Intelligent Vehicular Communication Using Vulnerability Scoring Based Routing Protocol

The very challenging requirement of WSN is energy efficiency, which depends upon the distributed design and dynamic topology of the network. This requirement can be fulfilled by the multi-hop energy efficient routing protocols. The objective of all the energy efficient protocols is to extend the network’s lifetime. Sensor nodes are battery operated, so generally concern of all routing protocols is to conserve energy. In this chapter, energy efficient protocols are categorized into two types (i) heterogeneity based energy efficient routing protocols and (ii) chain based energy efficient routing protocols. Comparisons of various energy efficient routing protocols are specified here with open issues. A systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of various energy aware schemes are discussed in depth. This chapter is focused on various energy conservation schemes and hence, discussion of various routing protocols gives the readers a new insight.

In recent times, different routing protocols have been proposed in the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) to explore the underwater environment for different purposes, i.e., scientific and military purposes. However, high Energy Consumption (EC), End to End (E2E) delay, low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and minimum network lifetime make the energy efficient communication a challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The high E2E delay, EC and reliable data delivery are the critical issues, which play an important role to enhance the network throughput. So, this paper presents two energy efficient routing protocols namely: Shortest Path-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (SP-CBE2R) protocol and Improved-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (Im-CBE2R) protocol. At this end, both routing protocols minimize the probability of void hole occurrence and in return minimizes the EC and E2E delay. In both routing protocols, courier nodes are positioned at different strategic locations to keep the greedy forwarding continuous. The proposed routing protocols are also analyzed by varying the Packet Size (PS) and Data Rate (DR). Additionally, various simulations have been performed to authenticate the proposed routing protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols outperform the baseline routing protocols in counterparts.

Since the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT), it has transformed everyday life by enabling intelligent environments that improve efficiency and automate services in domains such as agriculture, healthcare, smart cities, and industry. However, the rapid proliferation of IoT devices has introduced significant security challenges, largely driven by the heterogeneity of devices, resource constraints, and the increasing exposure of network communications. This work proposes a lightweight security protection mechanism for IoT networks based on trust modelling. The proposed approach integrates machine learning techniques to evaluate IoT node behavior using network-layer (Layer 3) traffic features under different labeling granularities, including binary, categorical, and subcategorical classifications. By focusing on network-layer observations, the model remains applicable across heterogeneous IoT devices while preserving a low computational footprint. In addition, the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is incorporated as a standardized vulnerability severity metric, enabling the integration of probabilistic security evidence with contextual information about potential impact. This combination allows the estimation of trust to reflect not only the likelihood of anomalous behavior but also its associated severity. Experimental evaluation was conducted using a representative IoT traffic dataset, multiple preprocessing strategies, and several classical machine learning models. The results demonstrate that aggregating traffic-based intrusion detection outputs with vulnerability severity metrics enables a more robust, flexible, and interpretable trust estimation process. This approach supports the early identification of potentially compromised nodes while maintaining scalability and efficiency, making it suitable for deployment in heterogeneous IoT environments.

The advent of the twenty-first century has seen a myriad of amazing technological advancements. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a prime example of technological capabilities at its finest. The IoT is a series of interconnected devices capable of sending and receiving data over existing network infrastructure, but why does this matter? Technology is becoming a conventional commodity, while the uses are endless, technological advancement constitutes a very serious risk. Any device that is connected to the Internet poses a heightened security risk. These risks have the potential of compromising the device and its users. Therefore, the understanding of device-level security is critical to protect the users from various security threats. To provide a holistic view of IoT security, the investigated devices are broken down with respect to different domains (e.g., healthcare, commerce, and home). Specifically, this paper presents a survey of frequently used devices with a common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) for each investigated IoT domain. This will be an attempt to identify the pivotal device vulnerabilities and determine which attack vectors are predominately exploited in IoT networks.

