Inferring international and internal migration patterns from Twitter data

There is no single framework in place in the United Kingdom for collating and harmonizing the data on migration taking place between the subnational administrative units that constitute the home nations, together with the flows of international migration between these areas and the ‘rest of the world’. This paper proposes the construction of complete matrices of subnational migration statistics on an annual basis which can then be used to monitor migration trends throughout the UK in a comprehensive manner. The paper reviews how various ‘known’ flows are estimated by the national statistics agencies and develops estimates to fill in the gaps in the matrices. It then looks at changing patterns of migration in the UK between 2001/2002 and 2010/2011, showing that migration exhibits most activity in the middle of the decade. Flows within the home nations are the most consistent over time, while the patterns of international migration and migration across the borders of the home nations exhibit more substantial change. The latter flows, although relatively small in magnitude, have not previously been studied at the subnational level in any detail. Patterns of subnational internal and international net migration are found to be negatively correlated.

The article examines current global and regional trends in the development of international labor migration. The dialectical content of the relationship between globalization and regionalization, the essential features of their genesis and the factors of development of the international migration flows covered by them are determined. The main evolutionary trends of international labor migration are highlighted. In particular, taking into account the impact of globalization and regionalization on all aspects of the functioning of world emigration processes, the following modern trends in the development of international labor migration can be singled out, namely: planetary international migration is taking place, covering all countries of the world community; the prevailing vector of the development of international labor migration is the replenishment of the labor markets of industrially developed countries by emigrants from less economically developed ones; the overflow of qualified personnel between developed countries is increasing; in the context of the expansion of the regionalization process, migration flows occur both between individual regions of the world economy and within the latter; both traditional and new forms of international labor migration are constantly used within the framework of EU cooperation with candidate countries for EU membership; traditional forms of international labor migration between the countries of certain regions, in particular the EU, are constantly operating; the prerequisites for the formation of new forms of international labor migration, in particular the migration of scientific and technical personnel, are being formed; a feature of modern migration flows is their important filling with an active young component of employees, first of all, who have the skills to perform digital operations; the scale of illegal migration flows to the countries of Western Europe, above all those that are members of the EU, is becoming more and more extensive; the most significant and priority trend in the modern development of international labor migration is its ever-growing coverage of digitalization processes, which is manifested in the preferential attraction of highly qualified specialists, ICT sector workers, specialists with higher education to industrially developed countries, which is connected with the formation of effective conditions for rapid growth and strengthening of their international competitiveness; under the influence of the need for more complete use of modern achievements of the 4th industrial revolution, further development is taking place and the volume of migrants in the international scientific and technical sphere is increasing; there is a constant increase in the scale of the outflow of intellectual capital from developing countries to industrially developed states, the carriers of which are the most highly qualified workers who, as a rule, received higher education and appropriate training in their homeland. As an important regional trend in the development of international labor migration on the territory of Western Europe, the peculiarities of cooperation in this direction between Ukraine and the EU in the conditions of the aggression of the Russian Federation against our country are investigated.

� International migration is one of the current most important socio-economic and political phenomena in the Middle East. Its importance increased in the early 1970s as a result of the huge increase in oil prices and the adoption of ambitious development plans, especially in the GCC (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain). International migration provided solutions not only to many countries of the region, but also to countries from outside the region. It helped the sending countries deal with the problem of unemployment and secured successive flows of foreign currencies needed for investment and development. It also helped the receiving countries by producing the necessary labor force to meet the requirements of development plans. The historical classification of the countries of the region as immigrant-sending or immigrant-receiving countries does not adequately describe the current situation of international migration in the region. From the early twenty-first century, the region faced many complicated political and economic circumstances, represented in the outbreak of the second Gulf War against Iraq in 2003, the revolutions in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Syria, and Yemen beginning in 2011, the outbreak of civil wars in some of these countries, and the global financial crisis of 2008. As a result of these circumstances, new patterns of international migration in the region have appeared and consequently many of these countries have multiple classifications according to their relationship with international migration.� This paper aims to explain the current patterns of international migration in the Middle East; to lay out a new classification of international migration streams in view of the changing socio- economic circumstances of the region; and to highlight the main reasons for international migration and future of international migration in the Middle East.�

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

This study contributes to European migration research by exploring the connections between climatic and environmental factors and internal net migration rates—a subject of growing interest in political, academic, and public realms. Existing studies have primarily focused on the Global South or, within Europe, on the Mediterranean region, with an emphasis on exploring climatic impacts on international migration. This research uniquely concentrates on internal migration within 19 European countries from 2004 to 2019, utilizing municipalities as observations. Employing panel regressions, we comprehensively assess the relationship between internal net migration and 39 variations of climatic (sunshine, temperature, precipitation) and environmental factors (pollutants, discharge, vegetation, wildfires) while controlling for economic drivers. We found that climatic and environmental factors contribute to explaining internal net migration patterns in Europe, with strong differences at the region and country levels. Climatic and environmental factors have the highest explanatory power in Southern Europe, but also matter in other regions and countries. Our findings support the notion of amenity migration, where Europeans aim to increase the quality of life by moving towards favorable and away from unfavorable climatic and environmental amenities. Consequently, our results emphasize the importance of recognizing climate- and environment-related migration as a present reality within Europe and should not be regarded as a distant or external issue. This recognition is crucial to ensure that human (im)mobilities under climatic and environmental change are voluntary and adaptive, rather than becoming forced or maladaptive.

