Exploiting Energy Efficient Routing protocols for Void Hole Alleviation in IoT enabled Underwater WSN

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

The vital part to prolong the active time of Wireless Senor Network (WSN) is to reduce the transmission energy consumption between individual nodes/path belonging to the network. In order to minimize the transmission energy consumption in the network, a novel methodology called a “sleeping pill” packet into the network has been proposed. This technique has reduced 4% of energy consumption in a transmission experiment for 10,000 packets at -25dBm transmission power. This transmission experiment was carried out by transmitting a new packet of size 108 bytes for every 3 seconds leading to a total transmission time of 8 hours 33 minutes. This methodology has a potential to increase the lifetime of the network to about 60% for multi-hop multipath routing protocols. These measurements and comparisons are first step towards energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol in a mesh network. This study also investigates various connectivity issues and energy consumption scenario that prevail in real world situation. The experiments were done and analyzed various performance issues which arise due to deployment/distribution of the sensor for the multi-hop network according to the environment. These experiments provide more insights to reduce the packet loss and effective energy utilization of the nodes in the network. One of the focuses of this research work is on establishing the correlation between Link Quality Indicator (LQI) values to the Packet delivery ratio (PDR) based on environment. These methodical analyses play an important role in energy efficient mesh routing protocol and deployment.

The unique characteristics of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) attracted the research community to explore different aspects of these networks. Routing is one of the most important and challenging function in UWSNs, for efficient data communication and longevity of sensor node's battery timing. Sensor nodes have energy constraint because replacing the batteries of sensor nodes is an expensive and tough task in harsh aqueous environment. Also interference is a major performance influencing factor. Providing solutions for interference-free communication are also essential. In this paper, we propose three energy-efficient and interference-aware routing protocols named as Inverse Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IEEDBR), Interference-Aware Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IA-EEDBR) and Interference-Aware Inverse Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IA-IEEDBR). Unlike EEDBR, IEEDBR protocol uses depth and minimum residual energy information for selecting data forwarder. While IA-EEDBR takes minimum number of neighbors for forwarder selection. IA-IEEDBR considers depth, minimum residual energy along with minimum number of neighbors for selection of forwarder. Our proposed schemes are validated through simulation and the results demonstrate better performance in terms of improved network lifetime, maximized throughput and reduced path loss.

An energy efficient routing protocol is the major concern in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this survey paper, we present energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols, developed from conventional LEACH routing protocol. Main focus of our study is how these extended protocols work in order to increase the life time and how quality routing protocol are improved for WSNs. Furthermore, this paper also highlights some of the issues faced by LEACH and also explains how these issues are tackled by extended versions of LEACH. We compare the features and performance issues of the selected hierarchical routing protocols.

Energy efficient routing protocols can potentially reduce the amount of energy consumed in packet forwarding. However, existing literature lacks studies on improving green performance of geocast routings for the Internet of Vehicles. Therefore, this study proposes an energy efficient min delay (EEMD)-based geocast routing protocol to find optimal relay nodes by incorporating energy consumption and packet delivery delay. We introduce energy efficiency in packet forwarding as a more appropriate indicator than energy consumption. We present a green protocol model and analyze its green networking performance in packet forwarding. Extensive simulation shows that our designed EEMD protocol allows efficient energy-saving data forwarding under various vehicular traffic conditions.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) being special type of wireless communication networks, characterized via various specific features like Limited Memory, Energy, Less Processing power. In Wireless Sensor Networks, every sensor node actively participates in routing work by forwarding the packets from sender to receiver and the packet forwarding is entirely based on network topology. One of the most important issue surrounding WSNs is Energy Efficiency and Efficient Routing mechanism which should be dynamic and efficient enough to handle changing topologies. So, there is utmost need for optimization techniques which can lay the foundation of development of suitable routing protocol to attain energy efficiency and routing in sensor networks. Swarm Intelligence is one the most important technique which is highly considered for developing energy efficient routing protocols. Considering Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is utilized to propose Energy Efficient protocol for WSN. In this paper, a Novel Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on ACO for WSN is proposed i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath Ant Based Routing Protocol). Hardcore testing of protocol proposed i.e. IEEMARP is done in different simulation scenarios using NS-2 simulator on varied parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, Routing Overhead, Energy Consumption and End-To-End Delay and performance is compared with other routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV, DSR, ACEAMR, Ant Chain, EMCBR and IACR. The results states that IEEMARP is almost 7 to 10 times better in different parameters. It has also been observed that IEEMARP routing protocol is also efficient in transmitting TCP packets.

