Modern trends in international migration

The article examines current global and regional trends in the development of international labor migration. The dialectical content of the relationship between globalization and regionalization, the essential features of their genesis and the factors of development of the international migration flows covered by them are determined. The main evolutionary trends of international labor migration are highlighted. In particular, taking into account the impact of globalization and regionalization on all aspects of the functioning of world emigration processes, the following modern trends in the development of international labor migration can be singled out, namely: planetary international migration is taking place, covering all countries of the world community; the prevailing vector of the development of international labor migration is the replenishment of the labor markets of industrially developed countries by emigrants from less economically developed ones; the overflow of qualified personnel between developed countries is increasing; in the context of the expansion of the regionalization process, migration flows occur both between individual regions of the world economy and within the latter; both traditional and new forms of international labor migration are constantly used within the framework of EU cooperation with candidate countries for EU membership; traditional forms of international labor migration between the countries of certain regions, in particular the EU, are constantly operating; the prerequisites for the formation of new forms of international labor migration, in particular the migration of scientific and technical personnel, are being formed; a feature of modern migration flows is their important filling with an active young component of employees, first of all, who have the skills to perform digital operations; the scale of illegal migration flows to the countries of Western Europe, above all those that are members of the EU, is becoming more and more extensive; the most significant and priority trend in the modern development of international labor migration is its ever-growing coverage of digitalization processes, which is manifested in the preferential attraction of highly qualified specialists, ICT sector workers, specialists with higher education to industrially developed countries, which is connected with the formation of effective conditions for rapid growth and strengthening of their international competitiveness; under the influence of the need for more complete use of modern achievements of the 4th industrial revolution, further development is taking place and the volume of migrants in the international scientific and technical sphere is increasing; there is a constant increase in the scale of the outflow of intellectual capital from developing countries to industrially developed states, the carriers of which are the most highly qualified workers who, as a rule, received higher education and appropriate training in their homeland. As an important regional trend in the development of international labor migration on the territory of Western Europe, the peculiarities of cooperation in this direction between Ukraine and the EU in the conditions of the aggression of the Russian Federation against our country are investigated.

In the context of modern globalization processes, the volume of population involved in international educational migration is growing increasingly intensive, and its results are having a more noticeable impact on socio-political and socio-economic processes. This article examines international educational migration as a source of potential labor resources for the country’s economy and as an indicator for assessing geopolitical and geoeconomic processes. Current trends in international educational migration show that North American and European countries are the main recipients of foreign students, while the donor countries are predominantly from Asia, Africa, and partially Latin America. The demand for and popularity of Russian education in the international educational services market is growing. Under the influence of geopolitical factors and sanctions, the flows of educational immigration to Russia are transforming and reorienting by country. Central Asian countries, China, and India occupy leading positions. Using the example of the Kaliningrad region, a comparative analysis of the transformation of volumes and directions of international educational migration is conducted, and the reasons for these changes are examined. The region is characterized by the expansion and diversification of flows, as well as a decrease in foreign students from geographically close countries and a reorientation to all-Russian trends.

This paper attempts to outline observed changes in Asian families (particularly in East and Southeast Asia) in the past thirty years, reviews research-based findings on the links between international migration and the family, and identifies emerging family-related issues vis-à-vis emerging trends in international migration. Among the notable changes in Asian families during this period are the shift towards smaller families, the shift to longer family life course, and the emerging transnational configuration of families. The last one has been brought about by increasing population mobility. Despite the policy to keep migration temporary, some limited form of settlement is taking place in the region. Among others, this raises questions and policy dilemmas concerning the nature of migration in the future, the treatment of foreigners in receiving societies, and human rights issues affecting women and children.

