INVERSIONS IN CLASSICAL WEYL GROUPS

We generalize the notion of a root system by relaxing the conditions that ensure that it is invariant under reflections and study the resulting structures, which we call generalized root systems (GRSs). Since both Kostant root systems and root systems of Lie superalgebras are examples of GRSs, studying GRSs provides a uniform axiomatic approach to studying both of them. GRSs inherit many of the properties of root systems. In particular, every GRS defines a crystallographic hyperplane arrangement. We believe that GRSs provide an intrinsic counterpart to finite Weyl groupoids and crystallographic hyperplane arrangements, extending the relationship between finite Weyl groupoids and crystallographic hyperplane arrangements established by Cuntz. An important difference between GRSs and root systems is that GRSs may lack a (large enough) Weyl group. In order to compensate for this, we introduce the notion of a virtual reflection, building on a construction of Penkov and Serganova in the context of root systems of Lie superalgebras. The most significant new feature of GRSs is that, along with subsystems, one can define quotient GRSs. Both Kostant root systems and root systems of Lie superalgebras are equivalent to quotients of root systems and all root systems are isomorphic to quotients of simply-laced root systems. We classify all rank 2 GRSs and show that they are equivalent to quotients of root systems. Finally, we discuss in detail quotients of root systems. In particular we provide all isomorphisms and equivalences among them. Our results on quotient of root systems provide a different point of view on flag manifolds, reproving results of Alekseevsky and Graev.

Given a root system Φ of rank r and a global field F containing the n-th roots of unity, it is possible to define a Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series whose coefficients are n-th order Gauss sums. It is a function of r complex variables, and it has meromorphic continuation to all of C, with functional equations forming a group isomorphic to the Weyl group of Φ. Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series and their residues unify many examples that have been studied previously in a case-bycase basis, often with applications to analytic number theory. (Examples may be found in the final section of the paper.) We believe these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are fundamental objects. The goal of this paper is to define these series for any such Φ and F , and to indicate how to study them. We will note the following points. • The coefficients of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are multiplicative, but the multiplicativity is twisted , so the Dirichlet series is not an Euler product. • Due to the multiplicativity, description of the coefficients reduces to the case where the parameters are powers of a single prime p. There are only finitely many such coefficients (for given p). • In the “stable case” where n is sufficiently large (depending on Φ), the number of nonzero coefficients in the p-part is equal to the order of the Weyl group. Indeed, these nonzero coefficients are parametrized in a natural way by the Weyl group elements. • The p-part coefficient parametrized by a Weyl group element w is a product of l(w) Gauss sums, where l is the length function on the Weyl group. We note a curious similarity between this description and the coefficients of the generalized theta series on the n-fold cover of GL(n) and GL(n − 1); these coefficients are determined in Kazhdan and Patterson [17] and discussed further in Patterson [21]. See Bump and Hoffstein [11] or Hoffstein [15] for a “classical” description of these coefficients. The noted similarity means that the complete Mellin transform of the theta function would be a multiple Dirichlet series resembling our An+1 multiple Dirichlet series. There is no a priori reason that we are

We link Schubert varieties in the generalized flag manifolds with hyperplane arrangements. For an element of a Weyl group, we construct a certain graphical hyperplane arrangement. We show that the generating function for regions of this arrangement coincides with the Poincaré polynomial of the corresponding Schubert variety if and only if the Schubert variety is rationally smooth. Nous relions des variétés de Schubert dans le variété flag généralisée avec des arrangements des hyperplans. Pour un élément dún groupe de Weyl, nous construisons un certain arrangement graphique des hyperplans. Nous montrons que la fonction génératrice pour les régions de cet arrangement coincide avec le polynome de Poincaré de la variété de Schubert correspondante si et seulement si la variété de Schubert est rationnellement lisse.

