The rotation-coupled sliding of EcoRV

Experience has shown that some students have difficulty in comprehending the large number of different types of mechanical motion and the even greater number of formulas that are studied in the physics course. To make it easier for the students to deal with these problems, we have compiled a table, a sort of conspectus of the different kinds of mechanical motion studied in school. The vertical columns tell immediately for each type of motion how and why a body moves in that way. It is also useful to accompany each column in the table with graphs and figures showing the velocity, acceleration, and trajectory for each type of motion. In a horizontal direction, the table compares the different types of motion both dynamically and kinematically.

Visual discomfort of stereoscopic 3D videos: Influence of 3D motion

The human vestibular system is crucial for motion perception, balance control, and various higher cognitive functions. Exploring how the cerebral cortex responds to vestibular signals is not only valuable for a better understanding of how the vestibular system participates in cognitive and motor functions but also clinically significant in diagnosing central vestibular disorders. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a portable and non-invasive brain imaging technology to monitor cortical hemodynamics under physical motion.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the cerebral cortical response to naturalistic vestibular stimulation induced by real physical motion and to validate the vestibular cerebral cortex previously identified using alternative vestibular stimulation.ApproachFunctional NIRS data were collected from 12 right-handed subjects when they were sitting in a motion platform that generated three types of whole-body passive translational motion (circular, lateral, and fore-and-aft).Main resultsThe study found that different cortical regions were activated by the three types of motion. The cortical response was more widespread under circular motion in two dimensions compared to lateral and fore-and-aft motions in one dimensions. Overall, the identified regions were consistent with the cortical areas found to be activated in previous brain imaging studies.SignificanceThe results provide new evidence of brain selectivity to different types of motion and validate previous findings on the vestibular cerebral cortex.

The first passage probability (FPP), of trafficked intracellular particles reaching a displacement L, in a given time t or inverse velocity S = t/L, can be calculated robustly from measured particle tracks, and gives a measure of particle movement in which different types of motion, e.g. diffusion, ballistic motion, and transient run-rest motion, can readily be distinguished in a single graph, and compared with mathematical models. The FPP is attractive in that it offers a means of reducing the data in the measured tracks, without making assumptions about the mechanism of motion: for example, it does not employ smoothing, segementation or arbitrary thresholds to discriminate between different types of motion in a particle track. Taking experimental data from tracked endocytic vesicles, and calculating the FPP, we see how three molecular treatments affect the trafficking. We show the FPP can quantify complicated movement which is neither completely random nor completely deterministic, making it highly applicable to trafficked particles in cell biology.

In the past decade, the use of movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) for brain computer interface-based rehabilitation protocols has increased manifolds. Such systems suffer severely from high frequency colored noise making it extremely difficult to recognize these signals with high accuracy on a single-trial basis. All previous work in this domain has mainly focused on offline systems using computing power of lab computers in which the detection of the MRCPs is done independent to the classification of the type of movement. The main focus of this work is to test the detection of the presence of the MRCP signal as well as its classification into different types of movements in a single online system (portable Raspberry Pi II) where the classification system takes over only after the presence of MRCP signal has been detected. To achieve this, the MRCP signal was first spatially (Laplacian) and later band pass filtered to improve the signal to noise ratio, then a matched filter was applied to detect the signal. This was obtained with a detection latency of −458 ± 97 ms before the movement execution. Then six temporal features were extracted from 400 ms data after the point of detection to be classified by a standard linear support vector machine. The overall accuracy of 73 % was achieved for the online detection and classification for four different types of movements which is very close to the base line accuracy of 74 % using the offline system. The whole system was tested on Matlab and verified on a Raspberry Pi II as a portable device. The results show that the online implementation of such a system is feasible and can be adapted for stroke patient rehabilitation.KeywordsMovement-related cortical potentialsRehabilitationDetection of movement onsetOnline brain computer interface system

Movement-related potentials (MRPs) were recorded from subdural electrodes chronically implanted in the interhemispheric fissure in two patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Different types of movements (finger, foot, tongue and vocalization) were executed. Foot movements elicited a clearly defined, well-localized slow negativity or positivity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) preceding electromyogram (EMG) onset. These BPs were seen from the contralateral primary motor foot area and also from bilateral supplementary motor areas (SMAs) with equivalent amplitudes and temporal evolutions. A steeper potential [negative slope (NS')] occurred about 300 ms before EMG onset and the motor potential (MP) started 100 ms before EMG onset. Negative slopes and MPs also arose from the contralateral primary motor area as well as from the bilateral SMAs. Finger movements elicited well-localized BPs and NS' which were generated from the bilateral SMAs, but were of higher amplitude on the contralateral SMA. Motor potentials started 50 ms prior to EMG onset and arose exclusively from the contralateral SMA. Tongue protrusions and vocalizations also elicited BP, NS' and MP which were seen in the bilateral SMAs. Movement-related potentials for different types of movements had a somatotopic distribution in the SMA, which was consistent with the SMA somatotopic organization defined by electrical simulation. Movement-related potentials for tongue movements and vocalization had a similar distribution and waveform. It was concluded that bilateral SMAs generate well-defined MRPs consistent with the assumption that the SMA plays a significant role in the organization of voluntary movements. However, the MRPs from the bilateral SMAs do not have characteristics which are different from those of the primary motor area. This suggests the hypothesis of 'supplementary' function for SMA, and does not support the hypothesis of 'supramotor' function.