The article is devoted to the analysis of development trends in the global labor market in the context of identifying the global prerequisites for the formation of transnational labor resource flows. It is emphasised that under conditions of globalisation, profound economic, geopolitical, and social transformations give rise to transnational labor interactions, within which labor resources are redistributed on a global scale. As a result of analysing the impact of demographic factors on labor market development, it is established that inequalities in the global labor resource landscape intensify processes of labor resource substitution at the global level, thereby determining the labor-resource nature of international migration. It is substantiated that further opportunities for economic growth in developed countries will increasingly be ensured through the inflow of migrants. It is revealed that the situation in the global labor market demonstrates heterogeneous trends with regard to employment, economic activity, unemployment, labor incomes, the NEET phenomenon, poverty, and related indicators. It is hypothesised that the absence of a proportional increase in unemployment amid declining global employment levels can be explained, first, by a decrease in economic activity in the global labor market and, second, by the global redistribution of labor resources and the structural decomposition of the global labor resource space as a consequence of the transnationalisation of economic activity. Keywords: globalisation, labor resource space, labor resource flows, transnational labor resource flows, labor market, global labor market, workforce, international migration, employment, unemployment.

The authors review and trends in international migration to Western Europe with a focus on flows to France Switzerland the United Kingdom and West Germany. They find that migration patterns can be explained by historical linguistic cultural and economic factors. In addition to these factors of immigration are shaped by internal political decisions (especially policies concerning foreign labor recruitment) and by economic political and demographic developments that take place outside Western Europe. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

This chapter describes the backdrop of national social engineering against which this Singapore-based study, which explores the language learning experiences of five Grade 9 immigrant students in an English-medium school, is situated. I refer to these students as designer immigrants (Simmons, Economic integration and designer immigrants: Canadian policy in the 1990s. In M. Castro (Ed.), Free markets, open societies, closed borders? Trends in international migration and immigration policy in the Americas (pp. 53–69). Miami: North-South Press, 1999a; Simmons, Immigration policy: Imagined futures. In S. Halli & L. Driedger (Eds.), Immigrant Canada: Demographic, economic and social challenges (pp. 21–50). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999b) as they were recipients of scholarships funded by the Singapore government. By using a language identity (Norton, Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2013), language ideological (Blommaert, The sociolinguistics of globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), and circulating ideological (Wortham, Learning identity: The joint emergence of social identification and academic learning. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) framework, I explore the struggles and pressures they encountered in learning English in my year-long critical ethnographic case study. The school became not only a site of control where the interests of the state were promoted, but also a site of struggle for these designer immigrant students as they wrestled with a hegemonic language ideology and a cosmopolitan identity that demanded homogeneity by way of English language standardization. For them, language acquisition was not a gradual and neutral process of internalizing the rules, structures and vocabulary of a standard language. Rather, the dynamics of their language acquisition were entangled with deeper social issues that characterize the nexus of language identity, ideology and migration.

Transformations in the production apparatus, changes in the global economy and certain political and social factors have given rise to various patterns of territorial mobility. This paper analyses trends in internal migration in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from 1971 to 2001. On the basis of information from national population and housing censuses, multiregional origin-destination matrices were established identifying the direction of migration flows and traditional and emerging push and pull factors of migration. Using the human development index, migratory flows between regions of high, medium and low levels of human development were determined, therefore demonstrating the uneven distribution of production activities in the country. Lastly, the results were analysed in the context of historical and structural processes, showing the link between policy decisions, each region’s economic emergence and the dynamics of internal migration.

The baby boomer generation (1946-1964) represents a population bulge that isn’t replicated in the younger generation who might be expected to live in the houses vacated by the baby boomers. Several authors have observed from 2010 there are likely to be more sellers than buyers, hence price reductions. This paper takes a contrary viewpoint. The following reasons are advanced as to why a baby boomer housing bust is unlikely to occur in New Zealand: positive demographic projections, reduced occupancy rates per dwelling, the elasticity of housing market supply, increasing numbers of investor buyers, policies relating to encouraging retirement in place, legislation underpinning the price of second hand houses, real incomes rising and intergenerational transfers. At a national level, demographic projections and housing supply characteristics are the variables most likely to influence future house prices. The paper then goes on to consider the regional implications of a baby boomer housing sell off, by examining possible future changes in housing preferences as well as trends in internal migration and regional economies.