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed our daily lives in ways that might have far-reaching effects on societal norms and human behaviour. However, little research has yet been devoted to the pandemic's impact on internal migration. In this article, we analyse the interconnection between COVID-19 and internal migration in Latvia. This article aims to evaluate internal migration patterns during the first year of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia, using available data at the municipality level. We compare migration flow statistics from the 2011–2019 period and the single year of 2020, which marked the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia. The analysis identifies similar patterns regarding internal migration activity among observed geographical units. In both time periods, the highest migration levels around Riga have been witnessed and several other large cities. Comparing these time periods highlights slightly higher migration intensity in 2020 than before COVID-19.

Existing empirical work has analysed the impacts of COVID‐19 on mortality, fertility and international migration. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID‐19 pandemic has influenced the patterns of internal migration. Anecdotal reports of mass migration from large cities to less populated areas have emerged, but lack of data has prevented empirically assessing this hypothesis. Drawing on geographically granular administrative population register data, we aim to analyse the extent of change in the patterns of internal migration across the urban hierarchy in Spain during 2020. Our results show a decline of 2.5% in the number of internal migration moves, particularly during the early stages of the pandemic, returning to pre‐pandemic levels in late 2020. Results also reveal unusually large net migration losses in core cities and net migration gains in rural areas. Net migration losses in cities and gains in rural areas particularly accumulated following the elimination of the strict lockdown measures in June. Yet, these net losses and gains trended to pre‐pandemic levels in late 2020, and movements between cities, and between cities and suburbs, continued to dominate the internal migration system. Thus, while the COVID‐19 pandemic exerted notable changes in the geographic balance of internal migration flows, these changes appear to have been temporary and did not significantly alter the existing structures of the national migration system.


 
 
 The article examines the global and regional issues of international youth migration. The obtained results are most interesting for those regions where the population is shrinking and aging with a rising need to involve youth for educational services and local labor markets, or vice versa, for those losing youth due to their emigration. It is emphasized that youth create an economically active social group, which volume and quality significantly affect the country’s development. During the global migration trends identification, the authors identified the international youth migration flows’ differences and features. The paper notes that the global trends in the international youth migration development include: increase in volume and percentage of youth in the overall number of migrants and the local population; growth of youth migrants in more developed regions and high-income countries; the dominance of migratory centers for youth in Oceania, North America, and Europe; formation of powerful centers of migration of intellectual young labor resources in the UAE, Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The available formational policy in youth migration regulation, on the example of India, China, Taiwan, Japan, USA, and Western Europe, is studied. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration flows is considered, including changes in international migration in 2020. Based on the UN data analysis on age groups of migrants within geographical regions, it was determined that the prerequisite for such a structure of migration centers is a high level of migratory attractiveness. Such migration-center structure is also explained by the significant level of cross-regional migration, as in the localized regions, their factors of «attraction-repulsion» are formed. It is stressed out that increas- ing military and political instability has led to the uphill of forced youth migrants. The paper proposes the flow optimization directions of international youth migration by formulating the link between migration policy and elements of other integration policies on migrant youth (employment policy, social, educational, information and security policies).
 
 

The article identifies modern trends in international migration, emphasizes that labor resource movements are a system-forming feature of the formation of the international labor market. It is noted that the volume of international migration correlates with the scale of technical and economic transformations in the world. The dominance of economic causes of migration in the structure of migration flows against because of the of developed countries’ interest in the foreign labor inflow were emphasized. The priority of intellectual migration in the structure of labor transfers has been established. The conclusion was made that it’s need to regulate international labor migration in order to form unified conditions for the use of labor in the global labor resource space.

Foreword N. Sadik. 1. The State of the Art and Overview of the Chapters R.E. Bilsborrow. Part 1: Old and New Patterns of Internal Migration and Urbanization in Developing Countries. 2. What Do We Know About Recent Trends in Urbanization? N. Chen, et al. 3. Recent Internal Migration Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants, Consequences, and Data Adequacy Issues J.O. Oucho. 4. New Trends in Urban Settlement and the Role of Intraurban Migration: The Case of Sao Paulo/Brazil J.M. Pinto da Cunha. Part 2: Migration Determinants and Linkages with Economic Growth. 5. Rural Out- Migration in China: A Multilevel Model Junming Zhu. 6. Migration Motivation, Family Links, and Job Search Methods of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in India B. Banerjee. 7. Measuring the Macroeconomic Impact of Internal Migration: A Production Function Approach with Evidence from Peru A. Morrison, Xin Guo. Part 3: The Consequences of Migration. 8. Migration and Urbanization in West Africa: Methodological Issues in Data Collection and Inference P. Bocquier, S. Traore. 9. Assessing the Consequences of Internal Migration: Methodological Issues and a Case Study on Thailand Based on Longitudinal Household Survey Data P. Guest. 10. Rural-Urban Migration and Development: Evidence from Bangladesh R. Afsar. 11. Migration and the Fertility Transition in African Cities M. Brockerhoff. Part 4: Migration, Urbanization Processes, and Implications. 12. A Reassessment of Migration and Urbanization in Mexico in the 20thCentury C.B. Paz. 13. The Coping Capacity of Latin America's Cities A.G. Gilbert. 14. Urban Economic Growth in the 21st Century: Assessing the International Competitiveness of Metropolitan Areas D.A. Rondinelli, G. Vastag. Appendix: Internal Migration and Urbanization Recommendations. Symposium on Internal Migration and Urbanization in Developing Countries: Implications for Habitat II.

