Implementing Stablecoin Transactions in SAP ERP for Streamlined Cross-Border Payments

ERP adoption and the value creation: Examining the contributions of antecedents

Ethereum is a promising but revolutionary blockchain approach to support rich computational services enabled by Turing-complete instructions, also known as smart contract. Using smart contract as back-end, any party can publish its Decentralized Applications (DApps) available to all Internet users. In other words, blockchain and smart contract enable evolving existing Internet services and applications to decentralised versions. With the developments of versatile Internet applications, the QoS requirements can be very different. For example, new-age applications such as AR/VR can be quite sensitive to even millisecond delays. End-to-end transaction latency in blockchain is a critical factor that affects the performance of DApps. It is the time duration from sending out a transaction (from the client) to having the transaction recorded on the chain. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the end-to-end latency in Ethereum and discuss the factors that may affect latency on the Ethereum main-net. It has a particular focus on the gas price because it is a key parameter controlled by users. The experiment results demonstrate some counter intuitive finding, e.g. increasing gas price does not reduce the Ethereum end-to-end latency significantly for a certain range of gas prices.

The extraction, transformation, and loading of event logs from information systems is the first and the most expensive step in process mining. In particular, extracting event logs from popular ERP systems such as SAP poses major challenges, given the size and the structure of the data. Open-source support for ETL is scarce, while commercial process mining vendors maintain connectors to ERP systems supporting ETL of a limited number of business processes in an ad-hoc manner. In this paper, we propose an approach to facilitate event data extraction from SAP ERP systems. In the proposed approach, we store event data in the format of object-centric event logs that efficiently describe executions of business processes supported by ERP systems. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we have developed a tool implementing it and conducted case studies with a real-life SAP ERP system.

Procurement processes within Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are essential for managing supplier relationships, purchase orders, and payment settlements. Conventional ERP-based procurement often faces challenges related to inefficiency, manual reconciliation, lack of transparency, and susceptibility to fraud or contractual disputes. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts offer a transformative approach by providing self-executing agreements that operate on decentralized, tamper-resistant ledgers. These contracts ensure automation, trust, and compliance, thereby addressing long-standing limitations in procurement workflows. This paper investigates the integration of blockchain technology with ERP-based procurement systems, focusing on how smart contracts can automate vendor onboarding, streamline purchase order execution, enforce payment terms, and ensure regulatory compliance. The discussion emphasizes architectural principles for blockchain-ERP integration, including transparency, immutability, interoperability, and governance. Various blockchain platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, and Corda are assessed for their suitability in enterprise procurement environments, considering factors such as permissioned access, scalability, and regulatory alignment. Through reference models and case studies, the paper demonstrates how blockchain enabled procurement enhances efficiency, reduces disputes, and strengthens supply chain accountability. Key challenges including interoperability with legacy ERP, smart contract vulnerabilities, and compliance with global regulations are also explored. The study provides a conceptual and practical framework for designing blockchain-enabled procurement architectures, highlighting their potential to reshape ERP ecosystems and support sustainable digital transformation.

This article has the following specific objectives: to identify the reasons for implementing SAP ERP; to identify the main benefits and problems resulting from its adoption; to understand in what way accounting is integrated in SAP ERP; to analyse how SAP ERP influences the accountants' role. The chosen method of investigation was the descriptive case study, with recourse to various sources of data collection. These were: semi-structured interviews as the main method of data collection; direct observation; and document collection. This article's main contributions are the following: the resistance to change phenomenon, suggested by theory as a major problem in ERPs implementation, was not found; SAP ERP does not allow all of the accounting objectives to be achieved, making the use additional software a necessity due to its lack of flexibility and the need for specialized technicians when any changes have to be made.

The article discusses the use of an intelligent Power Query system for processing data from SAP ERP. When used with SAP ERP data, Power Query can greatly simplify the data analysis process, as well as improve the accuracy and reliability of results. The article provides an overview of the main features of Power Query and how they can be used for data processing in conjunction with the SAP ERP system. It highlights the benefits of using Power Query, including speeding up data processing time, improving data accuracy, and the ability to easily exchange and reuse data processing procedures. Using Power Query to process and analyze bank statements via SAP ERP provides many advantages. Power Query's powerful data processing and transformation capabilities enable organizations to analyze their financial data quickly and accurately, making it easier to identify trends, improve decision-making and stimulate business growth. In addition, the integration of Power Query with SAP ERP provides organizations with a centralized representation of financial data in real time, which allows them to make informed decisions and optimize their activities. Using Power Query to analyze bank statements can also help organizations reduce manual data processing and minimize the risk of errors, increasing the accuracy and reliability of financial information. In general, Power Query offers a powerful solution for organizations seeking to optimize financial analysis processes and ensure business success.

