to supply emergency information reliably, over large geographical areas and for as long as needed, as witnessed in the New York and New Jersey areas as well as in New Orleans (Katrina). Furthermore, digital television service to the home is now extended to mobile digital television (mobile DTV) serving portable and handheld devices including those in high speed vehicles. Mobile DTV is currently deployed in 50 major US cities by more than 140 stations with many more in the planning stages. Recently, the ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) has also standardized the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS). M-EAS can provide both the familiar text "crawl" emergency alerts, and more complex and useful rich media information such as maps and video. M-EAS can be implemented in stand-alone devices, in cellular telephones, and/or in accessory hardware for existing devices.

The FCC has opened a new area of mobile telephone service with the allocation of the 800 MHz band for cellular mobile phone service. A joint effort by General Electric and Northern Telecom has resulted in a unique cellular mobile phone system. This paper discusses the land station and mobile portion of the system developed by General Electric.

One of the goals of digital cellular radio communication systems is described as reducing frequency spectrum congestion, for which the implementation of cellular packet switched data is considered. Due to the bursty nature of many data applications, one solution for conserving RF spectrum is to multiplex packet data from multiple mobile stations into RF channels. In essence, the packet-switched RF channels become an additional traffic concentration point. The author proposes such an adaptation to digital cellular mobile telephone systems and points to necessary extensions of the existing US cellular signaling standard to make such an implementation possible. >

Software development for embedded systems such as cellular phone and digital TV systems has become larger in scale while development times have become shorter. More over, the necessary technologies are required to respond more rapidly in line with movements in the sales climate for these products. In such a business environment, skill enhancement for software engineers is highly important. In this paper, we explain a tailor-made education system based on skill standards.

Although a review of the recent literature found that the evidence for a causal association between mobile phone use while driving and crash related injuries was not clear cut, with...