The emerging technology called Internet of Things (IoT) for the various applications related to the smart cities under the significant research and developments. The studies reveal that the routing is a key part of IoT applications such as monitoring systems, vehicular systems etc. Thus the designing the robust energy efficient routing protocols are always the difficult tasks for the researchers by considering the generalized IoT applications. There are different types of routing protocols are designed but the energy issue still remains. The many researchers are still working on this problem but the system needs more energy efficient routing protocol for the increase life and performance of the IoT applications. In this paper, we presenting the study of some recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless communications, and then design the different IoT based networks for their performance evaluation. We designed the IoT networks with various network conditions using the NS2 simulator. The outcome of this paper is the identification of current research problems based on the experimental analysis.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) being special type of wireless communication networks, characterized via various specific features like Limited Memory, Energy, Less Processing power. In Wireless Sensor Networks, every sensor node actively participates in routing work by forwarding the packets from sender to receiver and the packet forwarding is entirely based on network topology. One of the most important issue surrounding WSNs is Energy Efficiency and Efficient Routing mechanism which should be dynamic and efficient enough to handle changing topologies. So, there is utmost need for optimization techniques which can lay the foundation of development of suitable routing protocol to attain energy efficiency and routing in sensor networks. Swarm Intelligence is one the most important technique which is highly considered for developing energy efficient routing protocols. Considering Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is utilized to propose Energy Efficient protocol for WSN. In this paper, a Novel Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on ACO for WSN is proposed i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath Ant Based Routing Protocol). Hardcore testing of protocol proposed i.e. IEEMARP is done in different simulation scenarios using NS-2 simulator on varied parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, Routing Overhead, Energy Consumption and End-To-End Delay and performance is compared with other routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV, DSR, ACEAMR, Ant Chain, EMCBR and IACR. The results states that IEEMARP is almost 7 to 10 times better in different parameters. It has also been observed that IEEMARP routing protocol is also efficient in transmitting TCP packets.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is present in many participants from the energy, health, manufacturing, transport, and public sectors. Many factors catalyze IIoT, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and intelligent decentralized manufacturing. However, the convergence between IT, OT, and IoT environments involves the integration of heterogeneous technologies through protocols, standards, and buses. However, this integration brings with it security risks. To avoid the security risks, especially when systems in different environments interact, it is important and urgent to create an early consensus among the stakeholders on the IIoT security. The default Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) offers a mechanism to measure the severity of an asset's vulnerability and therefore a way to characterize the risk. However, CVSS by default has two drawbacks. On the one hand, to carry out a risk analysis, it is necessary to have additional metrics to the one established by CVSSv3.1. On the other hand, this index has been used mostly in IT environments and although there are numerous efforts to develop a model that suits industrial environments, there is no established proposal. Therefore, we first propose a survey of the main 33 protocols, standards, and buses used in an IIoT environment. This survey will focus on the security of each one. The second part of our study consists of the creation of a framework to characterize risk in industrial environments, i.e., to solve both problems of the CVSS index. To this end, we created the Vulnerability Analysis Framework (VAF), which is a methodology that allows the analysis of 1,363 vulnerabilities to establish a measure to describe the risk in IIoT environments.

<p>Energy efficiency has been considered as the most important issue in wireless sensor networks. As in many applications, wireless sensors are scattered in a wide harsh area, where the battery replacement or charging will be quite difficult and it is the most important challenge. Therefore, the design of energy saving mechanism becomes mandatory in most recent research. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustered routing protocol is proposed: the proposed protocol is based on analyzing the data collected from the sensors in a base-station. Based on this analysis the cluster head will be selected as the one with the most useful data. Then, a variable time slot is specified to each sensor to minimize the transmission of repetitive and un-useful data. The proposed protocol Data-Based Energy Efficient Clustered Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensors Networks (DCRP) was compared with the famous energy efficient LEACH protocol and also with one of the recent energy efficient routing protocols named Position Responsive Routing Protocol (PRRP). DCRP has been used in monitoring the floods in Tabuk area –Saudi Arabia. It shows comparatively better results.</p>

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

A deep learning based misbehavior classification scheme for intrusion detection in cooperative intelligent transportation systems

Vertical handover is one of the key technologies that will enable the connected and autonomous vehicles deployment. The emergence of vehicular networks—V2V, V2I, V2X—communications has enabled new applications, such as cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), real-time applications. However, these networks are characterized by a high level of mobility and dynamic change in the topology, which generates scattered networks. To address this problem and ensure a high level of performance, a new concept denoted heterogeneous vehicular networks (HVN) emerged, which is a key concept of the internet of vehicles (IoV). It consists in a hybridization the vehicular network (IEEE 802.11p) and cellular networks (3G/LTE/4G). In this chapter, authors introduced this new concept of IOV and its architectures and communication layers. Then they explored the different existing data relaying mechanisms in order to propose a new classification of handover approaches. After that, they presented the support of handover mechanisms in LTE and finally highlighted some handover challenges and issues.

