How to assign service areas in a cellular mobile telephone system

Optimal Paging in Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems

The authors describe an integrated mobile communications traffic analysis of voice, data and image by a cellular mobile telephone system. They report the results of lost-call and simulation analysis under various traffic conditions. A newly developed universal protocol, an ARQ-based protocol adapted for land data transmission, is considered, along with an forward error correction (FEC)-based protocol which is the adaptive error control protocol adopted for mobile high-speed data transmission. It is found that the integrated mobile communications service can be provided by the present analog cellular system. When used with a 4800 bit/s CCITT V.27 ter modem, this newly developed protocol increases the throughput to 120%. This new protocol can handle data transmission on burst error-prone radio channels if the bit error rate (BER) is less than about 5*10/sup -2/. >

The noise exists in almost all environments such as cellular mobile telephone systems. Various types of noise can be introduced such as speech additive noise which is the main factor of degradation in perceived speech quality. At some applications for example at the receiver of a telecommunication system, the direct value of interfering noise is not available and there is just access to noisy speech. In these cases the noise cannot be cancelled totally but it may be possible to reduce the noise in a sensible way by utilizing the statistics of the noise and speech signal. In this paper the proposed method for noise reduction is Bayesian recursive state-space Kalman filter, which is a method for estimation of a speech signal from its noisy version. It utilizes the prior probability distributions of the signal and noise processes, which are assumed to be zero-mean Gaussian processes, to implement the noise reduction. The function of Kalman filter is assessed for SNR values of -5 dB and 5 dB respectively. Evaluation results indicate that this method of noise reduction yields better speech perceived quality and efficient results.

One of the goals of digital cellular radio communication systems is described as reducing frequency spectrum congestion, for which the implementation of cellular packet switched data is considered. Due to the bursty nature of many data applications, one solution for conserving RF spectrum is to multiplex packet data from multiple mobile stations into RF channels. In essence, the packet-switched RF channels become an additional traffic concentration point. The author proposes such an adaptation to digital cellular mobile telephone systems and points to necessary extensions of the existing US cellular signaling standard to make such an implementation possible. >

Cellular mobile telephone systems are rapidly going into service throughout the Continental United States. They are being installed in a large variety of vehicles both of domestic and of foreign manufacture. In this paper we discuss the physical, climatic, and electronic environments which cellular telephones may expect to encounter in nationwide service. We also discuss procedures used to evaluate the ability of a cellular phone to operate without failure in these environments and to avoid interfering with the increasingly complex vehicular electronic systems.

The FCC has opened a new area of mobile telephone service with the allocation of the 800 MHz band for cellular mobile phone service. A joint effort by General Electric and Northern Telecom has resulted in a unique cellular mobile phone system. This paper discusses the land station and mobile portion of the system developed by General Electric.

Cellular mobile telephone systems are rapidly going into service throughout the Continental United States. They are being installed in a large variety of vehicles both of domestic and of foreign manufacture. In this paper we discuss the physical, climatic, and electronic environments which cellular telephones may expect to encounter in nationwide service. We also discuss procedures used to evaluate the ability of a cellular phone to operate without failure in these environments and to avoid interfering with the increasingly complex vehicular electronic systems.

The scarce radio resources available to any cellular radio network have to be shared between its revenue-generating voice- and data-carrying services, and non-revenue-generating management services. One of these management services is location management, crucial for the network to keep track of the location of its subscribers and to connect their incoming calls. Location management consists of the two activities, paging and location updating, both of which are structured around a subdivision of the network service area called the location area (LA). The ways in which the service area is partitioned therefore has a direct impact on the amount of radio bandwidth that has to be spent on location management. However, paging and location updating share an antagonistic relationship, and finding the optimal LA partitioning that strikes a balance between the two is a challenging design problem. In this paper, the problem of finding the optimal LA partitioning of a cellular radio network service area in order to minimise the total location management signalling cost is addressed. The choice of the decision variables used in the mathematical programming model results in an objective function that is conceptually easy to understand and a solution method that is simple and straightforward.