Separable elements in Weyl groups

Although the Bruhat order on a Weyl group is closely related to the singularities of the Schubert varieties for the corresponding Kac–Moody group, it can be difficult to use this information to prove general theorems. This paper uses the action of the affine Weyl group of type Ã2 on a Euclidean space V≅ℝ2 to study the Bruhat order on W. We believe that these methods can be used to study the Bruhat order on arbitrary affine Weyl groups. Our motivation for this study was to extend the lookup conjecture of Boe and Graham (which is a conjectural simplification of the Carrell–Peterson criterion for rational smoothness) to type Ã2. Computational evidence suggests that the only Schubert varieties in type Ã2 where the "nontrivial" case of the lookup conjecture occurs are the spiral Schubert varieties, and as a step towards the lookup conjecture, we prove it for a spiral Schubert variety X(w) of type Ã2. The proof uses descriptions we obtain of the elements x≤w and of the rationally smooth locus of X(w) in terms of the W-action on V. As a consequence we describe the maximal nonrationally smooth points of X(w). The results of this paper are used in a sequel to describe the smooth locus of X(w), which is different from the rationally smooth locus.

We define Schubert Eisenstein series as sums like usual Eisenstein series but with the summation restricted to elements of a particular Schubert cell, indexed by an element of the Weyl group. They are generally not fully automorphic. We will develop some results and methods for ${\rm GL}_3$ that may be suggestive about the general case. The six Schubert Eisenstein series are shown to have meromorphic continuation and some functional equations. The Schubert Eisenstein series $E_{s_1s_2}$ and $E_{s_2s_1}$ corresponding to the Weyl group elements of order three are particularly interesting: at the point where the full Eisenstein series is maximally polar, they unexpectedly become (with minor correction terms added) fully automorphic and related to each other.

Let \(\mathfrak{g}_{0}\) be a real semisimple Lie algebra. Let \(\mathfrak{g}_{0} = \mathfrak{k}_{0} \oplus \mathfrak{p}_{0}\) be the corresponding Cartan decomposition and \(\mathfrak{h}_{0} = \mathfrak{t}_{0} \oplus \mathfrak{a}_{0}\) be a maximally compact Cartan subalgebra of \(\mathfrak{g}_{0}\). Let \(\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{k} \oplus \mathfrak{p}\) and \(\mathfrak{h} = \mathfrak{t} \oplus \mathfrak{a}\) be the corresponding complexifications. The set \(\Delta {\left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{t}} \right)}\) consists of all the linear forms on \(\mathfrak{t}\) which are the restriction to \(\mathfrak{t}\) of the roots in the root system \(\Delta {\left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h}} \right)}\) of \(\mathfrak{g}\) with respect to \(\mathfrak{h}\). The main result of the paper is to prove that \(\Delta {\left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{t}} \right)}\) is also a (maybe non-reduced) root system and its Weyl group can be identified with a subgroup of the Weyl group of \(\Delta {\left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h}} \right)}\). Let \(Spin\,\nu :\mathfrak{k} \to End\,S\) be the composition of the isotropy representation \(\nu :\mathfrak{k} \to \mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{o}{\left( \mathfrak{p} \right)}\) with the spin representation \(Spin:\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{o}{\left( \mathfrak{p} \right)} \to End\,S\). Finally as an application, we give a nice description of the \(\mathfrak{k}\)-module structure on S in terms of the restricted root system \(\Delta {\left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{t}} \right)}\) and its Weyl group.

It is well known that the Weyl groups play a key role in the theory of the structure of Lie algebras and their linear representations, as well as in the theory of Chevalley groups. Suppose g is a complex semisimple Lie algebra, h its Cartan subalgebra, Σ and Π denote its root system and the basis of the root system, respectively, and w α i indicates the reflection determined by αi ∈ Π. The so-called Weyl group, denoted by W,refers to the finite group generated by all w α i ( αi ∈ Π). There have been many works published on the structure and properties of W [6, 7]. The following Molien identity related to the global structure of W is well known [3]: $$\underset{w\in W}{\mathop{\Sigma}}\,\frac{1}{\det\left( 1-tw \right)}=\frac{1}{\prod{{{\left( 1-{{t}^{{{d}_{i}}}} \right)}^{,}}}}$$ (8.1) where d i signify the Poincare indices of g. In 1956, by topological methods based on Morse’s theory, Bott proved another identity [2]: $$\underset{w\in W}{\mathop \sum }\,{{t}^{l\left(w \right)}}=\prod{\frac{1-{{t}^{{{d}_{i}}}}}{1-{{t}^{,}}}}$$ (8.2) where l(w) refers to the Π-length of w;i.e.,wmay be expressed by the number of minimal products of w αi ( αi ∈ Π). This important formula may shed new light on our understanding the structure of W. In 1966, Solomon offered a purely algebraic proof of (8.2), thus solving the order problem of the Chevalley simple groups [5, 3].

