IMPACT OF VISUAL EFFECTS AND CGI ON HUMAN MEMORY: A COMPUTER SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE FROM TAMIL CINEMA

Digitalization and the use of digital effects have an important place in the world and also in our country in many different disciplines. The transition from analog system to digital has affected all mass media. The use of digital technology in cinema also occupies an important place. American cinema was a pioneer when many movies switched from analogue to digital and started to use digital visual effects. The use of visual effects in Turkish Cinema, especially in action and drama genres, is remarkable. Although the words special effects, visual effects and CGI are used interchangeably, they have different characteristics. In these study, whether the use of digital visual effects supports storytelling or not was investigated by discourse analysis method. The most watched movies in Turkish Cinema between 2004-2017 were analyzed. With this method, it was also tried to determine how often popular movies use effects and which types of effects they use more. While effects supported the story in some movies, they caused negative impact on others. One of the important reasons for this reaction is that the effect is not included in the movie in a natural way. Possible economic difficulties in accessing technology can also lead to falling behind.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin modal model forms the foundation of our understanding of human memory. It consists of three stores (Sensory Memory (SM), also called iconic memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM)), each tuned to a different time-scale. Since its inception, the STM and LTM components of the modal model have undergone significant modifications, while SM has remained largely unchanged, representing a large capacity system funneling information into STM. In the laboratory, visual memory is usually tested by presenting a brief static stimulus and, after a delay, asking observers to report some aspect of the stimulus. However, under ecological viewing conditions, our visual system receives a continuous stream of inputs, which is segmented into distinct spatio-temporal segments, called events. Events are further segmented into event-segments. Here we show that SM is not an unspecific general funnel to STM but is allocated exclusively to the current event-segment. We used a Multiple-Object Tracking (MOT) paradigm in which observers were presented with disks moving in different directions, along bi-linear trajectories, i.e., linear trajectories, with a single deviation in direction at the mid-point of each trajectory. The synchronized deviation of all of the trajectories produced an event stimulus consisting of two event-segments. Observers reported the pre-deviation or the post-deviation directions of the trajectories. By analyzing observers' responses in partial- and full-report conditions, we investigated the involvement of SM for the two event-segments. The hallmarks of SM hold only for the current event segment. As the large capacity SM stores only items involved in the current event-segment, the need for event-tagging in SM is eliminated, speeding up processing in active vision. By characterizing how memory systems are interfaced with ecological events, this new model extends the Atkinson-Shiffrin model by specifying how events are stored in the first stage of multi-store memory systems.

Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) proposed that, in situations of expertise, individuals can overcome working memory limitations by using long-term working memory. It allows a greater capacity than working memory thanks to long-term memory encoding and retrieving. To test this characteristic, an adaptation of Daneman and Carpenter's (1980) reading span was used. To operationalise expertise, the personalisation method (Guida & Tardieu, 2005) was employed. In Experiment 1, a personalised group, which read reading span sentences that mentioned familiar locations, was compared to a nonpersonalised group, which read sentences with unfamiliar locations. In Experiment 2, a personalised group, which read reading span sentences with neutral locations, was encouraged to mentally personalise these locations by thinking about known locations. This group was compared to a nonpersonalised group, which was encouraged to think about unknown locations. The personalised groups were expected to store and retrieve information in long-term memory via long-term working memory more easily than the nonpersonalised groups, which had to count massively on working memory. The results showed that personalisation enhanced reading span and confirmed one implication of the long-term working memory theory: high- and low-reading-span differences could also be due to long-term memory retrieval. Finally, these results are interpreted in terms of interaction between working memory size and long-term memory knowledge, showing that participants with a lower reading span benefited more from high domain knowledge than participants with a higher reading span.

Memory flow-controlled knowledge tracing with three stages.