Underage access to nicotine products and the circulation of counterfeit tobacco remain significant public health and regulatory challenges, largely driven by limited supply-chain visibility, centralized record manipulation, and weak enforcement of age-restriction policies. Many existing digital monitoring systems lack immutability and fail to integrate regulatory controls directly into transaction execution. This study proposes a blockchain-based traceability and age-verification framework for nicotine products that ensures end-to-end transparency while enforcing compliance through smart contracts. The system employs a permissioned blockchain to generate immutable records of product movement from manufacturing to retail and embeds age-verification logic linked to national identity credentials within transaction authorization. A mobile application interfaces with the blockchain to enable real-time product authentication and compliance verification at the point of sale. The framework was evaluated using simulated retail and regulatory inspection scenarios, focusing on traceability completeness, enforcement accuracy, transaction latency, and throughput. Experimental results demonstrate effective prevention of underage purchase attempts, tamper-resistant provenance tracking, and consistently low transaction latency suitable for real-time retail operations. Overall, the findings indicate that smart-contract-enforced blockchain traceability provides a practical and reliable approach for strengthening regulatory compliance, combating counterfeit nicotine products, and protecting public health..

Blockchain is a peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology, nowadays widely used and a hot topic in the industries. A Smart Contract is a virtual contract based on Blockchain technology which executes and operates between two parties (especially a buyer and a dealer) when a certain condition of the contract is met. The objective of this research is to present a decentralized transaction system based on Blockchain technology implemented using Smart Contract. Blockchain based cryptocurrencies are an evidence for a secure implementation of any currency-based centralized systems put forth in use in a decentralized way. Current transaction systems and payment gateways are centralized systems that need monitoring and verification from a central agency like a bank or a third party organization which are not completely automated as some of the processes are human controlled. Also deposition and withdrawal of money sometimes take a long procedural time. Still these systems are neither completely error free nor secure and time to time certain issues may arise. Even nowadays some payment methods charges transaction fee which is like paying for the money you are paying for. In this research paper we are proposing an automated Ethereum blockchain technology based transactionsystem which will eliminate the bank and third party verification.Each block of the Ethereum blockchain in the system will store the transaction details also linked with all the previous transaction details in the form of a chain. A Smart Contract is used to define the terms and conditions of the transaction which include account creation, ether deposition and withdrawal. This system enables users to carry out transaction without any fraud and losses from anywhere around the globe within split seconds. Keywords: Transaction system ,Blockchain, Smart Contract, decentralized,crypto-currency

Main memory virtualization is used to expand the effective main memory capacity meaning that more virtual main memory is represented to guest operating systems than physical memory is actually available. This is done by compressing and uncompressing memory pages. Obviously the price for main memory virtualization is a higher CPU utilization, especially when dealing with high workloads. SAP ERP systems represent the backbone of today's enterprises and have a very high resource demand. The combination of main memory virtualization and SAP ERP system is of great importance but has not yet been thoroughly researched. This paper is the first approach to a quantitative research for evaluating the performance impact of memory virtualization on SAP ERP systems. We utilize a synthetic main memory benchmark, called Zachmanntest, to evaluate the performance impact of main memory virtualization on a SAP ERP system. As an exemplary main memory virtualization implementation IBM's Active Memory Expansion is used, where a so called expansion factor can be used to specify the size of the virtual main memory. Performance results show that the greater the expansion factor, the greater the performance impact. Regarding the peak performance, throughput of SAP ERP systems may be decreased till -17%, whereas the overall throughput of such systems may experience a decrease up to -42% when dealing with a very high compression factor.

Introducing a standard ERP system gives best‐practice processes to companies; but what if a company has developed a better practice and wants to implement it? ERP projects are often very time and resource consuming. One alternative opportunity is the use of S-BPM together with ERP systems. In this article, several ways are shown how this interaction can be realized. Practical examples are presented based on SAP ERP. The intention is to empower readers to apply the shown concepts to their projects.

The core of blockchain smart contracts is the execution of business logic code in a decentralized architecture with all executing nodes trusting and agreeing on the results. Smart contracts are unable to get data from the outside world on their own. Smart contracts communicate with oracles, which are off-chain data sources whose primary function is to collect and give data feeds to smart contracts. The usage of oracle returns the blockchain to its centralization problem and also exposes the blockchain to the possibility of introducing corrupt, malicious and erroneous data. This problem is called ‘Oracle problem’. This paper presents an investigation of this problem. To demonstrate this, we have considered the price oracle problem using chainlink’s decentralized network of nodes that connects off-chain data to on-chain smart contracts through oracles. Finally, we performed an analysis and comparison on retrieving external off-chain data through external APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) and through decentralized oracles. This would be helpful in determining how decentralization (through oracles) may result in performance constraints in contrast to fetching data through our own built APIs where data source APIs of blockchain are not connected to the decentralized nodes of network. The results have shown the increase in transaction throughput of the overall system.

