Intermixing refresh and direct view storage graphics

The Evaluation of a Pulmonary Display to Detect Adverse Respiratory Events Using High Resolution Human Simulator

Overview nowadays is a very urgent need for Interactive Computer Graphics (ICG) and thus is the major intention of this paper. Rather general means of classifying ICG applications and systems are the center of the discussion while it is avoided to go too far into details. This paper sketches benefits of Graphics and especially ICG in Data Processing. Features for classifying ICG applications and systems are outlined. Today's most important ICG application types and their characteristic demands on the features of ICG systems are described. Aspects of predicting the cost/benefit ratio for ICG application are touched. Types of Software Support for general and special ICG applications are briefly discussed including an attempt to predict the future situation of ICG application. Graphic system components of today and the near future are outlined and arranged in the previously defined system of classifying features. An attempt to outline trends in ICG system design is made with regard to user's requirements and trends in technology.

One of the first steps in attempting to understand data is to visualize it. Visualization of data and information provides a wealth of tools that can be used in detecting features, in discovering relationships, and finally in retaining the knowledge gained. Graphical displays have always been an important part of statistical data analysis, but with the continuing developments in high-speed computers and high-resolution devices, the usefulness of graphics has greatly increased. Higher resolution makes for a more visually pleasing display, and occasionally it allows features to be seen that could not be distinguished otherwise. The most important effects of the computer on graphical methods in statistics, however, arise from the ease and speed with which graphical displays can be produced, rather than from the resolution. Rapid production of graphical displays has introduced motion and articulated projections and sections into statistical graphics. Such graphical methods are important tools of computational statistics. The multiple views are tools of discovery, not just ways of displaying a set of data that has already been analyzed. Although the power of graphical displays has greatly increased, some of the most useful graphs are the simple ones, as illustrated in Section 1.1, and they should not be ignored just because we can do more impressive things. Proper design of a graphical display depends on the context of the application and the purpose of the graphics, whether it is for the analyst to get a better understanding of the data or to present a picture that conveys a message. Our emphasis in the following discussion is on methods useful in exploratory graphics. One thing that is lagging in the statistical literature is the use of color in graphical displays. The simple mechanics used in producing popular magazines are yet to be incorporated in the production of learned journals. Journals available in electronic form do not have these production problems, and it is likely that the paper versions of many journals will be discontinued before the production of color is mastered.

Once again, we discuss graphic display and interaction. This time, we try to provide a context for JOEY within the history and evolution of techniques in computer graphics and user interface design. If working with this text is your first exposure to 3D graphics, you undoubtedly have a lot of questions about how things are done (and how they were done before). If you have been working in graphics for awhile, you may be wondering how some of the unorthodox approaches in JOEY relate to previous work. This section should help to answer both questions.

Unlike textbook images that are static and television images that permit only passive viewing, computer graphics can be drawn dynamically and interactively on the display screen. For years, most computer games have featured animated, interactive computer graphics. Now computer-based tutorials on a wide range of topics are available that present new information to learners via dynamic, interactive graphics. One of the most recent developments in the area of computer graphics is the educational use of graphics applications software—the visual equivalent of word processing software. With it, learners can create their own computer graphics on the display screen and then use the computer to review the images in a variety of ways. Images can be enlarged, flipped, rotated, animated, duplicated, colored, sized up or down, moved around the screen, deleted, and more—all without programming. It is this dynamic and interactive aspect of computer graphics that is so appealing to learners and holds great promise for improving instruction.

One of the most challenging problems facing developers and system integrators in the computer-aided design field today is the ever-growing influx of new sophisticated graphics display devices offering a broad range of capabilities. While such devices give users efficient, cost-effective ways to produce the exact graphic output they need, they bring with them the ongoing problem of software portability. Designers who can find ways to insure that their systems are device independent, that is, will run on new devices with little or no modification, will have a definite advantage in developing graphics application software. independence implies that a single application program will produce similar perhaps identical images on more than one graphics device. For example, a systems integrator might develop an interactive design application on a storage tube terminal, even though the application will eventually be targeted to a beam-directed or color raster display. Graphics can be built, viewed, and altered at an interactive graphics terminal, with eventual hard-copy output routed to an offline plotter or microfilm recorder. In short, device independence means that graphics application software is not bound to a particular manufacturer's equipment. Device intelligence extends the principles of device independence to take advantage of the sophisticated hardware and firmware capabilities built into today's graphics terminals and graphics workstations. With device intelligence, graphics functions (e.g., creating and filling polygons, controlling the visibility of parts of the picture, copying objects from one area of the screen to another area of the screen, and manipulating objects in real time on the display surface) are performed within the graphics terminal wherever possible. Functions that cannot be performed directly in hardware (e.g., polygon fill on a storage tube), are simulated in software. Finally, requested functions that are impossible or impractical to perform on the target device are ignored (e.g., color on a monochromatic device). This seminar will provide attendees with sufficient information to intelligently evaluate, select, or specify a device-independent computer graphics software package appropriate to the needs of the CAD/CAE community. Functional capabilities of graphics software will be reviewed and the terminology and concepts of device-independent software will be presented. A partial list of these concepts includes: system architectures, virtual device interfaces, graphics data structures, device independence in the highly interactive environment, device drivers, and graphics metafiles. Trends in graphics hardware and graphics software will also be discussed along with an analysis of the effect of intelligent workstations on the CAD/CAE marketplace. This seminar is aimed at managers, technical personnel, and system integrators considering the purchase, adoption, or development of a device-independent computer graphics subroutine package.

