Intelligent Model-Driven Road Accident Prevention

THE report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords, appointed to consider what steps should be taken to reduce the number of casualties on the road, is discussed in Roads and Road Construction of May. It is pointed out that since 1910 the number of vehicles on the roads has increased twenty times, and in addition there has been a marked increase of mileage run per vehicle. During the same period the increase in road production is only about two per cent. The Committee is unable to accept the conelusions of the Ministry as to the causes to which these accidents are attributed. First, only one cause has been assigned to each accident, although the blame should be distributed in various proportions between road conditions, the road user, the vehicle and both parties involved in the collision. Secondly, the system of police reports on road accidents is often inadequate. Thirdly, the vehicles are sometimes so damaged that it is impossible to say whether they were defective or not. Fourthly, the Committee does not agree with the general principle on which the Ministry proceeds, that even if the condition of the roads and cars was unimpeachable the total of accidents would not be appreciably affected. The Committee believes that segregation of drivers, cyclists and pedestrians on the main roads must come and that the attainment of this ideal is essential if road safety is to be ensured. The highway code should be revised and it should be given the force of law. Witnesses before the Committee were strongly of opinion that an extensive and persistent campaign of educational propaganda should be undertaken and that it should be aimed at every class of road user. The improvement of main roads and the construction of new roads should be carried on simultaneously. ‘Lay-byes’ and ‘draw-ins’ should be made on every few miles of highway. The costly system of erecting kerbs should cease and guard posts should be erected 18 inches outside the edges of roads, at suitable intervals, sloping outwards at an angle of 15° from the vertical and provided with reflectors. Many other useful suggestions are made and we hope that some of them will be adopted.

IN view of the increasing attention which is being directed to road accidents and their causes and prevention, a pamphlet recently issued by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology dealing with practical methods for reducing accidents and transport costs is worthy of general attention. The difficulty of ascertaining accurately the ability of a driver is widely realised, but the way in which his accident record may be misleading and lead to unfair judgments of his ability is less well known. As a result of a considerable amount of research, the Institute has now been able to devise and standardise a group of psychological tests which can be applied to select the best drivers from among a group of applicants for a post. The results of the tests have shown a remarkable concordance with estimates based on close observation of actual driving performance. The tests are equally valuable for selecting the men most suitable for training as drivers and they can also be applied to discover what is lacking in drivers of poor ability in order to remedy deficiencies where possible. A fourth direction of application is of even wider interest as the tests can be used to advise those who intend to learn to drive as to what degree of ability they are likely to develop after adequate tuition and experience. The bearing of such tests on the prevention of road accidents is obvious. The Institute's fee for carrying out such a test is two guineas.

Issues related to the prevention of road traffic accidents, including its socio-psychological aspects, have been relevant for several decades, not only at the state, but also at the international level. However, despite the existing developments on this topic, both theoretical and methodological and practical problems have not been fully identified, which ultimately will determine the socio-psychological conditions that can successfully prevent traffic accidents. Actual today is the problem of preventing dangerous (aggressive) in driving. The object of the study was the socio-psychological prevention of traffic accidents and dangerous (aggressive) driving of vehicles. The subject of the study is the socio-psychological conditions for the prevention of road traffic accidents and the dangerous (aggressive) driving of vehicles. The aim of the article is to study social ideas about the need to prevent dangerous (aggressive) vehicle driving among citizens and employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. The respondents to this socio-psychological study were employees of the State traffic inspectorate, as well as citizens, including professional drivers, drivers of personal vehicles and citizens who do not have a driver’s license. The total sample of the study was 105 respondents. The respondents' answers show an insufficient level of organization of both the propaganda activities of the State traffic inspectorate and the prevention of road accidents.

Road safety in cities is becoming a bigger concern worldwide. As more people own cars and traffic congestion increases on old roads, the risk of accidents also grows, which severely affects victims and their families. In 2023, data from the Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec (SAAQ) reported that 380 people died in traffic accidents in Quebec. A study of road accidents in Montreal between 2012 and 2021 looked at the most dangerous locations, times, and traffic patterns. In this paper, we investigate the role of autonomous vehicles (AVs) vs human-driven vehicles (HDVs) in reducing road accidents in mixed traffic situations. The reaction time of human drivers to road accidents at signalized intersections affects safety and is used to compare the difference between the two situations. Microscopic traffic simulation models (MTMs) namely the Krauss car-following model is developed using SUMO to assess the vehicles performance. Case study 1 assesses the effect of reaction time on human-driven vehicles. The findings show that longer reaction times lead to more collisions. Case study 2 looks at autonomous vehicles and how human-driven vehicles interact in mixed traffic. The simulations tested various levels of AV penetration (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) in mixed traffic and found that more AVs on the road improve safety and reduce the number of accidents.