The large-scale international migrations of the past decade are of increasing relevance to the formulation of foreign policy. The nature of such migrations has undergone dramatic transformations from those of the quite recent past, and the last five years have seen a series of migration “crises” with powerful foreign-policy implications. Foreign policies have had dramatic effects upon international migration trends. Usually these effects have been unintended and unanticipated, though mass migration has sometimes been employed as a tool of foreign policy. At the same time, international migration has had significant impact upon the formulation and content of foreign policy, especially in the United States. These relationships now present complex policy choices, involving deeply entwined concerns of foreign, domestic, and humanitarian complexion. There are important lessons to be learned from recent experiences, lessons that challenge longstanding perspectives. Indeed, real peril now attends the failure to deal coherently and humanely with international migrations as they relate to foreign policy.

Data about migration flows are largely inconsistent across countries, typically outdated, and often inexistent. Despite the importance of migration as a driver of demographic change, there is limited availability of migration statistics. Generally, researchers rely on census data to indirectly estimate flows. However, little can be inferred for specific years between censuses and for recent trends. The increasing availability of geolocated data from online sources has opened up new opportunities to track recent trends in migration patterns and to improve our understanding of the relationships between internal and international migration. In this paper, we use geolocated data for about 500,000 users of the social network website Twitter. The data are for users in OECD countries during the period May 2011- April 2013. We evaluated, for the subsample of users who have posted geolocated tweets regularly, the geographic movements within and between countries for independent periods of four months, respectively. Since Twitter users are not representative of the OECD population, we cannot infer migration rates at a single point in time. However, we proposed a difference-in-differences approach to reduce selection bias when we infer trends in out-migration rates for single countries. Our results indicate that our approach is relevant to address two longstanding questions in the migration literature. First, our methods can be used to predict turning points in migration trends, which are particularly relevant for migration forecasting. Second, geolocated Twitter data can substantially improve our understanding of the relationships between internal and international migration. Our analysis relies uniquely on publicly available data that could be potentially available in real time and that could be used to monitor migration trends. The Web Science community is well-positioned to address, in future work, a number of methodological and substantive questions that we discuss in this article.


 
 
 The article examines the global and regional issues of international youth migration. The obtained results are most interesting for those regions where the population is shrinking and aging with a rising need to involve youth for educational services and local labor markets, or vice versa, for those losing youth due to their emigration. It is emphasized that youth create an economically active social group, which volume and quality significantly affect the country’s development. During the global migration trends identification, the authors identified the international youth migration flows’ differences and features. The paper notes that the global trends in the international youth migration development include: increase in volume and percentage of youth in the overall number of migrants and the local population; growth of youth migrants in more developed regions and high-income countries; the dominance of migratory centers for youth in Oceania, North America, and Europe; formation of powerful centers of migration of intellectual young labor resources in the UAE, Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The available formational policy in youth migration regulation, on the example of India, China, Taiwan, Japan, USA, and Western Europe, is studied. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration flows is considered, including changes in international migration in 2020. Based on the UN data analysis on age groups of migrants within geographical regions, it was determined that the prerequisite for such a structure of migration centers is a high level of migratory attractiveness. Such migration-center structure is also explained by the significant level of cross-regional migration, as in the localized regions, their factors of «attraction-repulsion» are formed. It is stressed out that increas- ing military and political instability has led to the uphill of forced youth migrants. The paper proposes the flow optimization directions of international youth migration by formulating the link between migration policy and elements of other integration policies on migrant youth (employment policy, social, educational, information and security policies).
 
