Information Warfare and Information Operations: Protecting The Global Information Environment.

A global infrastructure is emerging in the 21ST century in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) are becoming more and more pervasive. Dynamic innovation processes continue to give rise to the social and technological capabilities that could release the potential of ICT for development. Products produced in this diverse field have a wide application in society. It is a field that developing countries need to harness and develop considerable technical competence. Governments, businesses and other stakeholders in developing countries need to coordinate their actions in order to amplify the social and economic benefits of ICTs and to reduce the risk of exclusion. This paper presents a perspective of the ICT infrastructure in Zimbabwe. The increasing spread of ICT opens new opportunities for Zimbabwe to harness these technologies and services to serve its development goals. By investing in its national information infrastructures, Zimbabwe can experience the predicted social and economic benefits of a global information infrastructure. The paper gives a detailed coverage of recommendations for the case of Zimbabwe.

Patients' safety

Traditionally, the annual report opens the World Professional Crimea Forum. Primarily, the speaker focuses on the concept of digital economy interpreted as the economic relations system based on the digital information and communication technologies. The Program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” is reviewed. Several concepts, e. g. bitcoin and blockchain, Industry 4.0, New Internet, etc., are defined. The current problems of the Internet are examined, in particular, the lack of the single management and development center. The statistical data on the profile and involvement of the internet users is reported. Special attention is given to using Internet in Russia and the related problem of copyright in Russia and worldwide. The role of open access in building the knowledge environment and the role of the main contributors to the process, namely, publishers, libraries, educational institutions, are emphasized. Online education and accessible seamless education environment are specified as the main trends in education, The key vectors of developing knowledge content and its application in the digital environment are defined, these are: inclusiveness, artificial intelligence and green (sustainable) libraries, etc. The current situation in the global book market is evaluated on the basis of the results of the London Book Fair 2018. The project “The modern digital educational environment in the Russian Federation” is examined along with the projected results. The role of the National Electronic Library as the major innovative library project and the national information system is emphasized. The author concludes that the libraries of the future become an essential part of the national and global information infrastructure.

In this paper, the possibilities of developing the national information infrastructure by applying the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are discussed. Confirmation of the legitimacy of using the LADM within the (Spatial) Information Infrastructure (SII) context is illustrated with the case of Poland. Creating the information infrastructure is an immense challenge because its components are usually dispersed among various institutions responsible for their maintenance and dissemination. Co-existing spatial and non-spatial components of the information infrastructure require their proper integration. Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of the SII results in combining objects from physical and legal world in one computer environment. The process of standardisation is the first step to refine land administration system and to make it more understandable and transparent for involved parties. The LADM, being officially adopted as an international standard ISO 19152, gives a basis for building national profiles and supports creating the European information infrastructure, enabling communication based on common terminology. This paper provides a brief overview of the current land information system in Poland emphasising the main issues in creating the national information infrastructure. Then, the general concept of the country profile for Poland with the adaptation of the LADM is described. With respect to the users’ expectations and requirements, the conceptual model is extended to information being outside the scope of LADM. As a final point, several technical aspects of implementing the complemented LADM country profile are explored. The results indicate that effective functioning of the information infrastructure requires proper integration of data, proceeded by analysing the contents of existing data sets, indicating key registers and defining a linkage system between them.

The popular, business, and scientific media are full of predictions and promises for the national and global information infrastructures. However, one key problem is enabling interoperability in an open communications environment. In digital communications, simple examination does not reveal what a stream of bits represents-bits are bits. Headers and descriptors, a labeling mechanism, provide important identification for bit streams and thereby enable interoperability. Our work on headers and descriptors is part of a continuing effort to understand and foster the convergence and interplay of computing, communications, and interactive media. The header/descriptor concept, as represented here, began with US based efforts to define an advanced television system, high definition television (HDTV). Cross industry harmonization objectives, especially interoperability with digital computer and telecommunications systems, became formal selection criteria for the Federal Communications Commission's advanced television selection process. We explain the objectives and rationale underlying our work on headers and descriptors, and propose specific design concepts for achieving a truly universal header. An attractive, accessible, and sustainable information infrastructure depends on easy data sharing and preservation across varying systems. This larger goal, not simply the market needs of advanced television, drives our efforts.

The vision for national and regional health information infrastructures (HII) includes provision of a framework that is supportive of access and integration of health information with the goal of improving the health and safety of individuals, public health systems, and nations. Internationally, prominent examples of national and regional HIIs exist that provide a means for achievement of this goal. Using the United States' Nation Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) as an example, the authors describe expansion of the conceptual framework to explicitly acknowledge the role of access to evidence at the overlap between the three dimensions of the NHII to create an “evidence-based” link between interrelated components. The role of national measures in setting e-communication goals and evaluating the evolving infrastructure in meeting informational needs of users is discussed. Additionally, automated knowledge management tools such as practice guidelines are presented as a means by which access to critical information is delivered to users, in a format that is appropriatefor their health literacy level and that provides adequate supportfor informed decision making.