The first major computer graphics text, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics,1 was inspired by a course, a research project, and a set of notes, all by Ivan Sutherland. In 1971, William Newman invited me to join forces to supplement his partial book draft with notes I had been writing. The book, which appeared in 1973, was received well, exceeding the sales projections of its publisher, McGraw-Hill. Between 1973 and 1977, William and I were research staff at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) working on tools for an “office of the future,” focusing especially on interactive graphics and raster printing. We realized that raster displays and printers would soon dominate and would require mastering new techniques and adapting old ones. The second edition of our book, a complete rewrite, introduced some of the new technologies. This note is a story of the writing of the two editions of the book and it is also a story about how the editions were published in the era before commercial desktop publishing systems. In both the cases, we exploited and adapted computer tools of the time to do much of the publishing ourselves. For the second edition, we chose to use the illustration and printing tools we had developed at PARC to produce camera-ready copy. Especially significant was the use of the Press file format, an early page description language, to combine onto each page the various separate components prepared by different composition tools.

Interactive computer graphics for the generation of phase plane portraits

Information retrieval, statistical analysis and graphics: An integrated approach

The graphical display based on a raster scan is widely applied in the technique of CAD, CAM and management, etc. It's advantage are high resolution and good quality in graphic display, low cost, convenience and flexibility in use. Hence it is rapidly developed. This article mainly discusses graphical display method, principles and various software techniques, such as control program, graphical generation software package and command form etc. based on a raster.

Abstract. Despite decades of effort, there remains an inability to measure snow water equivalent (SWE) at high spatial resolutions using remote sensing. Passive gamma ray spectrometry is one of the only well-established methods to reliably remotely sense SWE, but airborne applications to date have been limited to observing kilometre-scale areal averages. Noting the increasing capabilities of unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) and miniaturization of passive gamma ray spectrometers, this study tested the ability of a UAV-borne gamma spectrometer and concomitant UAV-borne lidar to quantify the spatial variability of SWE at high spatial resolutions. Gamma and lidar observations from a UAV (UAV-gamma and UAV-lidar) were collected over two seasons from shallow, wind-blown, prairie snowpacks in Saskatchewan, Canada, with validation data collected from manual snow depth and density observations. A fine-resolution (0.25 m) reference dataset of SWE, to test UAV-gamma methods, was developed from UAV-lidar snow depth and snow survey snow density observations. The ability of UAV-gamma to resolve the areal average and spatial variability of SWE was promising with appropriate flight characteristics. Survey flights flown at a velocity of 5 m s−1, altitude of 15 m, and line spacing of 15 m were unable to capture the average or spatial variability of SWE within the uncertainty of the reference dataset. Slower, lower, and denser flight lines at a velocity of 4 m s−1, altitude of 8 m, and line spacing of 8 m were able to successfully observe areal average SWE and its variability at spatial resolutions greater than 22.5 m. Using a combination of UAV-based gamma SWE and UAV-based lidar snow depth improved the spatial representation of SWE substantially and permitted estimation of SWE at a spatial resolution 0.25 m with a ± 14.3 mm error relative to the reference SWE dataset. UAV-borne gamma spectrometry to estimate SWE is a promising and novel technique that has the potential to improve the measurement of shallow prairie snowpacks, and when combined with UAV-borne lidar snow depths, can provide fine-resolution, high-accuracy estimates of prairie SWE. Research on optimal hardware, data processing, and interpolation techniques is called for to further improve this remote sensing product and explore its application in other environments.

The key thesis of this work stipulates that current human-computer interfaces for education and rehabilitation can be greatly improved by recognizing the long-term need for a novel communication layer that can serve as an intermediary between users and today's systems of ever increasing complexity. A special education and rehabilitation system employs real-time interactive computer graphics and photorealistic virtual humans to implement an emotional modulation technique that increases learning efficiency. Emotions play a vital role in a student's ability to memorize and learn new material. Emotions act as a catalyst in the process of transforming information into knowledge, and thus the effectiveness of computer-based learning can be greatly improved if we incorporate emotions into computer use as a learning tool. Tutors, teachers, and professors achieve this effect - called emotional modulation-on a daily basis, using their charisma and other personal and motivational qualities during the time they invest in their students. Therefore, using virtual humans to mimic the natural face-to-face dialogue that normally takes place between student and tutor in real life forms the foundation of a unique and critically important enabling technology for teaching in the future.

A computerized planning and evaluation system for cable logging operations is described. Interactive graphics are employed. The engineer can view the area to be logged, select locations of corridors, and query the system for various output options such as system mechanics and time to log for any particular logging plan.

Described are the results of research and development in the use of interactive computer graphics for soil engineering analysis and design. Two specific areas are described: settlement analysis and slope stability. The systems described herein have been implemented on a CDC 6400 using a CDC 280/282 interactive display system. Three soil engineering application systems are described. They are: Rate INteractive Graphics (RING), a system for predicting the progress of consolidation of multilayered soil deposits; Elastic LAyer STress-INteractive Graphics (ELASTING), a system for determining the stresses and displacements in layered elastic media; and FEllenius-May Analysis-Limiting Equilibrium (FEMALE), a system for analyzing the stability of earth structures using the Fellenius-May technique.

Software applications involving interactive computer graphics are made up of several components. One of these is a data modeling component. This data modeling component is often application dependent and therefore difficult to integrate with the data model of other related applications. One solution to this problem is to interface a DBMS with an interactive graphics system to reduce data model dependency and increase sharing of data. This also has the advantage of allowing novice users to use computer graphics by eliminating the need for the user to write complex programs invoking the graphics system.This paper explores these ideas by discussing the implementation of a prototype interface between a relational DBMS and an interactive computer graphics system. It presents both the database structures used to manage the data and the techniques used to design the interface. It concludes by discussing an approach for making the interface portable.