The purpose of this study was to investigate participants’ long- and short-term memory performance under different light environments and time situations. Forty-two participants were recruited. The participants’ short- and long-term memory capacities were evaluated under the three lighting conditions (300 lx, 600 lx and 800 lx) and at two times (morning and afternoon). The results showed that different illuminance levels significantly affected participants’ short- and long-term memory capacities. In the 2-back test, participants performed better in the 800 lx environment. For the concept map test, results reported that better memory capacity was found in the 600 lx environment. Regarding the time factor, the time effect significantly affected long-term memory. Participants performed significantly better in the morning than in the afternoon across all tasks. The final results were obtained using the response surface method. The 800 lx illumination combination in the morning was optimal for both short-term and long-term memory performance. In conclusion, the main finding is that participants’ long-term and short-term memory capacity varied depending on the lighting conditions, with illuminance significantly affecting both short-term and long-term memory. The results might have implications for future lighting research as well as lighting design for memory capacity work needs.

Human brain simultaneously gains sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, which allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and enables highly efficient information storage, exchange, and processing. Such intelligent memory behavior guarantees human beings to not only solve the most complicated tasks but also rapidly respond to external environments. Developing brain-like memory with versatile data-storage modes plays an increasingly important role in modern information technologies. However, traditional memory devices generally only show one single mode of memory and suffer from poor tunability. To this end, here we develop a brain-like transistor memory with triple operation modes (i.e., sensory, short-term, and long-term memory) by doping the dielectric layer with multistimuli responsive donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts. When been written with humidity, the transistor behaves like a “sensory memory” as the data fade immediately upon humidity removal. When been written with light, the transistor exhibits a volatile memory and could be erased by heating, analogous to the “short-term memory.” Further, when the transistor is programmed by heat or electrical field, a long-term memory is created. This work opens a new door to design intelligent memories for advanced applications.