SUMMARYLong‐distance trips are generally under‐reported in typical household surveys, because of relative low frequency of these trips. This paper proposes to utilize location data from cellular phone systems in order to study long‐distance travel patterns. The proposed approach allows passive data collection on many travelers over a long period of time at low costs. The paper presents the results of a study that applies cellular phone technology to assess trips at the national level. The method was specifically designed to capture long distance trips, as part of the development of a national demand model conducted for the Economics and Planning Department of the Israel Ministry of Transport. The method allows the construction of origin–destination tables directly from the cellular phone positions. The paper presents selected results to illustrate the potential of the method for transportation planning and analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The article following, written by one of the lead engineers in the project, describes the development of AMPS, the first cellular telephone system in the United States. As noted, the project ran for over 12 years and required the services of a vast number of engineers at AT&T's Bell Labs. The hundreds of millions of people currently using cellphones, smart phones, and all the other mobile wireless equipment available in the United States, as well as everywhere else in the world, often take these devices and the infrastructure behind them for granted. Until the cellular concept was recognized, it wasn 't clear that many mobile phones could simultaneously share the same channels in a local area. With the cellular concept agreed on, problems such as tracking of cell phones and handoff from cell to cell had to be resolved. Computerized base stations had to be designed and tested. A myriad other important development and design issues and problems had to be resolved. Dick Frenkiel very clearly describes the various engineering problems that had to be solved, step by step, sometimes quite painstakingly. He gives credit to the many teams of Bell engineers who worked on this project. He also points out policy issues involving the FCC that had to be resolved. Competition for scarce radio spectral space was fierce. Competing engineering companies and telephone operators had to be assuaged. In the meantime, I urge you to read on through this exciting description of the genesis of cellular telephony in the United States.

Superstorm Sandy, and similar disasters, have demonstrated the vulnerability of the nation's cellular telephone systems. Difficulties include overloads when usage suddenly increases; physical destruction of tower sites; and lack of sustained backup power. In contrast, US terrestrial broadcasters have a proven track-record to supply emergency information reliably, over large geographical areas and for as long as needed, as witnessed in the New York and New Jersey areas as well as in New Orleans (Katrina). Furthermore, digital television service to the home is now extended to mobile digital television (mobile DTV) serving portable and handheld devices including those in high speed vehicles. Mobile DTV is currently deployed in 50 major US cities by more than 140 stations with many more in the planning stages. Recently, the ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) has also standardized the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS). M-EAS can provide both the familiar text "crawl" emergency alerts, and more complex and useful rich media information such as maps and video. M-EAS can be implemented in stand-alone devices, in cellular telephones, and/or in accessory hardware for existing devices.

Software development for embedded systems such as cellular phone and digital TV systems has become larger in scale while development times have become shorter. More over, the necessary technologies are required to respond more rapidly in line with movements in the sales climate for these products. In such a business environment, skill enhancement for software engineers is highly important. In this paper, we explain a tailor-made education system based on skill standards.

The electronic wireless communications age has its earliest origins with Thomas Edison and Guglielmo Marconi about 100 years ago. Early R&D on portable communications systems was carried out over forty years ago at AT&T Bell Labs, who led much of the earliest development in communications in the United States. Motorola pursued mobile wireless communications research beginning in the 1960s resulting in the first mobile cellular telephone service in the early 1980s. Decades of continuous cost/performance improvements from the semiconductor and IC packaging industry have had a dramatic impact on reducing the costs, and hence affordability, of all forms of commercial electronics and communications systems. Furthermore, the recent decade has seen an increased desire for personal and business communications mobility, security and access to information at any time, anywhere. Many of these factors have launched numerous commercial wireless communications systems, such as paging and cellular phone systems from a relatively high-end niche market into the multi-billion dollar consumer electronics businesses of today.

Location management deals with how to track mobile users within the cellular network. It consists of two basic operations: location update and paging. The total location management cost is the sum of the location update cost and the paging cost. Location areas and reporting centers are two popular location management schemes. The motivation for the study is the observation that the location update cost difference between the reporting centers scheme and the location areas scheme is small whereas the paging cost in the reporting centers scheme is larger than that in the location areas scheme. The paper compares the performance of the location areas scheme and the reporting centers scheme under aggregate movement behavior mobility models by simulations. Simulation results show that the location areas scheme performs about the same as the reporting centers scheme in two extreme cases, that is, when a few cells or almost all cells are selected as the reporting cells. However, the location areas scheme outperforms the reporting centers scheme at the 100% confidence level with all call-to-mobility ratios when the reporting cells divide the whole service area into several regions.

The authors study an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for application in the USA digital cellular radio telephone system. A synchronous DFE and a fractionally spaced DFE are adaptive and use a fast recursive least squares algorithm to track rapid channel variations. Simulation results indicating the performance sensitivity to time delay spread, Doppler shift, and timing jitter are presented. A DFE using a complex fast-Kalman adaptation algorithm is presented, and its bit error rate performance evaluated. The fast Kalman equalizer is found to possess good tracking ability and can track channel variations at vehicle speeds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Sensitivity to sample timing jitter can be reduced by using a DFE with fractionally spaced feedforward taps. >