Nowadays, limited battery lifespan in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is one of the key concerns for reliable data delivery. Traditional transmission approaches increase the transmission overhead, i.e., packet collision and congestion, which affects the reliable data delivery. Additionally, replacement of the sensors battery in the harsh aquatic environment is a challenging task. To save the network from sudden failure and to prolong the lifespan of the network, efficient routing protocols are needed to control the excessive energy dissipation. Therefore, this paper proposes two cluster-based routing protocols. The proposed protocols adaptively adjust their transmission range to keep maximum neighbors in their transmission range. This transmission range adjustment helps the routing protocols to retain their transmission process continuous by removing void holes from the network. Clusters formation in both proposed protocols makes the data transmission successful, which enhances the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). A comparative analysis is also performed with two state-of-the-art protocols named: Weighting Depth Forwarding Area Division, Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-Based WDFAD-DB (CB-WDFAD-DBR). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in terms of PDR, Energy Consumption (EC) and End to End (E2E) delay.

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for exploration of underwater resources. Security plays an important role in the UWSNs environment because the environment of UWSNs is prone to different security attacks. This research proposes SEECR: Secure Energy Efficient and Cooperative Routing protocol for UWSNs. SEECR comprised of energy efficient and strong defense mechanism for combatting attacks in underwater environment. SEECR exploits cooperative routing for enhancing the performance of network. Considering the resource constrained UWSNs environment minimum computation is employed for implementing security so that SEECR remains suitable for underwater environment. In order to evaluate the performance of SEECR, this research compares the performance of SEECR with AMCTD: Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-optimized DBR - a well-known routing protocol for UWSNs environment. The performance of SEECR and AMCTD protocols are evaluated using different performance evaluation parameters such as number of alive nodes, transmission loss, throughput, energy tax and end-to-end delay. The results suggest an improved performance of SEECR over AMCTD. SEECR shows an improvement of 9% in terms of number of alive nodes, over 50% reduction in terms of transmission loss, up to 9% increase in throughput, up to 23% reduction in energy tax, and 25% reduction in end-to-end delay. Further, we observe that attack significantly degrades the performance of AMCTD whereas due to the embedded defense mechanism in SEECR the impact of attack is negligible.

It is critical to design energy-efficient routing protocols for battery-limited mobile ad hoc networks, especially in which the energy-consuming MIMO techniques are employed. However, there are several challenges in such a design: first, it is difficult to characterize the energy consumption of a MIMO-based link; second, without a careful design, the broadcasted RREP packets, which are used in most energy-efficient routing protocols, could flood over the networks, and the destination node cannot decide when to reply the communication request; third, due to node mobility and persistent channel degradation, the selected route paths would break down frequently and hence the protocol overhead is increased further. To address these issues, in this paper, a novel Greedy Energy-Efficient Routing (GEER) protocol is proposed: (a) a generalized energy consumption model for the MIMO-based link, considering the trade-off between multiplexing and diversity gains, is derived to minimize link energy consumption and obtain the optimal transmit model; (b) a simple greedy route discovery algorithm and a novel adaptive reply strategy are adopted to speed up path setup with a reduced establishment overhead; (c) a lightweight route maintenance mechanism is introduced to adaptively rebuild the broken links. Extensive simulation results show that, in comparison with the conventional solutions, the proposed GEER protocol can significantly reduce the energy consumption by up to 68.74%.

Recent technological advances in communication sector have resulted in the development and improvement of wireless sensor networks consisting of low cost, low power and smaller multi-functional sensor units. Limited battery life of sensor nodes is one of the critical issues in wireless sensor networks. Energy dissipation for data transfer from nodes to base station is the crucial cause of energy depletion. A wide variety of routing protocols were introduced to increase the lifespan of the network and the most efficient scheme is clustering of nodes within the network that works on the principle of divide & conquer and data aggregation. This paper proposes an energy efficient routing protocol EEM-LEACH that discovers a multi-hop path with minimum communication cost from each node to the base station. If the communication cost for direct data transfer is minimum, nodes close to the base station can send data directly to the base station thereby preventing them from dying soon. Only nodes with maximum residual energy and minimum energy consumption can become cluster heads since each node's residual energy as well as average energy consumption is considered for the selection of cluster heads. No global information is needed because cluster formation and multi-hop path selection are distributed. As communication cost per packet is minimized and relay nodes have more residual energy, the network lifetime can be improved.

The large-scale mobile Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a useful networking paradigm to explore underwater environments. The characteristics of mobile UWSNs, such as low communication bandwidth, large propagation delay, and floating node mobility are significantly different from wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new efficient routing protocol, called multi-path routing (MPR) protocol, for UWSNs to improve the transmission delay. Multi-path is utilized during the path construction from the source node to the destination node, which is composed of a series of multi-subpaths. Each multi-subpath is a sub-path from a sending node to its two-hop neighboring node, called receiving node, by one more relay nodes, where these relay nodes simultaneously are neighboring nodes of sending and receiving nodes. Due to the different propagation delay of UWSN, the packet arrival time along the different sub-path is different; thus it may avoid the data collision in the receiving node when receiving different packets from different relay nodes. It surely sends the different packet along different sub-path to significantly improve delay time and packet delivery ratio. Finally, simulation results illustrate the performance achievements of the MPR protocol in improving delay time, packet delivery ratio, throughput and reducing overhead ratio.