Today, while the whole world is experiencing geopolitical conflicts and economic uncertainty, and the breadth and depth of financial sanctions are constantly increasing, SWIFT as a tool for making cross-border payments poses new challenges to the financial security of countries. The politicization and even the ‘weaponization’ of SWIFT has intensified the development of central bank digital currencies as an alternative to the existing payment system for cross-border transactions, not only retail payments. The mBridge (Central Bank Digital Currency Bridge) initially launched by BIS and the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Institute together with the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the Central Bank of Thailand, the Central Bank of UAE and, as of June 2024, the Saudi Central Bank offers a new way of cross-border payments. Innovative mechanisms in payment architecture, liquidity management, currency exchange, governance methods and network data transmission in the future may allow mBridge to become a serious alternative to SWIFT and a major instrument that will determine the future of international finance, as well as significantly minimize potential financial sanctions risks and secondary sanctions risks faced by countries. Therefore, it could undermine both the role of US dollar as global lead currency and of US surveillance of the global international payments. In 2024 mBridge has already evolved to become a Minimum Viable Product (MVP), containing enough features to be launched and used by new participating jurisdictions to undertake real-value transactions, subject to their own preparedness. The MVP platform is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), a decentralized virtual environment that executes code consistently and securely across all Ethereum nodes, thus is now suitable as a testbed for new use cases and interoperability with other platforms. The potential use of mBridge by the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) to circumvent sanctions and undermine the dominance of US dollar raises significant concerns among Western financial institutions, and coincidentally or not, right after the BRICS Summit was held in Kazan, October 2024, BIS had ‘graduated out’ of the project it has helped develop since 2021, claiming mBridge is already on the level where the partners ‘can carry on by themselves’. As the situation unfolds, the whole world will watch closely how mBridge platform will influence the future of international finance where digital innovations meet regulatory and political challenges.

The days of storing data manually are behind us. We are opting for the online form of data storage and transfer. The new era of data digitization comes with its own perks and detriments. Cybersecurity is still a crucial concern today. As more data transfer occurs through an online medium, the risks of a breach and cyberattacks are inevitable. The whole foundation of e-commerce is based on the online transfer of goods and transactions without the need to travel. Transferring transactional data and transactions in e-commerce are prone to cyber threats. Our research’s major objective is to develop a system that protects against such mishaps, especially during the transfer of transactional data, and also implement an automated system that ensures these transactions occur without any errors. To implement this, we are taking advantage of new emerging technologies called blockchain and smart contract. Blockchain allows a decentralized, immutable digital ledger to safely store and transfer data across the network. Blockchain technology is used in e-commerce to transfer transactions in a safe, secure, and faster way. Blockchain enables a peer-to-peer transaction system and data encryption that enables the safe transfer of transactional data. Blockchain is used to transfer transactional data. A smart contract is a special program that enables, verifies, and enforces the terms of a contract digitally. It provides transactional security as the contact is in place. The blockchain, coupled with smart contracts, will revolutionize the future of e-commerce. We have combined blockchain technology to ensure data security and user privacy with smart contracts to ensure that the protocol for the transaction is maintained. The results are presented by building and implementing the proposed system that provides the solution for transactional data privacy.

Telecom big data generated by telecom networks have a high economic value. Thus, telecom operators actively explore telecom big data transactions methods to minimize the possibility of leaking users’ privacy. The existing solutions do not allow the data sets to leave the database, instead only allow the buyers to send data mining algorithms to the telecom operator’s platform for training. However, this centralized platform has a high risk of tampering. In addition, the currently existing solutions cannot be used to accurately and quickly trace the information of telecom big data transactions. To address these limitations, we propose a blockchain-based reliable traceability system for telecom big data transactions using smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System. Two types of smart contracts are developed to store transaction information for tracing. Access control strategies and a reapproval prevention strategy are designed for ensuring the safe operation of the system and avoiding the problem of favoritism and fraud. We use Ethereum as a verification platform to develop and evaluate this system. The implementation of functions, such as purchasing data sets, sending algorithms, obtaining results, and tracing transactions in the smart contract and the implementation of the proposed strategies are verified. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed system is better than the existing solutions, and the traceability response time is improved to the order of seconds, so as to realize the safe and efficient traceability of telecom big data transactions. In addition, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric v0.6 were discussed to provide insights for future development.

This report demonstrates the impact of blockchain technology underlying a transactive energy system and articulates details and principle components of each of five stages in a transactive energy system. This report depicts the engineering requirements of a sample market system, blockchain features, and the relationship between those requirements and features (Section 2.2). Clear value propositions of blockchain features for transactive energy systems are: identity management, security of data, resiliency, decentralization and smart contract trustworthiness, performance, integrity in a trustless environment and access control. Due to the immutability afforded by blockchain architecture, increased data fidelity could potentially help detect targeted cyber-attacks and increase resiliency of grid integration. A distributed system can be more fault tolerant and enable transactive energy by supporting machine-to-machine transactions that can be integrated directly into complex grid operations without the need of trust in a third party. Energy auctions, and potentially registration processes, can be carried out according to transparent rules implemented as smart contracts (Section 4.0). In this current experiment, we ran a use-case/table-top exercise that imitated a real-time 5-min double auction market. The objective of this demonstration is to investigate the applicability of blockchain with transactive energy systems (Section 3.0).