Movement is a fundamental characteristic of life that has been defined as a change across many spatial and temporal scales. It is also a ubiquitous ecological process which influences the structure and dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Movement has always been at the center of many observations, investigations and studies since the very first attempt to understand where a species may go. Naturalists have investigated the mysteries of movement since the writings of Aristotle (4th century B.C.) searched for common features unifying animal movements. He tried to explain movement such as flight through air and motion of animals in water in general terms on the basis of casual observations. Since then, researchers have traditionally used direct observation as a method to monitor wildlife. The direct observation has also been used to elucidate and describe movement phenomena. Not losing sight of an animal is the most challenging part of this traditional type of research, but this has now been solved by deploying telemetry techniques radar, radio, satellite and Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking. Recent advances in telemetry techniques, such as extensive use of bio-loggers with GPS, have enabled spatiotemporal data to be collected on animals with ever-increasing accuracy. Also, recent advances in movement research have inspired a shift in the study at species-level or population-level patterns to individual-level patterns. This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the movement phenomenon at individual-level pattern. The availability of movement data and recent advances in movement research are key factors to improve our understanding of animals' movement at individual levels. Although the techniques for studying animal movement have been advanced and flourished since earliest attempts, the incorporation of movement studies in other methodological advancements, particularly in species distribution modelling (SDM) has lagged behind. In the context of SDMs, the accessibility of habitats by species or populations has been considered rather than underlying the process of individuals' movement. Part of my dissertation is dedicated to providing evidence that including the individuals' movement of a species and accounting for their potential dispersal, along with environmental dynamics improves the accuracy and credibility of models to predict the potential distribution of species over time under climate change. Also, I illustrate the capacity of individuals’ movement data which can be considered as a reliable source for species distribution modelling. A common hypothesis is that when including the vertical movement of individuals improves the accuracy and credibility of the individual’s range maps. Another part of this dissertation provides evidence for this hypothesis and puts it to use in the utilization distribution model. I incorporated the vertical movement data to the 2D space use analysis and proved that the 3D volumetric analysis is a realistic depiction of species occurrence. To develop efficient nature conservation practices, it is necessary to know where and when wildlife may occur. This approach would give a better information to conservationists and wildlife managers while developing or practising conservation plans. A complex phenomenon like movement involving uncertainties may create confusion for managers. In this dissertation, I also presented the use of movement data to classify different types of movement (i.e. flight). I am confident that application of movement data in wildlife management and conservation practices will continue to expand and improve.

This study explores the design of human-computer interaction (HCI) by using the movements of AI and robots. Specifically, it aims to (1) categorize the affective impact of different types of motion (e.g., gradual or sudden acceleration and deceleration or constant speed) on humans and (2) experimentally examine interactions with AI and robots that incorporate different types of motion to discuss how motion can be effectively designed in HCI. At this stage, findings suggest that motion itself is not merely a visual or mechanical feature, but a fundamental aspect of interaction design that can influence HCI.

The reason why China’s table tennis can continue to this day is because it is an important heritage sports event in the country. In order to ensure the high-level performance of the Chinese table tennis team in the game, the identification and detection of its sports characteristics is a very meaningful work. With the development of computer technology, the use of multimedia intelligence technology to conduct research on competitive tactics has become a general consensus in the sports world. This paper explores the recognition and detection technology of the strength of table tennis hitting movements from the perspective of biomechanics, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for improving the performance of athletes. Based on the principles of biomechanics and combined with multimedia intelligent algorithms, this study developed a spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (STGCN) and a motion detection method based on Kinect technology to identify and quantify the hitting strength of table tennis players. The experimental results of this paper show that in the recognition of different types of movements based on the STGCN method, the correct recognition rate of 100 groups of movement strength is 84%, and the correct recognition rate of 500 groups of movement strength is 91.6%; in the recognition of different types of movement strength based on Kinect, the correct recognition rate of 100 groups of movement strength is 97%, and the correct recognition rate of 500 groups of movement strength is 99.6%; it can be seen that no matter how many groups of hitting movements are made, the correct recognition rate of strength based on Kinect is higher than that of STGCN.

