Image watermarking scheme using nonnegative matrix factorization and wavelet transform

We present a new scheme for digital watermarking and secure copyright protection of digital images using non-negative matrix factorization and singular value de-composition approaches. The proposed method improves the performance of the data embedding system effectively, and it is resistant to a variety of intentional attacks and normal visual processes. The experimental results clearly illustrate the much improved performance of the proposed watermarking methodology in comparison with existing techniques.

An enhanced hybrid image watermarking scheme for security of medical and non-medical images based on DWT and 2-D SVD

In this paper, a new robust and secure video watermarking scheme based on discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and Laplacian pyramid is proposed for copyright protection applications. The main contributions of this work are: 1) Increasing watermark robustness towards common signal processing attacks by separating the watermark image into a high-frequency image and a low-frequency image using laplacian pyramid. Then, the singular values of each of the low-frequency watermark image and the high-frequency watermark image are hidden in two different DWT subbands of the original video frame. Separating the watermark and hiding its two parts in two different subbands of the DWT of the video frame makes it robust towards noise, filtering, and compression attacks. 2) Improving the quality of the extracted watermarks via correcting the received watermarked videos using SURF points when those videos are geometrically attacked, mainly by rotation, scaling, and shear attacks. 3) Increasing security and avoiding false positive problems (FPP) associated with SVD by using perceptual image hashing in the proposed scheme. Through experimental results and comparisons to other techniques, the proposed scheme has shown very high imperceptibility for the tested watermarked videos in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). Also, the proposed scheme has demonstrated high watermark robustness towards various types of attacks, and an improvement in the quality of the extracted watermarks from 4 to 20 dB compared to other techniques.

Digital video is one of the popular multimedia data exchanged in the internet. Due to their perfectly replicable nature many illegal copies of the original video can be made. Methods are needed to protect copyrights of the owner and prevent illegal copying. A video can also undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise the owner information thereby denying authentication. In this paper, a robust Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based blind digital video watermarking scheme with scrambled watermarks based on scene changes has been proposed for authentication of digital video, which embeds different parts of a single watermark into different scenes of a video. The video watermarking algorithm is robust against the attacks of frame dropping, averaging and compression, which are considered as some of the common types of attacks applied particularly on the video and due to the use of DWT it can also withstand geometrical attacks making the watermark perceptually invisible. Furthermore, it allows blind retrieval of embedded watermark which does not need the original video. The proposed algorithm has been compared with an existing DWT based watermarking scheme and is found to exhibit better robustness.

Robust watermarking based on DWT and nonnegative matrix factorization

In modern times, the rapid growth of the Internet has made copyright protection of digital contents a critical issue. A Digital Rights Management (DRM) system is aimed at protecting the high-value digital assets and controlling the distribution and utilization of those digital assets. Watermarking technologies are being regarded as a vital mean to proffer copyright protection of digital images. Digital watermarking hides, in digital images, the information necessary for ownership identity to offer copyright protection. This paper proposes an innovative invisible and blind watermarking scheme for copyright protection of digital images with the purpose of defending against digital piracy. In the proposed watermarking scheme, a binary watermark image is invisibly embedded into the host image for achieving copyright protection. In watermark embedding, every pixel of the watermark image is embedded into the individual blocks of the host image sized 2×2. In the proposed watermarking scheme, the process of watermark extraction necessitates only the watermarked image and it doesn't require the original image or any of its characteristics, and hence, the proposed watermarking scheme is blind. The efficiency of the proposed watermarking scheme has been demonstrated via the experimental results.

Geometric attacks are the Achilles heel for many image watermarking schemes. Geometric attacks can be decomposed into two classes: global affine transforms and local geometrical distortions. Most countermeasures proposed in the literature only address the problem of global affine transforms (e.g. rotation, scaling and translation). In this paper, we propose a blind image watermarking algorithm robust to local geometrical distortions such as row or column removal, cropping, local random bend, etc. The robust feature points are adaptively extracted from digital images and local image regions (circular regions) that are invariant to geometric attacks are obtained according to the multi-scale space representation and image normalization. At each local image region, the watermark is embedded by quantizing the magnitudes of the pseudo-Zernike moments. By binding digital watermark with local image regions, resilience against local geometrical distortions can be readily obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations, such as sharpening, noise adding, JPEG compression, etc, but also robust against geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, scaling, row or column removal, copping, local random bend, etc.

In this paper, a robust hybrid watermarking method based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and scale-invariant feature transformation (SIFT) is proposed. Indeed, it is of prime interest to develop robust feature-based image watermarking schemes to withstand both image processing attacks and geometric distortions while preserving good imperceptibility. To this end, a robust watermark is embedded in the DWT-DCT domain to withstand image processing manipulations, while SIFT is used to protect the watermark from geometric attacks. First, the watermark is embedded in the middle band of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of the HL1 band of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Then, the SIFT feature points are registered to be used in the extraction process to correct the geometric transformations. Extensive experiments have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate its high robustness against standard image processing attacks and geometric manipulations while preserving a high imperceptibility. Furthermore, it compares favorably with alternative methods.