We begin this paper with a short survey on finite reflection groups. First we establish what a reflection in Euclidean space is. Then we introduce a root system, which is then partitioned into two sets: one of positive roots and one with negative roots. Th is articulates our understanding of groups generated by simple reflections. Furthermore, we develop our insight to Weyl groups and crystallographic groups before exploring crystallographic root systems. The section section of this paper examines the twisted group algebra along with the Demazure element Xi and the Demazure-Lusztig element Ti. Lastly, the third section of this paper computes such Xi and Ti in the case of S3 where S3 is the symmetric group Sn, n=3.

The Weyl group, WG, of each exceptional simple Lie group G, is described in detail. Its structure is defined in terms of its coset decomposition with respect to the Weyl group, WH, of a classical semi-simple Lie group, H, embedded naturally in G. The concepts of G-dominance and G-equivalence are defined and used to determine, from the character formula of Weyl, the branching rule associated with the restriction of group elements from G to H. The Weyl group WG is used further to impose constraints on both the branching multiplicities for G to H and the weight multiplicities of G. These constraints are used to evaluate the weight multiplicities of F4, E6, E7 and E8 together with the branching multiplicities for E8 to SO(16).

To each reduced root system Φ of rank r, and each sufficiently large integer n, we define a family of multiple Dirichlet series in r complex variables, whose group of functional equations is isomorphic to the Weyl group of Φ. The coefficients in these Dirichlet series exhibit a multiplicativity that reduces the specification of the coefficients to those that are powers of a single prime p. For each p, the number of nonzero such coefficients is equal to the order of the Weyl group, and each nonzero coefficient is a product of n-th order Gauss sums. The root system plays a basic role in the combinatorics underlying the proof of the functional equations.

Random Walk in an Alcove of an Affine Weyl Group, and Non-colliding Random Walks on an Interval

The root systems appearing in the theory of Lie superalgebras and Nichols algebras admit a large symmetry extending properly the one coming from the Weyl group. Based on this observation we set up a general framework in which the symmetry object is a groupoid. We prove that in our context the groupoid is generated by simple reflections and Coxeter relations. In a broad sense this answers a question of Serganova. Our weak version of the exchange condition allows us to prove Matsumoto’s theorem. Therefore the word problem is solved for the groupoid.

Let g be a complex simple Lie algebra, h its Cartan subalgebra, and Σ and \( \prod =\left\{ {{\beta }_{1}},\ldots ,{{\beta }_{i}} \right\} \)the root system of g and a basis of the root system, respectively. It is known that the Weyl group W(g) is a finite group generated by reflections [3] $${w_{{\rm B}i}}:\xi \in h,\xi \to \xi - \frac{{2\left( {\xi ,} \right.}}{{\left( {{\beta _{i,}}} \right.}}\frac{{\left. {{\beta _i}} \right)}}{{\left. {{\beta _i}} \right)}}{\beta _{i \bullet }}$$

Let G be a finite group. For each integral representation ρ of G we consider ρ-decomposable principally polarized abelian varieties; that is, principally polarized abelian varieties ( X, H ) with -action, of dimension equal to the degree of ρ, which admit a decomposition of the lattice for X into two G -invariant sublattices isotropic with respect to ℑ H , with one of the sublattices ℤ G -isomorphic to ρ. We give a construction for ρ-decomposable principally polarized abelian varieties, and show that each of them is isomorphic to a product of elliptic curves. Conversely, if ρ is absolutely irreducible, we show that each ρ-decomposable p.p.a.v. is (isomorphic to) one of those constructed above, thereby characterizing them. In the case of irreducible, reduced root systems, we consider the natural representation of its associated Weyl group, apply the preceding general construction, and characterize completely the associated families of principally polarized abelian varieties, which correspond to modular curves.