This study examines the trend and pattern of international migration and the resulting inflow of remittances to Kerala for the period 1998–2018 and also analyzes the impact of international migration remittances on the economic growth of Kerala. It uses time series data set on Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Kerala at constant prices as a proxy for economic growth and remittances in the form of NRI deposits. The methodology adopted in this study uses Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) for stationarity, Johansen Cointegration test followed by the vector error correction model (VECM). The result of the study reveals that there exists a unidirectional long‐run relationship between remittances and economic growth of Kerala. Also, the study confirms that remittance has a positive impact on the NSDP of Kerala in the long‐run.

This article examines the pattern of international migration among rural households in Edo State, Nigeria. The empirical results are based on a quantitative and qualitative survey of 240 household heads. The findings show that some household heads sourced information with special reference to international migration. This information assisted them in guiding intending migrants from their households on how to go about leaving the country in search of a better life. The information sourced was majorly centred on visa processing and obtaining residency/work permits and job opportunities. Family and friends, the Internet and travel agencies were among various channels where household heads got information to guide their international migration decisions. Migrants from rural households left the country through legal and illegal means. A key factor in their choice of destination country was the presence of either family members or friends, while plans and arrangements for migrants’ departure from the country were largely facilitated by household heads and migrants themselves. Irrespective of the quest of many migrants to leave Nigeria, some sought greener pastures in some African countries. Libya turned out to be the first destination of most migrants from where they later migrated to other countries of choice majorly in Europe.

This paper considers internal migration in Italy in terms of current patterns and longer term trends in migration intensity. It systematically reviews the Italian situation by considering internal migration patterns by citizenship and gender using a geography of 611 local labour market areas (LLMAs), distinguishing between short‐ and long‐distance moves. Attention is given, in particular, to how migration intensities have changed between the categories of LLMAs and across different demographic subgroups. The paper also provides descriptive analyses of the influence on migration patterns of the persistent socio‐economic disparities, which exist between LLMAs. Finally, it discusses the role of delayed youth transitions from home, showing how this phenomenon—also observed in other countries—manifests itself in the Italian national and regional contexts.

Since the second half of the 20th century, internal migration patterns in Ghana have been dominated by movements from rural (or northern) to urban (or southern) areas. Numerous studies report wide socioeconomic gaps between the geographical north and south of Ghana, explaining the unidirectional movement in search of better opportunities. Differences in personal health profiles, values, and beliefs mean that internal migrants face a higher risk of ill health than urban natives. Compounding this issue is the barriers that impede their access to and utilization of health-care services. We synthesized evidence from existing literature to understand internal migrants’ access to and utilization of healthcare in Ghana, as well as their coping strategies. This review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s guidelines for conducting scoping reviews. We searched PubMed, EconLit, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Medline (Ovid) electronic databases for studies published from January 2012 to June 2022. In addition, a manual literature search was conducted on Google by examining the reference lists of selected articles to identify other relevant studies. The majority of the studies (n = 12 [75%]) focused on female migrants, while 4 (25%) included both male and female migrants. This review identified several factors affecting access to health-care services for internal migrants in Ghana. These factors included infrastructural, financial, and language barriers, as well as long patient waiting times. Significantly, these barriers resulted in increased self-medication and self-diagnosis among internal migrants, leading to overall poor health outcomes. Based on the study findings, we propose a multidimensional approach to bridging the health access gap for internal migrants. This approach involves improving health system factors such as health service delivery, health workforce, availability of essential medicines, and health finance reforms to provide quality health-care services at affordable or no cost, while considering the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the internal migrants.

Internal migration in post-Soviet Russia accounts for 80 per cent of all migration, involving millions of individuals a year. With the fall of communism, the Russian state has withdrawn from the regulation of internal migration, and the right to migrate freely is now an uncontested freedom. For most of the 1990s, the Russian countryside has been a net recipient of migrants, reversing a decades-long trend of rural out-migration. Regional patterns of migration have changed, as the Russian Far East and the north are now experiencing significant outflows. Statistical evidence shows that regional economic characteristics are influencing migration flows. Finally, gender and level of urbanity also affect the process of internal migration.