Improving Web Browsing on Small Devices Based on Table Classification

As the Internet is a global network, there is a demand on accessing closely related data without browsing through different Web documents. A significant amount of these data are presented in HTML documents. Since data contents of HTML documents are intervened by markups, it is not trivial to integrate and provide a unified view of closely related data in different HTML documents. In this paper we present an approach for integrating semantically related data in any HTML tables that belong to a particular domain of interest (ID), such as house/apartment rental, by using the semantic hierarchies generated from the tables and the predefined meta-data sets that indicate related column names in ID. In our approach, we capture each data source as semi-structured data, called semantic hierarchy, and the end result of integrating different HTML tables of ID is a unified view of data in the tables, which is presented in an XML document. Besides HTML tables, our approach can be adopted by any system that integrates semi-structured data across different platforms.

Small screen appliances, such as cellular phones or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), enjoy enormous popularity as is evidenced by the tremendous commercial success. One focus of the ubiquitous research community is the potential utility of this class of devices beyond that of a basic organizer or communication device. The pocket-sized requirement imposes constraints upon the computational power and user interface of these small screen devices. This paper describes the Composite Device Computing Environment (CDCE) that offers a framework for supporting nomadic users with small screen devices for the retrieval of rich contents and the access of diverse services. CDCE provides a communication network infrastructure for seeking, unifying and exploiting any surrounding devices as a means to overcome the small screen client constraints. This paper describes the architecture and reports the current status of the ongoing realization of CDCE.

Introduction Scholarly literature is the primary source for biodiversity knowledge based on observations, field work, analysis and taxonomic classification. Publishing such literature in semantically enhanced formats (e.g., through Extensible Markup Language (XML) tagging) helps to make this knowledge easily accessible and available to humans and actionable by computers. A recent collaboration between Pensoft Publishers and Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) (Poelen et al. 2014) demonstrates how semantically published literature can be used to extract species interactions from tables published in the article narratives (Dimitrova et al. 2020) (Fig. 1). Methods Biotic interactions were extracted from scholarly literature tables published in several biodiversity journals from Pensoft. Semantically enhanced publications were processed to extract the tables from the article XMLs. There were 6993 tables from 21 different journals. Using the Pensoft Annotator, a text-to-ontology mapping tool, we were able to detect tables that could contain biotic interactions. The Pensoft Annotator was used together with a modified subset of the OBO Foundry Relation Ontology (RO), concentrating on the term labeled ‘biotically interacts with’ and all its children. The contents and captions of all tables were run through the Pensoft Annotator, which returned the matching ontology terms and their position in the text. The resulting subset of tables was then processed by GloBI, which parsed the tables to extract the taxonomic names participating in each interaction. The GloBI workflow also generated table citations by SPARQL queries to the OpenBiodiv triple store where all table and article metadata are stored (Penev et al. 2019). OpenBiodiv was also used as a taxon name knowledge base to expand the taxon hierarchy in the tables and to guide the merging of overlapping taxon hierarchies in a single row (e.g., host plant family + host plant species -> host plant species). Taxon name resolution of species interactions was done under the assumption that two non-overlapping taxa are found in a single column. The exact interaction types between the species were not determined, instead the general term labelled “interacts with” was used. Results Annotation of biotic interactions via the Pensoft Annotator helped to identify 233 tables possibly containing biotic interactions out of the 6993 tables that were processed. Semantic annotation of taxonomic names within tables allowed GloBI to index the species including their complete taxonomic hierarchies. Currently, GloBI has indexed 2378 interactions, extracted from a subset of 46 of the 233 tables. Interactions extracted via this workflow are available on a special webpage on GloBI's website. Records of the communication behind this collaborative work between GloBI and Pensoft are publically available. Discussion & Conclusion One of the limitations of the workflow was the inability to detect the directionality of the interactions. In other words, the tables do not contain information about the subject and object of a given interaction. For instance, in a host-parasite interaction, we can not automatically detect which species is the host and which is the parasite. We plan to address this issue by performing semantic analysis (e.g., part-of-speech tagging) of the table captions to determine the exact subjects and objects in the interactions. In addition, complicated table structures impeded both the processing of tables by the Pensoft Annotator and their parsing by GloBI’s algorithms. We recognise the importance of adopting common formats for sharing interaction data, a practice that would greatly improve the post-publication indexing of tables by GloBI. An example of a standardised table structure is the standard table template for primary biodiversity data, introduced by Pensoft (Penev et al. 2020). The template helps authors create semantically enhanced tables, which in turn enables direct harvesting and conversion to interlinked FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data. Indexing of biotic interactions by GloBI and Pensoft demonstrates the advantages of storing semantically enhanced data in tables. The adoption of the standard appendix table for primary biodiversity data would improve our ability to extract biotic interactions and to transform scholarly narrative into fully interoperable Linked Open Data.

