Interaction Design for AI Interfaces and Robots Incorporating Motion

Experience has shown that some students have difficulty in comprehending the large number of different types of mechanical motion and the even greater number of formulas that are studied in the physics course. To make it easier for the students to deal with these problems, we have compiled a table, a sort of conspectus of the different kinds of mechanical motion studied in school. The vertical columns tell immediately for each type of motion how and why a body moves in that way. It is also useful to accompany each column in the table with graphs and figures showing the velocity, acceleration, and trajectory for each type of motion. In a horizontal direction, the table compares the different types of motion both dynamically and kinematically.

Visual discomfort of stereoscopic 3D videos: Influence of 3D motion

Human-computer interaction (HCI) design is the modern and advanced research area that is focused on human or user and system or device interactions. HCI is concerned with new and advanced approaches to a system that must be reliable and efficient to the user. HCI design required a longer and critical development process, methods or framework that passes through various evaluation phases. Due to an inadequacy of user-centered and value sensitive design for a system or device, numerous designs and artifacts do not draw attention to the user. On the other hand, user perception of advanced and new devices are not acceptable and perceived, if not reliable or facile to them. HCI comprises several methods, principles, and criteria which are followed during the development of interaction design. Even then, at times the evolved new and advanced interaction artifacts are unable to reach the user attraction. The HCI methodologies promote the researchers as well as designers to form and develop new and advanced innovations whereas, interaction design term plays a significant role in the design process. In this paper, the key concern is to analyze the conventional design method, Activity Theory (AT) and consider the principles of HCI and bring in a conceptual extended AT model to develop the appearance of Human-computer interaction design.

The human vestibular system is crucial for motion perception, balance control, and various higher cognitive functions. Exploring how the cerebral cortex responds to vestibular signals is not only valuable for a better understanding of how the vestibular system participates in cognitive and motor functions but also clinically significant in diagnosing central vestibular disorders. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a portable and non-invasive brain imaging technology to monitor cortical hemodynamics under physical motion.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the cerebral cortical response to naturalistic vestibular stimulation induced by real physical motion and to validate the vestibular cerebral cortex previously identified using alternative vestibular stimulation.ApproachFunctional NIRS data were collected from 12 right-handed subjects when they were sitting in a motion platform that generated three types of whole-body passive translational motion (circular, lateral, and fore-and-aft).Main resultsThe study found that different cortical regions were activated by the three types of motion. The cortical response was more widespread under circular motion in two dimensions compared to lateral and fore-and-aft motions in one dimensions. Overall, the identified regions were consistent with the cortical areas found to be activated in previous brain imaging studies.SignificanceThe results provide new evidence of brain selectivity to different types of motion and validate previous findings on the vestibular cerebral cortex.

The first passage probability (FPP), of trafficked intracellular particles reaching a displacement L, in a given time t or inverse velocity S = t/L, can be calculated robustly from measured particle tracks, and gives a measure of particle movement in which different types of motion, e.g. diffusion, ballistic motion, and transient run-rest motion, can readily be distinguished in a single graph, and compared with mathematical models. The FPP is attractive in that it offers a means of reducing the data in the measured tracks, without making assumptions about the mechanism of motion: for example, it does not employ smoothing, segementation or arbitrary thresholds to discriminate between different types of motion in a particle track. Taking experimental data from tracked endocytic vesicles, and calculating the FPP, we see how three molecular treatments affect the trafficking. We show the FPP can quantify complicated movement which is neither completely random nor completely deterministic, making it highly applicable to trafficked particles in cell biology.