Age-related deficits in associative episodic memory have been widely reported, but recent research suggests that some of these deficits occur for highly specific but not gist representations. It remains undetermined whether older adults' deficits in specific associative episodic memory, observed in long-term memory, are also present in short-term memory. We used a continuous associative recognition task to address this question. Fifty young and 50 older adults studied face-scene pairs, with memory tests occurring in both short-term and long-term memory. Memory tests featured intact (old) pairs, related (similar) pairs, and unrelated (dissimilar) pairs. On short-term memory tests, older adults were less accurate in classifying related pairs, which was manifest by age-related reductions in the probability of retrieving specific memory to engage in recollection rejection. However, older adults were capable of remembering specific details in short-term memory for intact probes but were less likely to remember specific details in long-term memory. Finally, older adults were always as capable as younger adults of remembering gist details. Results suggest that older adults do at least partially encode specific representations in short-term memory, and their access to these specific representations is cue dependent-they can do so when there is a large correspondence between encoding and retrieval conditions but are less likely to engage in deeper elaboration at retrieval. This limits their ability to remember specific details of associations to suppress false recognitions in short-term memory and to engage in veridical recognition in long-term memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Preface: An Introduction to the Nature of Human Memory 1. Memory: Historical and Current Perspectives The Classic Model of Memory: Aristotle Empiricism Rationalism Constructivism Computer Models The Study of Memory Methodology and Research Traditions Summary 2. Mainstream Foundations: The Associative Model of Memory Ebbinghaus: Origins of the Associative Model The Verbal Learning Tradition List Learning and Serial Recall Curves Interference Theory Consolidation Theory The Classic Associative Tradition Interference Theory 1940s-1980s Summary Discussion 3. Sensory Memory The Information Processing Tradition Sensory Memory: General Properties Masking Output Interference Echoic Memory Summary Discussion 4. Verbal Short-Term Memory General Properties of Verbal Short-Term Memory Codes in Verbal STM Word Length The Events that Occur When Information Enters Verbal STM Forgetting in Verbal STM Factors that Eliminate or Diminish Short-Term Forgetting Cues and Verbal STM Research Into Manipulations that Influence STM Recall Models of Verbal Short-Term Memory Summary Discussion 5. Working Memory Attention and Working Memory Emergence of the Concept of Working Memory from Short-Term Memory Models of Working Memory: Structural Assumptions Capacity Theories of Working Memory Working Memory as Strongly Activated Content Working Memory in ACT Loss of Information from WM: Ongoing Research A Cueing Model of WM WM as Attentional Capacity The Genevan View Inhibition of Unwanted Material Domain-Specific Versus General Capacity Assumptions WM and Phenomenological Experience Summary Discussion 6. Long-Term Memory: Foundations Memory Stores Spread of Encoding Versus Meaningfulness Entry of Information into LTM Retrieval of Information from LTM: Cues Separate Memory Stores for Different Kinds of Information Encoding Specificity Single-Stage and Two-Stage Models of Retrieval Recognition Memory Signal Detection Theory Summary Discussion 7. Long-Term Memory: Ongoing Research Spreading Activation Models Propositional Coding: The Representation of Semantic Content Secondary Cues, Recursive Processing, and Ecphory Cyclical Retrieval/Global Memory Models Priming and Spreading Activation Models False Memory for Word Items Context and Memory Output Interference in LTM Summary Discussion 8. Constructivism Constructivism: Basic Tenets Bartlett Piaget: The Genevan View Constructivism in Mainstream Psychology Summary 9. Memory Change: Alterations in the Components of a Memory Postevent Information and Memory Change Nonconstructivist Models of Memory Change Constructivist Models of Memory Change Research Data Relating to Constructivist and Nonconstructivist Models Is Incorrect Information Incorporated into the Experienced Memory Source Monitering Inference and Suggestion in Eyewitness Recollection Memory for Faces Eyewitness and Investigative Procedures Emotion and Eyewitness Testimony Summary Discussion 10. Long-Term Memory: Higher Order Structures Inferences Spatial Contexts Context Effects: A Thoery of Spatial Relations, Motions, and Constraint Mental Models Story Schemas Schank's Model of Knowledge Structures and Goal-Based Theory Kintsch's Model of Prose Comprehension Inferences, the Situation Model, and Knowledge Structures: Ongoing Research What Inferences are Generated in Natural Text Comprehension? Summary Discussion 11. Autobiographical Memory First Recollections Causes of Childhood Amnesia Fragment Memories The Nature of Autobiographical Memory Hierarchical Structure in Autobiographical Memory Access and Retrieval in Autobiographical Memory Accuracy and Distortion in Adult Recall Goals, Perspective, and Meaning Positive and Negative Affect in Episodic Memory The Nature of Flashbulb Memory Summary Discussion 12. Memory for Images The Strength of Visual Memory Weakness of Visual Memory The Debate Over Coding Propositional Versus Analog Codes: The Experimental Research Neuroimaging Studies Perception and Memory Images: Deployment of the Same Neural Structures Kosslyn's Theory of Image Generation Eidetic Imagery Hypermnesia 13. Implicit Memory Perceptual and Semantic Priming Implicit Memory: Major Issues Structural/Activation Theory Processing/Episodic Models of Priming Unconscious Perception and Priming Interference in Implicit Memory Implicit Memory as a Separate Memory System Priming as Transfer of Processing Associative Learning Monitoring of Frequency and Temporal Information Complex Associative Learning Implicit Processing and Emotion Summary Discussion 14. Traumatic Memory and False Memory Memory and PTSD Controlled Observational Research Repression, Dissociation, and Consolidation Failure An Epidemic of Recovered Memories Satanic Rituals Individuals Accused of Child Abuse Recovered Memories: Empirical Findings Trauma Associated with Incarceration: Memories of Concentration Camp Survivors Memories of Crimes and Disasters False Memories in Natural Contexts False Memories in Young Children Hypnosis and Memory Summary Discussion 15. Disorders of Memory The Amnesic Syndrome The Amnesic Syndrome: Theoretical Models Deficit in Short-Term Recall Frontal Lobe Damage Loss of Memory for Selective Information Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgras Syndrome Remediation Memory and Aging Dementia Summary Discussion 16. Neuroscience and Memory The Neuron The Human Brain Neuroimaging Techniques Memory Content and Distributed Processing Strcutures that Mediate Memory Memory Functions and Brain Structures: Neuroimaging Data Storage of Declarative Memory Content: Perceptual Structures Function and Location Emotion and Memory Intermediate Memory 17. Afterword Why Do We Forget? The Status of Information Coded on LTM Meaning Codes and Higher Order Structures Memory Change Memories Discussion