In recent years, small screen devices, such as cellular phones or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), enjoy phenomenal popularity. PDAs can be used to complement traditional computing systems to access personal multimedia information beyond the usage as digital organizers. However, due to the physical limitations accessing rich multimedia contents and diverse services using a single PDA is more difficult. Hence, the Situated Computing Framework (SCF) research project at Siemens Corporate Research (SCR) aims to develop a ubiquitous computing infrastructure that facilitates nomadic users to access rich multimedia contents using small screen devices. This paper describes a new distributed computing concept, the Small Screen/Composite Device (SS/CD) framework, which offers mobile users new classes of ubiquitous and mobile multimedia services without to limit the diversity and the richness of the provided services.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to carry out a survey in order to better understand the nature of handheld mobile computing use by academic library users and to determine whether there is a significant demand for using the library services with these small screen devices.Design/methodology/approachA survey is created to measure whether people want to access an OPAC with a small screen. Additionally, through open‐ended questions, the survey attempts to gain a broader understanding of handheld mobile computing's impact on, and implications for, the services provided by academic libraries.FindingsA total of 58.4 percent of respondents who own a web‐enabled handheld device indicate that they would use small screen devices, such as PDAs or web‐enabled cell phones to search a library OPAC.Originality/valueThe increasing prevalence of handheld mobile computing devices such as PDAs and web‐enabled cell phones warrants investigation as to its impact on libraries. This study examines an academic library user population and the potential demand for using the library's catalog with handheld mobile computing devices

In this paper, we illustrate the use of space-time trade-offs for information presentation on small screens. We propose the use of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) to provide a rich set of navigational information for Web browsing. The principle of RSVP browsing is applied to the development of a Web browser for small screen devices, the RSVP browser. The results of an experiment in which Web browsing with the RSVP browser is compared with that of a typical WAP browser suggests that RSVP browsing may indeed offer alternative to other forms of Web browsing on small screen devices.

Today, the average consumer is comfortable browsing a web site using a desktop, laptop or kiosk computer. However, this is changing a rapid rate as more and more consumers access the same web content using a small screen device such as a mobile phone or personal digital assistant (PDA). Regardless of the consumers’ expertise with the mobile device, the experience is becoming frustrating as they try to navigate their way through web content that has been designed for a large screen; a design that results in cumbersome layout, slow-loading images and ‘off-screen’ navigation points when viewed on a small screen device. The result is dissatisfaction on part of the consumer, and possible loss of revenue for an e-business enterprise. The main objective of this paper is to highlight several techniques and technologies that are currently available that can assist in displaying ‘user-friendly’ web pages regardless of the screen size of the device.

Poe in Cyberspace: The “Mobile-Friendly” Sites

Mobile internet access using such devices as PDAs and cellular phones becomes popular as mobile technologies grow. However, the characteristics of small screen devices such as small screen size and pen-based input cause many usability problems. In this study, a human factors experiment was conducted to identify the factors affecting the usability of information search on a PDA. Factors manipulated in the experiment included use of wheel equipment, scroll dimension, and screen orientation. Task completion time, error frequency, and subjective satisfaction level were measured. In addition, various users' behavioral patterns such as scanning routes and mainly used scrolling methods were analyzed. Scroll dimension has a significant effect on task completion time. Scroll equipment and screen orientation affect subjective satisfaction level. The results could be applied to designing information structure of web sites for mobile use by providing vertical scroll and using external scroll equipments.

The Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured information (FEVEROUS) shared task, asks participating systems to determine whether human-authored claims are Supported or Refuted based on evidence retrieved from Wikipedia (or NotEnoughInfo if the claim cannot be verified). Compared to the FEVER 2018 shared task, the main challenge is the addition of structured data (tables and lists) as a source of evidence. The claims in the FEVEROUS dataset can be verified using only structured evidence, only unstructured evidence, or a mixture of both. Submissions are evaluated using the FEVEROUS score that combines label accuracy and evidence retrieval. The shared task received 13 entries, six of which were able to beat the baseline system. The winning team was ``Bust a move!'', achieving a FEVEROUS score of 27% (+9% compared to the baseline). In this paper we describe the shared task, present the full results and highlight commonalities and innovations among the participating systems.

goes here. This is completion of the research and update of the previous work that was published in 2013[1]. The paper describes our recent experimental study of the impact of mobile screen size on the user comprehension of health information and application structures. An experiment was conducted to measure the impact of screen size on user comprehension and retention. Participants were given the same simple scenario, which consisted of searching from different menus, navigating and reading some contents. They were timed and tracked for correctness. Also, a follow-up survey was given to each participant that consisted of a rating scale to assess usability features, comprehension and retention abilities of the participants based on different mobile screen sizes. Results showed that there was a significant difference between mobile phone screen size and the time taken to read the contents, which was at its highest on small screens (p-value=0.02). Also, reading characters was hardest on a small screen (p-value=0.003). In addition, there was a significant difference between the three screen sizes regarding the organization of the application's information, showing that the smaller the screen size, the more organized the information. On the other hand, there was no significant impact of screen size on user comprehension, retention scores, number of errors or effective task completion but it was generally better if a large screen size was used. This study concludes that the screen size is not the main concern in comprehension of the contents or application structure. However, reading speed improves with the larger screen size and positively influences the task completion and understanding of the application elements.

383 The Effect of Display Size on Ultrasound Interpretation

A great deal of research has been done focusing on font, text size, and background colors for use with PowerPoint and on Web pages; but no research has been done to aid in the development of PowerPoint presentations for use on small screen devices such as the iPod.In this study, the researcher developed a PowerPoint that tested font size and clarity, text color against background, as well as clarity of images and graphs and found that much of what works in a quality PowerPoint presentation for computer screens does not work for small screens. This paper presents the result of this study and suggests some guidelines that can be used to create video podcasts that can be viewed in a variety of settings; thereby making the video podcast a useful extension of the classroom PowerPoint.

The Walking-In-Place interaction technique was introduced to navigate infinitely in 3D virtual worlds by walking in place in the real world. The technique has been initially developed for users standing in immersive setups and was built upon sophisticated visual displays and tracking equipments.In this paper, we propose to revisit the whole pipeline of the Walking-In-Place technique to match a larger set of configurations and apply it notably to the context of desktop Virtual Reality. With our novel "Shake-Your-Head" technique, the user is left with the possibility to sit down, and to use small screens and standard input devices such as a basic webcam for tracking. The locomotion simulation can compute various motions such as turning, jumping and crawling, using as sole input the head movements of the user. We also introduce the use of additional visual feedback based on camera motions to enhance the walking sensations.An experiment was conducted to compare our technique with classical input devices used for navigating in desktop VR. Interestingly, the results showed that our technique could even allow faster navigations when sitting, after a short learning. Our technique was also perceived as more fun and increasing presence, and was generally more appreciated for VR navigation.

Mobile devices have made the world a small place. They are also being used widely, to access the Web. However, because most available web pages are designed for desktop PC in mind, it is inconvenient to browse these large web pages on a mobile device with a small screen. With the enormous increase in mobile users since last decade, to such an extent that it even exceeds the number of desktop users in many developing countries, it becomes crucial to design systems for Web Manipulation, there by providing easier and greater accessibility and device independence. In this paper, we propose a new browsing technique to facilitate efficient web access and provide a better user experience on a device with rather small screen as compared to the usual desktop. It also proposes a novel technique to handle multimedia content, especially the images and video on a web page. In order to solve the problem of incomplete tags in HTML, an equivalent XML is generated for the desired webpage. For efficient browsing, the web page is represented as a multi level hierarchy, with the index of major sections on the first level and the sections indexed again in to sub-sections on the second level and so on, until we reach sub-sections that can be represented as sub-pages that fit in the small screen. We also propose an efficient algorithm for navigating through the sub-pages, thereby providing better user experience. The proposed technique provides better and efficient web browsing on mobile small displays up to user satisfaction.