Road accidents are a principal cause of demises, detriments and property damage every year. The fatal crashes are the primary reason for death among young people aged between 5 and 29 years. Road fatalities can be minimized by using smart street lights. This paper reviews the existing street light systems, including solar energy, light detection and motion detection systems. Furthermore, this paper proposes a system to detect and prevent road accidents and improve post-crash care using smart street lights. In case of an accident, the proposed system immediately assists in sending a message to the emergency services using GSM module and changing the colour of the street light LED to red, which acts as a warning signal for the vehicles approaching from behind on the road. The system uses solar energy to power the connected LED. Hence, this makes the system energy-efficient also.

The strengthening of law enforcement is one aspect of traffic accident prevention initiatives that is not to be overlooked. Studies have shown that increasing law enforcement can have an impact of up to 8% (a case study in Sweden). Since the Law on Traffic Safety was replaced in 2016 with the Law on Traffic Regulations, we have been examining the Kosovo instance to determine the effects of stepping up law enforcement. The impact will be measured using statistical data from prior years and the time frame after the new law's implementation. Only those traffic fines that were directly related to the causes of accidents were used in the analysis, which compared the increase and decline of these numbers over time. The objective is to determine the ultimate actions or modifications that will have the greatest impact by measuring the impact in real values. Given that the trend of accidents by causes may be tracked for all kinds of road accidents, the high number of traffic fines classified according to the causes of accidents is a new development in the field of studies on the relationship between measures and the number of accidents. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-12-011 Full Text: PDF

From 3 lakh vehicles in 1985, to about 53 lakh now, vehicle population in Bangalore has increased more than five fold during the last two decades. While the vehicle population is growing by at least one lakh every year, total road length has remained the same. Many of the arterial roads and junctions are operating over the capacity and to upgrade the city's traffic management system and resulted in the creation of the Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project, B-TRAC 2010 by Bangalore City Traffic Police. The BTRAC Project was conceptualized to address traffic congestion in Bangalore by employing the latest traffic management technologies. The components of BTRAC which are a reality on ground include the state-of-the-art Traffic Management Center which is the hub of transportation management system in Bangalore, Intelligent Transport Systems, Surveillance and Enforcement Cameras, Signage, Road Markings, Street Furniture, Junction Improvements and Capacity Building. Various traffic and road safety education and training activities have also been conducted with citizens and traffic personnel throughout the city for generating awareness about traffic rules and familiarising them with the latest technologies being adapted. As a result of such consolidated traffic control and management effort, Bangalore today has a full-fledged traffic maintenance system. This has resulted in creating transparency in enforcing traffic rules and levying adequate and timely penalties. BTRAC has resulted in better management of traffic, ensuring safety and security on roads and prevention of road accidents, with the monitoring and regulation of flow of vehicles in a systematic manner. BTRAC has reduced the occurrence of road accidents in Bangalore and is creating a safe road environment for commuters. The absolute number of road accidents witnessed a growing trend till the year 2007 and then followed a declining trend over the consecutive years with 5230 cases being reported in 2013 and 5004 cases in 2014. Even the fatal accident rate is showing a declining trend over the past five years.

This article discusses the problem of identifying and classifying road signs based on the You Only Look Once algorithm using modern artificial intelligence technologies. The software package will help to reduce traffic accidents on the territory of Uzbekistan, to provide drivers with visual information about the road infrastructure, to create a database of road signs. This software package was implemented in real time on Nvidia Jetson Nano graphics processors and mobile devices through images taken from a video surveillance camera. A set of methods, algorithms and software for the detection, separation and recognition of road signs in images using artificial intelligence technology has been developed. This software package is highly effective in warning drivers and preventing traffic accidents by real-time recognition of road signs with the help of surveillance cameras installed in the car. Certain technologies and software have been developed in various countries around the world to prevent traffic accidents, but these systems specialize in the rules of the road. Also, technologies for the prevention and prevention of road accidents in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan have not been developed.

This book is divided into two sections, one of some 418 pages on accident proneness, and the second consisting of 31 pages of statistical for the evaluation of the concept of accident proneness. It certainly is not easy to read. The reviewer pleads an ignorance which would prohibit a valid criticism of the new statistical techniques and must therefore assume, in fairness, that these are what they propose to be. For the serious student of the causes of automobile crashes, there may be some value in the first section as a reference source. One can find a real lead to the development of the entire section in the heading of the first chapter Accident Proneness—Fact and Fiction. So many sides of so many arguments are presented in such profusion that about the time one feels that a particular hypothesis has been logically developed, he then becomes immediately aligned

This paper describes how the practice of road safety auditing has become an important tool in the prevention of road accidents in New South Wales since it began in the early 1990’s. While there is considerable emphasis placed on the role of road safety audits at the concept and design stages (thus facilitating the identification of potential safety hazards long before the road or traffic facility has been built), there has been growing recognition of the role of thematic road safety audits in assessing risks to specific road users. Audits of “School zones” (designated low speed education precincts) focus on the movement needs of children, parents and teachers, assess integration of public transport and identify conflicts with vehicular through traffic. Work zone audits assess the dangers to the occupational health and safety of road workers, the hazards of temporary travel paths and the effectiveness of temporary traffic control in reducing accident risk. Principles of safe traffic integration for vulnerable road users are identified from audit experience and the benefit of thematic road safety audit programs concluded.