with the faster advancement of the Internet of Vehicles and the increasing growth of units of information demonstrate a critical role of big data in Internet of vehicles. The big data has gained a lot of traction in academics and industry. It helps in making factual decision making and a lot in expanding business and industry. Additionally, the data gathered from linked automobiles was observed, also crowd sourcing, urban development may be boosted oversight. The objective provides some sort of comprehensive survey of all relevant self scrutiny publications published in early year. We conducted a thorough review of the study articles in order to identify possible. So the survey demonstrates how big data may enact a critical part in delivering accurate as well as meaningful forecasts, as well as a detailed review of numerous approaches, devices, and styles for utilizing information in Internet of Vehicles. Adjacent to an overview of the most recent research on the use of big data in Internet of vehicles, additionally, the stated has been proposed. Also the paper extract and decompose a lot of information on traffic of vehicle interneting. It includes suggestions and directions for open working in internet of vehicles.

Mobile ad hoc network-a revolutionary concept in itself, is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in a fashion that the interconnection between nodes are capable of changing in a continual basis. MANET has increasingly gained popularity, especially with the military and it is the aim and zeal of technology to upgrade its components and make them better and better. Mainly 4 or 5 types of conventional routing protocols of reactive, proactive or hybrid natures are used based on the requirements of the network. However power consumption in all these are rather high causing the transmission cost to increase. Thus, the quest for an energy efficient routing protocol in MANET to make its usage even better. In this paper we have tried to talk about newer energy efficient routing protocols. These take into consideration that in MANET, channel and energy capacity are scarce resources. Thus it is extremely important to enhance the lifetime of MANETs. Hence we have listed certain energy efficient protocols ideally suited for the current scenario.

The digitalization of the automotive industry has accelerated the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), fostering new solutions for safety, efficiency, and sustainable mobility. This article, developed within the scope of the IDT – PIVOT project, Incentive System for Business Research and Development – Individual Operations, aims to critically analyze the role of IoT and IoV in the automotive sector, exploring practical applications, conceptual architectures, and implementation challenges. The methodology consisted of a critical review of scientific and technical literature (2010–2025), complemented by institutional reports and industrial case studies, structured into four axes: IoT applications, communication networks, IoT/IoV architectures, and the evolution towards IoV. The results highlight clear benefits, such as accident reduction through V2X communication, improved efficiency via predictive maintenance, and environmental gains in intelligent mobility systems. However, significant limitations remain, including interoperability issues, latency, cybersecurity risks, costs, and social acceptance. Future perspectives point to the integration of 5G/6G networks, edge intelligence, and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) models, requiring robust public policies and global communication standards. It is concluded that IoT and IoV are strategic pillars for the transition towards connected, autonomous, and cooperative mobility.

The Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) uses the concept of Dynamic technology in the wireless network. The most important challenge in building of MANET is the power consumption by the nodes. According to the demand of present scenario different energy efficient routing protocol has come into existence that helps in increasing the life time of the battery. Emerging Trends in energy efficient routing protocols as the name suggest specify that many approaches like clustered, genetic algorithm and so on has came in existence that helps in increasing the network life time of energy efficient routing protocols. In this paper energy power aware routing (EPAR), energy power and life aware routing (EPLAR) and efficient power aware quality of service (QEPAR) protocols, Loose-virtual clustering Routing protocol for Power Heterogeneous named as (LRPH), Energy entropy Multipath Routing optimized algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (EMRGA) are mentioned according to their Specifications. EPAR uses the Min-max formulation approach through which EPAR work more efficiently than AODV, DSR and DSDV. Another routing protocol known as EPLAR is more energy-efficient than EPAR due to its link stability. Also QEPAR works more efficiently than DSDV, DSR because its Quality of Service (QoS) is better than these existing protocols. Different routing protocols have different advantages over one another.