Thermocapillary flows in thin films are considered which are differentially heated from lateral side walls. The competition between two different types of motion is addressed. One type is the so-called return flow in which a return flow opposes the thermocapillary free-surface flow to preserve mass conservation. The other type of motion is a large-scale flow which arises as a plug flow in which the velocity is independent of the coordinate perpendicular to the film. We provide physical arguments, based on the minimization of the surface energy, for the preference of the large scale flow over the return flow as the film thickness decreases. The large scale motion arises as a cellular flow with alternating vorticity perpendicular to the film surface. The direction of rotation of these vortices is not determined when the film is adiabatic and of constant thickness. If, however, the film thickness varies perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient the flow direction is dictated by the minimization of the surface energy. Our predictions are consistent with independent experiments and numerical simulations.

d‐Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase has been reacted with spin labels, which were designed to elucidate the geometry of the active site of the enzyme. Three series of spin labels were used, which represented either substrate and coenzyme analogs or irreversible inhibitors, the separation of the active site directing part from the nitroxide radical being readily adjusted through the length of the intervening methylene chain.The effect of this variation on the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the labeled protein as well as the effect of coenzyme binding on these spectra have been investigated. All spectra are complex and represent the superposition of at least three different types of spectra. These three types of spectra are correlated to nitroxide radicals in three different types of motion: (a) very fast rotation in a fluid region, (b) medium fast rotation of a hindered radical and (c) slow rotation of an almost immobilized radical. The spin labels differ only in the relative population in the three states related to the three types of motion. Also addition of the coenzyme NAD only alters this relative population. A spin labeled coenzyme analog, which has the nitroxide in the region of the sugar‐nicotinamide bond, is bound to the protein and displays an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum typical for an immobilized radical. The geometry of the active of d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase is complex and cannot be described as a simple cleft, but instead as a system of narrow and wider spaces, which is changed by the binding of the coenzyme.

Existence and uniqueness of spherically-symmetric elastic-plastic interface motions

Groove, defined as the pleasurable urge to move to music, is affected by properties of the music as well as factors that differ among individuals, such as music training. Ratings of the desire to produce movement (e.g., tapping and dancing) have been used to quantify the amount of groove being experienced, but we do not know whether the specific type of movement that is rated affects scores. Further, few studies have considered the effect of dance training on groove perception. Therefore, the current paper investigates whether rating different types of movements (i.e., tapping vs dancing) affects groove ratings, and how dance experience may alter these ratings. The first study used a within-subject design, with participants rating forty unfamiliar songs on their elicited desire to tap, desire to move, and desire to dance. To assess whether rating all three movement descriptors together created rating differences that would not be observed if participants were not comparing the movement descriptors against each other, a between-subjects study was conducted with the same procedure except that the three groups of participants each rated only one movement descriptor. In both studies, ratings of groove differed based on the type of movement rated. Overall, desire to dance ratings were lower than move or tap ratings across both studies. Desire to tap ratings were significantly higher than move ratings, but only in the first study; in the second study, move and tap ratings did not significantly differ. In the first study, dance training influenced desire to move and desire to dance ratings, while music training influenced desire to tap ratings, however these findings were not replicated in Study 2. Overall, the findings suggest that groove ratings differ based on the type of movement rated, that within- versus between-subject designs affect these ratings, and that dance and music training differentially affect different groove responses.

Numerous social movement organizations are actively opposing genetic engineering in agriculture. This article looks at a coalition of movement groups opposing biotechnology and (b) the leading U.S. advocacy groups to determine the breadth of movement resistance. Movements resisting genetic engineering are acting consistently with their previous positions on issues, indicating a high degree of narrative fidelity between belief and action. Furthermore, genetic engineering in agriculture touches on the core concerns of many different types of movements: protecting human health, protecting the environment, and the dangers of monopoly capital controlling a public good such as food. Finally, movement organizations are actively including the core concerns of other types of movements, suggesting the possibility of increased cooperation among different movements.

Quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as alternative or complementary tools to the organic fluorescent dyes currently used in bioimaging. QDs hold several advantages over conventional fluorescent dyes including greater photostability and a wider range of excitation/emission wavelengths. However, recent work suggests that QDs exert deleterious effects on cellular processes. This study examined the subcellular localization and toxicity of cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs and pharmacological means of preventing QD-induced cell death. The localization of CdTe QDs was found to depend upon QD size. CdTe QDs exhibited marked cytotoxicity in PC12 and N9 cells at concentrations as low as 10 microg/ml in chronic treatment paradigms. QD-induced cell death was characterized by chromatin condensation and membrane blebbing and was more pronounced with small (2r=2.2+/-0.1 nm), green emitting positively charged QDs than large (2r=5.2+/-0.1 nm), equally charged red emitting QDs. Pretreatment of cells with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and with bovine serum albumin, but not Trolox, significantly reduced the QD-induced cell death. These findings suggest that the size of QDs contributes to their subcellular distribution and that drugs can alter QD-induced cytotoxicity.