 

The article examines current trends in internal and international migration in the Kyrgyz Republic and their relationship with state social policy. Particular attention is paid to the centripetal nature of migration flows from rural and economically less developed regions to major urban centers, primarily Bishkek and the Chui region. Based on a secondary analysis of data from international organizations, official statistics, and academic publications, the study identifies key socio-economic drivers of migration as well as major risks and vulnerabilities faced by migrants, including unemployment, informal employment, and limited access to social protection due to registration barriers. The findings demonstrate that despite migrants’ subjective perception of improved living conditions after relocation, a significant proportion of internal migrants remains socially vulnerable. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for deeper integration of migration issues into national social policy and sustainable development strategies in order to reduce inequality and enhance social inclusion.

Aim . This work aimed to analyze data on migration processes in modern Russia, their manifestations, and their impact on the country’s economic and national security, as well as to identify associated risks and threats and consider existing opportunities for various forms of migration. Objectives . The work seeks to study Russia’s migration policy within the context of global migration trends, as well as to investigate the impact of internal and external migration processes on Russia’s economic and national security, their causes, and types. Methods . The study is based on comparative, systemic-structural, cause-and-effect, factor, functional, and statistical analysis. Expert assessment and observation methods were also used. Results. The Russia’s migration policy is primarily aimed to ensure a balance between the economy’s need for labor resources, the protection of national security, and social stability. The migration strategy serves as a tool designed to fulfill the purposes of Russia’s migration policy and achieve its objectives in the long term. Internal migration in Russia is largely represented by a young, active, and productive segment of the population, driven primarily by economic, geopolitical, and climatic factors. External migration to Russia is caused primarily by economic factors, particularly a steady increase in labor migration. Meanwhile, intellectual migration is experiencing an outflow of people from the country. As a result, migration legislation is being reformed to encourage scientists to return to the country, however no significant effect has been noted to date. Conclusions . Nowadays migration takes various forms and has varying intensities. Internal migration continues to develop as migration from small towns to cities, while external migration fluctuates depending on the political situation and other factors. This determines the origin and intensity of migration processes. Internal and external migration can not only be a source of threats to Russia’s economic and national security but also create opportunities to address demographic, economic, and social problems through properly implemented migration policies. As long as the Russian economy remains inconsistent in its priorities for scientific and technological development and the implementation of support tools at various levels, the outflow of promising population and the influx of unskilled and illegal migrants will remain a huge risk to Russia’s economic and national security. Russia’s migration policy requires fundamental changes and refinements to avoid irreversible consequences due to lost time.

The study of the various aspects of international migration has been one of the main activities of the Institute for Population Research since its foundation. In this field, research has been done on the underlying trends, the causes and the main effects of the dynamics of international migration and some specific situations have been analysed, with special reference to Italy. This present volume brings together four recent studies analysing international migration from different points of view and presents a picture of current trends. The first study, by Corrado Bonifazi, concentrates on the theoretical implications of the study of migration, identifying the proposals and contributions that are best suited to understanding the situation in Italy. The second contribution, by Corrado Bonifazi and Salvatore Strozza, gives a general overview of the development of migration in Europe over the last fifty years. The third study, by Caterina Gallina and Giuseppe Gesano, analyses the causes of migration in the Mediterranean scenario, highlighting the factors that have contributed - and will contribute - most to the dynamics of international migration. The fouth work, by Giuseppe Gesano, analyses the economic motivations and the plans of recent Ghanians and Egyptian migrants in Italy, using the result of a research on the causes of migration supported by Eurostat and coordinated by NIDI. The second and third contributions were prepared as part of the research carried out at the University of Rome La Sapienza on movements of people and capital in Europe, a project coordinated by Nicola Acocella and Eugenio Sonnino.

Although Britain lacks a comprehensive population registration system, information on the spatial redistribution of patients registered with the National Health Service is available from a central register. 'Movement' data from this source is increasingly important for understanding how internal migration in Britain changes between periodic censuses of population. This paper reviews the characteristics of the data and illustrates changes in the volume, structure and pattern of migration occurring at various geographical scales.