In the past decade, the use of movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) for brain computer interface-based rehabilitation protocols has increased manifolds. Such systems suffer severely from high frequency colored noise making it extremely difficult to recognize these signals with high accuracy on a single-trial basis. All previous work in this domain has mainly focused on offline systems using computing power of lab computers in which the detection of the MRCPs is done independent to the classification of the type of movement. The main focus of this work is to test the detection of the presence of the MRCP signal as well as its classification into different types of movements in a single online system (portable Raspberry Pi II) where the classification system takes over only after the presence of MRCP signal has been detected. To achieve this, the MRCP signal was first spatially (Laplacian) and later band pass filtered to improve the signal to noise ratio, then a matched filter was applied to detect the signal. This was obtained with a detection latency of −458 ± 97 ms before the movement execution. Then six temporal features were extracted from 400 ms data after the point of detection to be classified by a standard linear support vector machine. The overall accuracy of 73 % was achieved for the online detection and classification for four different types of movements which is very close to the base line accuracy of 74 % using the offline system. The whole system was tested on Matlab and verified on a Raspberry Pi II as a portable device. The results show that the online implementation of such a system is feasible and can be adapted for stroke patient rehabilitation.KeywordsMovement-related cortical potentialsRehabilitationDetection of movement onsetOnline brain computer interface system

Movement-related potentials (MRPs) were recorded from subdural electrodes chronically implanted in the interhemispheric fissure in two patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Different types of movements (finger, foot, tongue and vocalization) were executed. Foot movements elicited a clearly defined, well-localized slow negativity or positivity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) preceding electromyogram (EMG) onset. These BPs were seen from the contralateral primary motor foot area and also from bilateral supplementary motor areas (SMAs) with equivalent amplitudes and temporal evolutions. A steeper potential [negative slope (NS')] occurred about 300 ms before EMG onset and the motor potential (MP) started 100 ms before EMG onset. Negative slopes and MPs also arose from the contralateral primary motor area as well as from the bilateral SMAs. Finger movements elicited well-localized BPs and NS' which were generated from the bilateral SMAs, but were of higher amplitude on the contralateral SMA. Motor potentials started 50 ms prior to EMG onset and arose exclusively from the contralateral SMA. Tongue protrusions and vocalizations also elicited BP, NS' and MP which were seen in the bilateral SMAs. Movement-related potentials for different types of movements had a somatotopic distribution in the SMA, which was consistent with the SMA somatotopic organization defined by electrical simulation. Movement-related potentials for tongue movements and vocalization had a similar distribution and waveform. It was concluded that bilateral SMAs generate well-defined MRPs consistent with the assumption that the SMA plays a significant role in the organization of voluntary movements. However, the MRPs from the bilateral SMAs do not have characteristics which are different from those of the primary motor area. This suggests the hypothesis of 'supplementary' function for SMA, and does not support the hypothesis of 'supramotor' function.

The reason why China’s table tennis can continue to this day is because it is an important heritage sports event in the country. In order to ensure the high-level performance of the Chinese table tennis team in the game, the identification and detection of its sports characteristics is a very meaningful work. With the development of computer technology, the use of multimedia intelligence technology to conduct research on competitive tactics has become a general consensus in the sports world. This paper explores the recognition and detection technology of the strength of table tennis hitting movements from the perspective of biomechanics, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for improving the performance of athletes. Based on the principles of biomechanics and combined with multimedia intelligent algorithms, this study developed a spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (STGCN) and a motion detection method based on Kinect technology to identify and quantify the hitting strength of table tennis players. The experimental results of this paper show that in the recognition of different types of movements based on the STGCN method, the correct recognition rate of 100 groups of movement strength is 84%, and the correct recognition rate of 500 groups of movement strength is 91.6%; in the recognition of different types of movement strength based on Kinect, the correct recognition rate of 100 groups of movement strength is 97%, and the correct recognition rate of 500 groups of movement strength is 99.6%; it can be seen that no matter how many groups of hitting movements are made, the correct recognition rate of strength based on Kinect is higher than that of STGCN.

Human-computer interaction for virtual-real fusion

Thermocapillary flows in thin films are considered which are differentially heated from lateral side walls. The competition between two different types of motion is addressed. One type is the so-called return flow in which a return flow opposes the thermocapillary free-surface flow to preserve mass conservation. The other type of motion is a large-scale flow which arises as a plug flow in which the velocity is independent of the coordinate perpendicular to the film. We provide physical arguments, based on the minimization of the surface energy, for the preference of the large scale flow over the return flow as the film thickness decreases. The large scale motion arises as a cellular flow with alternating vorticity perpendicular to the film surface. The direction of rotation of these vortices is not determined when the film is adiabatic and of constant thickness. If, however, the film thickness varies perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient the flow direction is dictated by the minimization of the surface energy. Our predictions are consistent with independent experiments and numerical simulations.