Image hashing is an effective technique for copy detection. This article proposes a robust color image hashing scheme with nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and saliency maps. The proposed hashing scheme constructs a weighted feature map via the saliency map and the matrix of color vector angles. It extracts hash from the weighted feature map by using 2-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT), NMF, and ordinal measurements. The use of 2-D DWT achieves an initial data reduction, the NMF provides a parts-based representation, and the ordinal measurements can make a short and robust sequence. These techniques jointly contribute to a robust, short, and discriminative hash. Experiments of classification and copy detection are both done. Comparative results indicate that the proposed hashing scheme outperforms the compared hashing schemes.

Histogram shifting-based blind watermarking scheme for copyright protection in 5G

DWT-SVD digital watermarking scheme which is based on the combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition is a recent digital watermarking technique and has become popular due to its robustness against various attacks. In this paper, we present an image watermarking scheme which combines previous DWT-SVD based methods which guarantees robustness without increasing algorithm complexity. In order to tackle the common drawback of existing DWT-SVD watermarking scheme, we also introduce a "reverse embedding' technique and use scaled singular values. Because our proposed method combines the strength of previous methods, it is able to provide a comprehensive and much improved robustness against various kinds of attack and this is shown in the simulations. The reverse embedding technique also avoids negative film effect which is common in existing DWT-SVD image watermarking scheme.

We present invariant image watermarking based on a recently introduced set of polar harmonic transforms and angular radial transforms and their comparative analysis with state-of-art approaches based on Zernike moments and pseudo-Zernike moments (ZMs/PZMs). Similar to ZMs/PZMs, these transforms provide rotation invariance and resilience to noise while mitigating inherent limitations like numerical instability and computational cost at high order of moments. These characteristics motivate us to design invariant transform-based invariant image watermarking schemes that can withstand various intentional or unintentional attacks, handle large bitcarriers, and work in a limited computing environment. A comparative performance evaluation of watermarking systems regarding critical parameters like visual imperceptibility, embedding capacity, and watermark robustness against geometric transformations, common signal processing distortions, and Stirmark attacks is performed along with the empirical analysis of various inherent properties of transforms and moments such as magnitude invariance, reconstruction capabilities, and computational complexity to investigate relationships between the performance of watermarking schemes and inherent properties of transforms.

The main objective of developing the image watermarking technique is satisfying the robustness and the imperceptibility of multimedia protection. To achieve this objective, a novel hybrid image watermarking scheme based on Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT) and discrete hartley transform (DHT) and is proposed. In the proposed scheme (KL---DHT based watermarking scheme), the original image is divided into blocks using spiral scan, then the DHT is calculated for each block, after that, the KLT is applied for each DHT block. The watermark embedding process is carried out during the KLT transformation process. In the watermark extracting process, the watermarked image is distorted using several image attacks such as JPEG image compression, image rotation, image resizing, adding noise (Gaussian, impulsive or speckle) or image contrast adjustment using adaptive histogram equalization. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is carried out using block by block image scan and the achieved results are compared with those obtained from other watermarking schemes such as discrete cosine transform/singular value decomposition (DCT---SVD) based watermarking scheme, discrete wavelet transform/SVD (DWT---SVD) based watermarking scheme and SVD watermarking in the homomorphic domain watermarking scheme. The achieved results proved that, the superiority of the KL---DHT based watermarking scheme with spiral scan compared to other watermarking schemes in the presence of different image attacks.

These days, researchers have used many techniques in e-multimedia data for intellectual property protection. One of these important techniques is watermarking which is superior to Digital Signature because it does not rise overhead and it can prevent unauthorized users from misusing digital information. However, the number of attacks with aim of distorting watermark signal or disturbing watermarks detecting are exploding. Consequently, the watermark techniques have became more complicated, but still they are not fully robust against some geometric distortions. To overcome this issue and to be enough robust against the malicious attacks, and provide a high level of imperceptibility,the watermark schemes have discovered and developed the advantages by means of Singular-value decomposition. Therefore, in recent decades there has been a significant increasing in using of SVD domain in many new image watermarking schemes, which show high robustness and imperceptibility. This discussion of SVD in image watermarking schemes included: a concise overview on watermarking systems, a brief review on SVD properties in image processing and its weaknesses, the concept of SVD components, the main classification of different SVD based image-watermarking schemes; a brief summary of various secure SVD-based watermarking techniques and all major SVD coefficients modifying strategies are presented. In addition, potential issues and some existing solutions and guidelines are provided. Furthermore, the performance comparisons of the discussed techniques are presented in tabular format. This article contribution provides essential and potential information for the researchers to design, develop and implement efficient robust and hybrid SVD-based image watermarking systems.

Geometrically resilient digital watermarking scheme based on radial harmonic Fourier moments magnitude