Bulgaria and Romania joined the European Union in January of 2007. Joining the EU is expected to promote the candidate country's economic growth, provide access to western technology, increase employment and attract foreign investments, the collective result of which is expected to be social, economic and technological advancement. In a perfect world where all factors contribute favorably those goals can be achieved. However, the detrimental impact of corruption on achieving national goals must also be addressed. This article examines linkages between information infrastructures and social development in Bulgaria and Romania as well as investment needs and financing were addressed with the objective to improve National Information Infrastructures (NII), expected payoffs from NII improvements were identified; the role of corruption in retarding information infrastructure development was also investigated. Using regression analysis the relationship between information infrastructures, social development, corruption, and economic development in Bulgaria and Romania were compared to those of the EU10 countries admitted into the EU in 2004 as well as to those in the original EU15 countries. It is concluded that given present conditions in Romania and Bulgaria development financing will have to come from internal and from World Bank sources rather than from foreign direct investment.

The possibilities of the information management system are unimaginable. 'Information warfare' (IW), defined as a targeted effort to undermine and neutralize hostile command and control systems for the purpose of protecting and coordinating the activities of command and control systems of friendly forces, is a frequently used term. Most of modern political and military systems of command and control are based on high speeds of computer-based communication. Hence, the information infrastructure is the 'infomercial' arena in which information warfare is conducted. Every system or a person that forms part of this sphere is a potential target in IW. The form of information warfare is the way of its exposure and it is expressed through the structure of events and activities related to the processes that take place in it. This means that the form of information warfare is a special feature that distinguishes it qualitatively from other forms. It is evident that information warfare dramatically affects the mode of war, regardless of whether it is only an evolutionary period or represents a revolutionary development.

: The United States continues to experience a phenomenal growth in the Internet combined with an increased dependence upon the automated systems within its information infrastructure. This tremendous growth is accompanied with a commensurate increase in cyber attack and crime. Both nonstate and state sponsored enemies are becoming more organized and talented and experts view the greatest dangers in cyberspace as villains lying in wait withholding full- fledged cyber attack until the opportunity for sufficient strategic advantage presents itself. The United States current security policies and strategies depend upon voluntary adherence to government recommendations with few regulations standards or financial incentives to gain private sector support. The potential losses associated with failing to secure cyberspace are too high. This paper provides an assessment of national efforts to secure cyberspace and puts forward recommendations to strengthen this critical national infrastructure. The United States must reassess its national strategies and with practical incentives enforce stronger measures to secure its information infrastructures. Otherwise the nation will face unforeseen potentially catastrophic consequences.

There are special considerations which are important when developing and teaching a course on information systems for international business, especially when the course is designed for undergraduates. This chapter demonstrates how to position and organize a global information systems course for undergraduates which will 1) be appropriate to the way undergraduates learn, 2) include the skills they need at this stage in their career and 3) create an affective change in their perspective. The primary approach used to produce these results is to demonstrate the importance of alignment between global strategies, organizational structures, the configuration of IS departmental areas, organizational information infrastructures, and national/organizational culture, as well as, alignment between national concerns, national information infrastructures and national information policy.

The growing diversity of the online health information community is increasingly cited as a limiting factor related to the potential of the Internet as an effective health communication channel and information resource. Public-access Internet portals and decreasing costs of personal computers have created a consensus that unequal access to information, or a "Digital Divide," presents a like problem specific to health care consumers. Access to information, however, is an essential part of the consumer-centric framework outlined in the recently proposed U.S. National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) and Health Architecture initiatives. To date little research has been done to differentiate the types of health information sought on the Web by different subgroups, linking user characteristics and health-seeking behaviors. Data from a study of consumer Web search activity in a post-intervention era serves as a natural experiment, and can identify whether a "digitally underserved group" persists in the United States. Such an environment would serve to exclude traditionally underserved groups from the benefits of the planned national heath information infrastructure. This exploratory technology assessment study seeks to differentiate and delineate specific behaviors, or lack of desired behaviors, across targeted health care subgroups. Doing so allows the design of more effective strategies to promote the use of the Web as a health education and health promotion tool, under the envisioned shared decision-making, consumer-centric health information model.