d‐Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase has been reacted with spin labels, which were designed to elucidate the geometry of the active site of the enzyme. Three series of spin labels were used, which represented either substrate and coenzyme analogs or irreversible inhibitors, the separation of the active site directing part from the nitroxide radical being readily adjusted through the length of the intervening methylene chain.The effect of this variation on the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the labeled protein as well as the effect of coenzyme binding on these spectra have been investigated. All spectra are complex and represent the superposition of at least three different types of spectra. These three types of spectra are correlated to nitroxide radicals in three different types of motion: (a) very fast rotation in a fluid region, (b) medium fast rotation of a hindered radical and (c) slow rotation of an almost immobilized radical. The spin labels differ only in the relative population in the three states related to the three types of motion. Also addition of the coenzyme NAD only alters this relative population. A spin labeled coenzyme analog, which has the nitroxide in the region of the sugar‐nicotinamide bond, is bound to the protein and displays an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum typical for an immobilized radical. The geometry of the active of d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase is complex and cannot be described as a simple cleft, but instead as a system of narrow and wider spaces, which is changed by the binding of the coenzyme.

It has been proposed that certain type II restriction enzymes (REs), such as EcoRV, track the helical pitch of DNA as they diffuse along DNA, a so-called rotation-coupled sliding. As of yet, there is no direct experimental observation of this phenomenon, but mounting indirect evidence gained from single-molecule imaging of RE–DNA complexes support the hypothesis. We address this issue by conjugating fluorescent labels of varying size (organic dyes, proteins and quantum dots) to EcoRV, and by fusing it to the engineered Rop protein scRM6. Single-molecule imaging of these modified EcoRVs sliding along DNA provides us with their linear diffusion constant (D1), revealing a significant size dependency. To account for the dependence of D1 on the size of the EcoRV label, we have developed four theoretical models describing different types of motion along DNA and find that our experimental results are best described by rotation-coupled sliding of the protein. The similarity of EcoRV to other type II REs and DNA binding proteins suggests that this type of motion could be widely preserved in other biological contexts.

Existence and uniqueness of spherically-symmetric elastic-plastic interface motions

Groove, defined as the pleasurable urge to move to music, is affected by properties of the music as well as factors that differ among individuals, such as music training. Ratings of the desire to produce movement (e.g., tapping and dancing) have been used to quantify the amount of groove being experienced, but we do not know whether the specific type of movement that is rated affects scores. Further, few studies have considered the effect of dance training on groove perception. Therefore, the current paper investigates whether rating different types of movements (i.e., tapping vs dancing) affects groove ratings, and how dance experience may alter these ratings. The first study used a within-subject design, with participants rating forty unfamiliar songs on their elicited desire to tap, desire to move, and desire to dance. To assess whether rating all three movement descriptors together created rating differences that would not be observed if participants were not comparing the movement descriptors against each other, a between-subjects study was conducted with the same procedure except that the three groups of participants each rated only one movement descriptor. In both studies, ratings of groove differed based on the type of movement rated. Overall, desire to dance ratings were lower than move or tap ratings across both studies. Desire to tap ratings were significantly higher than move ratings, but only in the first study; in the second study, move and tap ratings did not significantly differ. In the first study, dance training influenced desire to move and desire to dance ratings, while music training influenced desire to tap ratings, however these findings were not replicated in Study 2. Overall, the findings suggest that groove ratings differ based on the type of movement rated, that within- versus between-subject designs affect these ratings, and that dance and music training differentially affect different groove responses.

Numerous social movement organizations are actively opposing genetic engineering in agriculture. This article looks at a coalition of movement groups opposing biotechnology and (b) the leading U.S. advocacy groups to determine the breadth of movement resistance. Movements resisting genetic engineering are acting consistently with their previous positions on issues, indicating a high degree of narrative fidelity between belief and action. Furthermore, genetic engineering in agriculture touches on the core concerns of many different types of movements: protecting human health, protecting the environment, and the dangers of monopoly capital controlling a public good such as food. Finally, movement organizations are actively including the core concerns of other types of movements, suggesting the possibility of increased cooperation among different movements.