The influence of circadian rhythms on memory has long been studied; however, the molecular prerequisites for their interaction remain elusive. The hippocampus, which is a region of the brain important for long-term memory formation and temporary maintenance, shows circadian rhythmicity in pathways central to the memory-consolidation process. As neuronal plasticity is the translation of numerous inputs, illuminating the direct molecular links between circadian rhythms and memory consolidation remains a daunting task. However, the elucidation of how clock genes contribute to synaptic plasticity could provide such a link. Furthermore, the idea that memory training could actually function as a zeitgeber for hippocampal neurons is worth consideration, based on our knowledge of the entrainment of the circadian clock system. The integration of many inputs in the hippocampus affects memory consolidation at both the cellular and the systems level, leaving the molecular connections between circadian rhythmicity and memory relatively obscure but ripe for investigation.

In order to better meet user needs, user-oriented interactive design introduces computer graphics technology to generate, process, and transmit graphical information more effectively, thereby enhancing the practicality, simplicity, convenience, and enjoyment of interactive media. This paper aims to discuss the application of computer graphics in interactive media design. In order to analyze and compare the use of different computer graphics (CG) technologies in different scenarios, this paper classifies the interactive media into three categories according to the different focuses of the purposes, namely distributed interaction media, commercial interaction media and informational interaction media, and discusses the application of computer graphics in interactive media design with specific examples. This paper analyzes and compares the use of different CG technologies in interactive media according to their different purposes, namely distributed interaction media, commercial interaction media and informational interaction media. The paper concludes with a summary of the current applications of computer graphics in interactive media design, and an outlook on the future use of CG technology in interactive media design.

The hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC) family is involved in the early events of consolidation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory (LTM). Results so far are indecisive about which PKC isoform is involved and as to whether any of them plays a role in short-term memory (STM) processes, which have recently been shown to be separate from those of LTM in the hippocampus-dependent one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task. To measure the effect of two PKC inhibitors, one (Gö 6976) selective to the calcium-dependent isoforms alpha and beta I, and the other (Gö 7874) unspecific as to PKC isoforms on the formation and retrieval of STM and LTM of one-trial inhibitory avoidance. Rats bilaterally implanted with cannulae in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance. The effect of these two drugs on STM and LTM formation was investigated as follows. Animals were infused 10 min before or 50, 110, or 170 min after inhibitory avoidance training with a vehicle (2% dimethylsulfoxide in saline), or with Gö 6976 (0.92 nM or 4.6 nM) or Gö 7874 (1.96 nM or 8 nM) dissolved in the vehicle. Infusion volume was 0.5 microliter in all cases. Animals were tested 1.5 h and 3 h after training for STM and at 24 h for LTM. In order to study the effects of these compounds on retrieval, they were infused into the hippocampus 10 min prior to STM testing at 3 h (see above) or 10 min before LTM testing at 24 h. In addition, the effect of Gö 6976 and Gö 7874 was studied on general activity measured in an open field, and on performance in an elevated plus maze. STM was suppressed by 4.6 nM Gö 6976 given 10 min before or 50 min after training. LTM was cancelled by the higher dose of the two compounds given 10 min before, or 50 min or 110 min after training. None of the two compounds infused 170 min post-training affected the retrieval of STM measured 10 min later. However, both compounds given 10 min before testing inhibited the retrieval of LTM measured at 24 h. This effect cannot be attributed to influences on locomotor activity or anxiety levels, since the drugs had no effect on performance in the open field but were mildly "anxiogenic" (pro-conflict) and reduced the number of entries into open and closed arms and rearings. LTM consolidation requires in part alpha- and/or beta 1-PKC and in part other PKC isoforms. STM formation requires instead only alpha and/or beta I-PKC and during a more limited period of time. In addition, PKC appears not to be necessary for the retrieval of STM, but is crucial for the retrieval of LTM. These findings further point to a biochemical separation of STM and LTM, as ascertained in numerous previous studies.