More than screen deep: toward every-citizen interfaces to the nation's information infrastructure

Information infrastructure development: International comparison between the United States and Japan

ABSTRACT: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has sophisticated propaganda capabilities and expertise that can be turned against it. The United States should draw upon its expertise in political communication and psychological operations as well as adapt Russian precepts of operational shock and reflexive control to complement traditional military approaches. ********** The requirements for defeating the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) have many facets: a coherent policy, a confluent political strategy, traditional military and kinetic operations, and effective information warfare (TW) strategies. Despite their dominant role in ISIL's playbook, IW strategies are too often ignored. The group has used information warfare to expand its battlespace beyond the borders of Syria and Iraq to every television set on the planet--reaching anyone with Internet access. (1) American IW response must be as aggressive and strategic as kinetic military operations. Congress recognized the need to broaden military authority to counter ISIL messaging after US Special Operations Command commander General Joseph L. Votel argued the Department of Defense required more authority to counter recruitment and reduce the flow of foreign fighters. (2) This article, therefore, focuses on communication strategies and tactics the US military might employ in close coordination with kinetic operations as well as political and diplomatic efforts. We first examine the broader precepts governing information warfare, then apply them to define potential options for defeating ISIL. Fundamental Assumptions about Winning the War What steps will achieve battlefield dominance against ISIL in information warfare? One key lies in aligning a counter-ISIL narrative with our military objectives and the political goals of regional allies, which requires defining assumptions about US intentions. (3) First, battlefield victories--including victory in the information environment--are vital. Second, taking sides in the long-standing tensions between Sunnis and Shiites or making US policy the issue in the conflict should be voided. Third, the prominent public role Muslims should take in articulating a counter-narrative that discredits and delegitimizes the religious and political dogma of ISIL should be recognized. Public demonstrations denouncing ISIL require words and deeds to contribute significantly to success: Western countries should provide behind-the-scenes leadership and support, but Muslims must lead. The United States must clearly define the stakes, narratives, themes, and messengers, requiring careful target audience analysis (TAA) for language and content. (4) No single narrative or messenger fits every strategy. Components must be consistent, coordinated, and tailored to each target audience. Communication strategies must respect current political and military realities. Iraqi Sunnis comprehend ISIL brutality; however, they will not risk their lives to destroy ISIL to restore the status quo ante of Shiite repression. A winning IW strategy requires fresh approaches. Western commercial advertising methods do not work for politics or for changing behavior in military conflict zones. Consumers represent groups who have already decided to purchase. Brand advertising seeks to increase the hit rate of customers in a target group. A successful commercial ad campaign may change the minds of 10 percent of customers. But as Steve Tatham points out, a 10-percent change in the behavior of an insurgent group or hostile community is highly unlikely to be game changing in the context of the wider conflict. (5) The United States should not confuse political communication with commercial advertising. Branding and commercial advertising are the kiss of death for information warfare. Strategic Considerations for Information Warfare We define communication as words, deeds, images, or symbols that shape public opinion and attitudes to change behavior in order to achieve specific effects or end-states. …

The article emphasizes that with all the positive aspects of thedevelopment of the information age or as it is also called post-industrial society,unfortunately, this period can also be called the era of modern information wars. Even inthe conditions of a real war, citizens and society in general still do not sufficientlyunderstand the threat posed by modern information technologies. Information warfare,most researchers agree that its formation and development of this phenomenon can betraced through a certain evolutionary progress, during which the impact on humanity ofvarious means of communication, their improvement and adaptation to the requirementsof their time were clearly traced. The first stage is associated with the era of Antiquity,the Middle Ages and partly the Modern Age until the 18th century. Already at that time,methods were successfully used that influenced the consciousness of citizens or soldiers.The second stage in the history of the concept of «information warfare» is primarilyassociated with the growing role of information in the life of states (the emergence of theprinting press, newspapers, radio, television, etc.). This period is characterized byserious shifts in the organization of information warfare and propaganda, thedevelopment of its methods and forms.The third stage in the history of information wars began with a period of fierceconfrontation in the world, which was called the «Cold War». The key elements inachieving goals in information warfare were the management of the target audience andthe formation of «public opinion» by manipulating information. The third millenniumbegan with the rapid development of information and communication technologies. Inaccordance with such successes in information and communication technologies, therapid pace of computerization and informatization of societies leads to the developmentof the fourth stage of information wars, in which the creation of such an informationspace is slowly turning into a theater of military operations, where each side of theconfrontation seeks to gain an advantage. Unlike military conflicts of the past, moderninformation warfare – the war for consciousness is not an auxiliary elementaccompanying hostilities. It takes place autonomously from armed confrontation (andeven denies it), has its own tools, strategies and goals. It is proven that information warfare is total in the sense that it is a war not ofarmies but of nations, requires the mobilization of all state resources, is waged in theglobal information space and uses the most destructive types of weapons – words andinformation. 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