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1.25 million people die every year as a result of road traffic accidents. One of the main reasons of the accidents as analysed is due to exceeding the limit of driving speed. Our objective is to present an efficient, practically feasible and low-cost Light-Fidelity (LI-FI) based solution to limit the speed of a vehicle automatically, thereby minimizing the collision. The vehicle continuously monitors the distance of the front vehicle or obstruction using infrared transmitter and receiver and accordingly restricts its maximum speed limit of the vehicle with the help of Electronic Control Unit (ECU) present in the vehicle that checks the flow of fuel into the engine. Li-Fi or light fidelity is a bidirectional and fully networked wireless communications medium which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and provides transmission of data through illumination by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in frequency faster than the human eye can follow. It can provide connectivity within a very large area with more security and with higher data rates and high speed than data that can be transmitted through Wi-Fi, It uses visible light communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet spectrum which works by changing the frequency of the dispersed light. This change in frequency is characterised by a chain of adjoining reactions. By using Li-Fi technology highly reliable vehicle to vehicle communication is possible by transmitting and receiving data through LED head-lights and tail-lights.

This study focused on the public transport risk assessment in District 1 of Tehran through Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) involving the three criteria of human, vehicle and road in Haddon matrix. In fact, it examined the factors contributing to the occurrence of road accidents at several urban black spots within District 1. Relying on road safety checklists and survey of experts, this study made an effort to help urban managers to assess the risks in the public transport and prevent road accidents. Finally, the risk identification and assessment of public transport in District 1 yielded several results to answer the research questions. The hypotheses analysis suggested that safety issues involved in public transport are concerned by urban managers. The key reactive measures are investigation of accidents, identification of causes and correction of black spots. In addition to high costs, however, the reactive measures give rise to multiple operational problems such as traffic navigation and guaranteeing user safety in every operation. The case study highlighted the same fact. The macro-level management in the metropolis of Tehran is critical. The urban road casualties and losses can be curtailed by preventive measures such as continuous assessment of road safety.

Drowsiness reduces concentration and increases re-sponse time, which causes fatal road accidents. Monitoring drivers’ drowsiness levels by electroencephalogram (EEG) and taking action may prevent road accidents. EEG signals effectively monitor the driver’s mental state as they can monitor brain dynamics. However, calibration is required in advance because EEG signals vary between and within subjects. Because of the inconvenience, calibration has reduced the accessibility of the braincomputer interface (BCI). Developing a generalized classification model is similar to domain generalization, which overcomes the domain shift problem. Especially data augmentation is frequently used. This paper proposes a calibration-free framework for driver drowsiness state classification using manifold-level augmentation. This framework increases the diversity of source domains by utilizing features. We experimented with various augmentation methods to improve the generalization performance. Based on the results of the experiments, we found that deeper models with smaller kernel sizes improved generalizability. In addition, applying an augmentation at the manifold-level resulted in an outstanding improvement. The framework demonstrated the capability for calibration-free BCI.

The safety of various road users and vehicle passengers is very important in our increasingly populated roads and highways. To this end, the correct perception of driving conditions is imperative for a driver to react accordingly to a given driving situation. Various sensors are currently being used in recognizing driving context. To further enhance such driving environment perception, this paper proposes the use of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones). In this work, drones are equipped with sensors (radar, lidar, camera, etc.), capable of detecting obstacles, accidents, and the like. Due to their small size and capability to move places, drones can be used collect perception data and transmit them to the vehicle using a secure method, such as an RF, VLC, or hybrid communication protocol. These data obtained from different sources are then combined and processed using a knowledge base and some set of logical rules. The knowledge base is represented by ontology; it contains various logical rules related to the weather, the appropriateness of sensors with respect to the weather, and the activation mechanism of UAVs containing these sensors. Logical rules about which communication protocols to use also exist. Finally, various driving context cognition rules are provided. The result is a more reliable environment perception for the vehicle. When necessary, users are provided with driving assistance information, leading to safe driving and fewer road accidents. As a proof of concept, various use cases were tested in a driving simulator in the laboratory. Experimental results show that the system is an effective tool in improving driving context recognition and in preventing road accidents.

The impacts of various information and communication technologies are leading to a cyber age. With thisadvancement people need to be aware of theseveral ethical, privacy and security issues associated with the new technology.Ethics in simple words means moral principles. Ethics in information technology means taking decisions about using these technologies based on moral values and knowledge of what is “right” or “wrong”.Information technology is the key technology used for development of smart driverless cars. These cars aim to reduce human errors and prevent road accidents from taking place. Every year 1.25 million people die in road accidents, of these 94 percent of accidents are caused by human errors which can be prevented using the driverless cars.However, these cars need to be programmed and there are cases where the program will have to make moral decisions on the road. These decisions can vary from causing a minor accident to prevent a major one to deciding whose safety is more important pedestrians or passengers. In this paper we will discuss about some experiments being done on driverless cars, the benefits and the challenges in the development of this new IT technology-driverless cars.