We compared Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Aged normal, and Young normal controls on a letter-matching task designed to measure the time needed to access overlearned linguistic information in long-term memory. Name identity (NI) and physical identity (PI) reaction time and the NI-PI difference were compared for ADs, MDDs, and Aged normals and separately for Aged and Young normal groups. AD subjects had slower NI and PI reaction times and a bigger NI-PI difference than Aged normal and MDD subjects, suggesting that speed of access to overlearned letter-name information in long-term memory is slowed for ADs. There were no reliable differences between Aged normal and MDD subjects. Aged normals had slower NI and PI reaction times and a bigger NI-PI difference than Young normals, suggesting that the highly practiced operations needed to access letter-name information slow with age. A discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of the "easy to perform" letter-matching task for diagnostic purposes. Ninety percent of normal and MDD subjects but only 68% of AD subjects were classified correctly.

Using mock surveillance to quantify pest detectability prior to establishment of exotic leafminers

In this article, we test the findings by Leveridge and colleagues (2024) regarding the reception of aesthetically integrated subtitles (AIS), and most critically, we explore the role of gender in these outcomes. We explore psychophysiological (skin conductance and heart rate) and self-report responses (questionnaires) among three different subtitle deliveries (no subtitles, standard subtitles, and aesthetically integrated), and between male and female participants in a series of clips from the Russian thriller-horror film Night Watch (Bekmambetov, 2004). This research involves an entire array of film clips, including AIS from Night Watch. We use null-hypothesis-significance-testing (NHST) and Bayesian analyses to explore the claim that AIS enhance psychophysiological arousal and viewing experience quality compared to standard subtitles (STS) and investigate the gender characteristics and differences in the reported outcomes. We provide a replication of previous findings. Critically, we show that female participants exhibited higher arousal for AIS, also separately for all subtitle types, which was not reflected in significant between-gender differences for self-reports for intensity and arousal. In another novel section of this research, we show that AIS increased interest in film genres for both genders, suggesting their significant potential for future audiovisual translation practices. Lay summary In this article, we look at how different types of film subtitles affect viewers, focusing on whether gender plays a role in these effects. We tested three types of subtitles: no subtitles, regular subtitles displayed in white letters at the bottom of the screen, and a special type called aesthetically integrated subtitles (AIS), which are designed to blend more seamlessly with the movie through the use of visual effects, colour, or font. Using clips from the Russian thriller-horror film Night Watch (Bekmambetov, 2006), we measured people's physical responses, like heart rate and skin conductance, as well as their feelings about the experience through the use of questionnaires.Our findings build on previous research and show that AIS can enhance the viewing experience. Interestingly, we found that women showed higher physical arousal (like increased heart rate) when watching movies with subtitles, especially AIS, but this did not translate into significant differences in how intense or engaging they said the clips felt compared to men. We also discovered that AIS made both men and women more interested in different film genres, suggesting that these subtitles could be useful in future audiovisual translations and productions.

1. It has been discussed for over 100 years whether short-term memory (STM) is separate from, or just an early phase of, long-term memory (LTM). The only way to solve this dilemma is to find out at least one treatment that blocks STM while keeping LTM intact for the same task in the same animal. 2. The effect of a large number of treatments infused into the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal, posterior parietal or prefrontal cortex on STM and LTM of a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was studied. The animals were tested at 1.5 h for STM, and again at 24 h for LTM. The treatments were given after training. 3. Eleven different treatments blocked STM without affecting LTM. Eighteen treatments affected the two memory types differentially, either blocking or enhancing LTM alone. Thus, STM is separate from, and parallel to the first hours of processing of, LTM of that task. 4. The mechanisms of STM are different from those of LTM. The former do not include gene expression or protein synthesis; the latter include a double peak of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, accompanied by the phosphorylation of CREB, and both gene expression and protein synthesis. 5. Possible cellular and molecular events that do not require mRNA or protein synthesis should account for STM. These might include a hyperactivation of glutamate AMPA receptors, ribosome changes, or the exocytosis of glycoproteins that participate in cell addition.