Energy is an important issue in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network). Nodes in network are working in presence of limited energy. So, energy efficient routing is needed for reducing energy consumption. Energy efficient routing schemes can greatly reduce energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the networks. Multipath routing protocol (AOMDV) having more than one path, if the first one is break then second provides the proper packet delivery, this causes reduced node energy consumption and the topology of MANETs always changes, due to the high mobility of nodes. This makes it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use when they are routed. The location based routing provides the location information of the destination to route a packet toward. This paper provides comparison and study on reduced energy consumption by using multipath protocol and performance which is evaluated by performance metrics in case of AOMDV and energy based AOMDV. Now here DREAM protocol is used with AOMDV to finding location of mobile nodes but not with energy but here measures their performance with both multipath protocols. I. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of mobile formed by means of multi-hop wireless communication without the use of any existing network infrastructure. MANET routing protocols can be classified into two classes. Proactive protocols, they requires the nodes to periodically exchange the table information to update the pre-determine routes between any pair of source destination nodes. Reactive protocols can establish routes only when they require. MANET routing protocols can be classified on the bases of the methods of delivery of data packets from source to destination. Single Path routing protocols learn routes and select a single best route to each destination. These protocols are incapable of load balancing traffic. Multi-path routing protocols learn routes and can select more than one path to a destination. These protocols are better for performing load balancing. This paper provides the comparison between results about Multipath routing in AOMDV (13), AOMDV with location and Energy with AOMDV.

Survivability is crucial in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) especially when they are used for monitoring and tracking applications with limited available resources. In this paper we are proposing the use of an energy Efficient Cognitive Unicast Routing (ECUR) protocol that tries to keep a balance between the energy consumption and the packet delay in a WSN. The proposed routing protocol has a next node selection criterion to change the routing path dynamically following the network conditions and the channel availability while the energy consumption per node is also considered. Simulation results are presented that show an increase in network lifetime of up to 30% compared with geographic opportunistic routing while the packet delay remains similar.

With the increasing underwater applications, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become a research hotspot. Routing protocols used to keep network connectivity and reliable transmission are essential in UWSNs. Due to the specific limitations in UWSNs, such as serious ocean interference, high propagation latency, and dynamic network topology, it is challenging to balance multiple performances, such as real timeness and energy efficiency in a routing protocol. To this end, this article proposes a localization-free routing scheme, termed energy-efficient guiding-network-based routing (EEGNBR) protocol, to provide a time saving and reliable routing for UWSNs, which is a good choice for applications characterized by intermittent connectivity. For reducing the network delay, EEGNBR cites the advantageous distance-vector mechanism and establishes a guiding network to provide underwater sensor nodes with the shortest route (minimum hop counts) toward the sinks. Moreover, EEGNBR innovatively replaces the waiting mechanism used in traditional opportunistic routing with a novel data forwarding mechanism named concurrent working mechanism, which could greatly reduce the forwarding delay while guaranteeing reliable routing. In order to ensure routing reliability as well as avoid duplicate transmission, the forwarding protection mechanism is adopted to save energy consumption and extend the service life of the network. Simulation results show that EEGNBR performs significantly better than some classical related protocols in terms of network delay while maintaining comparable or even better energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

The key concerns to enhance the lifetime of IoT-enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) are energy-efficiency and reliable data delivery under constrained resource. Traditional transmission approaches increase the communication overhead, which results in congestion and affect the reliable data delivery. Currently, many routing protocols have been proposed for UWSNs to ensure reliable data delivery and to conserve the node’s battery with minimum communication overhead (by avoiding void holes in the network). In this paper, adaptive energy-efficient routing protocols are proposed to tackle the aforementioned problems using the Shortest Path First (SPF) with least number of active nodes strategy. These novel protocols have been developed by integrating the prominent features of Forward Layered Multi-path Power Control One (FLMPC-One) routing protocol, which uses 2-hop neighbor information, Forward Layered Multi-path Power Control Two (FLMPC-Two) routing protocol, which uses 3-hop neighbor information and ’Dijkstra’ algorithm (for shortest path selection). Different Packet Sizes (PSs) with different Data Rates (DRs) are also taken into consideration to check the dynamicity of the proposed protocols. The achieved outcomes clearly validate the proposed protocols, namely: Shortest Path First using 3-hop neighbors information (SPF-Three) and Breadth First Search with Shortest Path First using 3-hop neighbors information (BFS-SPF-Three). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in terms of minimum Energy Consumption (EC) and Required Packet Error Rate (RPER) with a minimum number of active nodes at the cost of affordable delay.