Schubert Eisenstein Series

We introduce inversions for classical Weyl group elements and relate them, by counting, to the length function, root systems and Schubert cells in flag manifolds. Special inversions are those that only change signs in the Weyl groups of types Bn, Cnand Dn. Their counting is related to the (only) generator of the Weyl group that changes signs, to the corresponding roots, and to a special subvariety in the flag manifold fixed by a finite group.

Given a root system Φ of rank r and a global field F containing the n-th roots of unity, it is possible to define a Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series whose coefficients are n-th order Gauss sums. It is a function of r complex variables, and it has meromorphic continuation to all of C, with functional equations forming a group isomorphic to the Weyl group of Φ. Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series and their residues unify many examples that have been studied previously in a case-bycase basis, often with applications to analytic number theory. (Examples may be found in the final section of the paper.) We believe these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are fundamental objects. The goal of this paper is to define these series for any such Φ and F , and to indicate how to study them. We will note the following points. • The coefficients of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are multiplicative, but the multiplicativity is twisted , so the Dirichlet series is not an Euler product. • Due to the multiplicativity, description of the coefficients reduces to the case where the parameters are powers of a single prime p. There are only finitely many such coefficients (for given p). • In the “stable case” where n is sufficiently large (depending on Φ), the number of nonzero coefficients in the p-part is equal to the order of the Weyl group. Indeed, these nonzero coefficients are parametrized in a natural way by the Weyl group elements. • The p-part coefficient parametrized by a Weyl group element w is a product of l(w) Gauss sums, where l is the length function on the Weyl group. We note a curious similarity between this description and the coefficients of the generalized theta series on the n-fold cover of GL(n) and GL(n − 1); these coefficients are determined in Kazhdan and Patterson [17] and discussed further in Patterson [21]. See Bump and Hoffstein [11] or Hoffstein [15] for a “classical” description of these coefficients. The noted similarity means that the complete Mellin transform of the theta function would be a multiple Dirichlet series resembling our An+1 multiple Dirichlet series. There is no a priori reason that we are

We link Schubert varieties in the generalized flag manifolds with hyperplane arrangements. For an element of a Weyl group, we construct a certain graphical hyperplane arrangement. We show that the generating function for regions of this arrangement coincides with the Poincaré polynomial of the corresponding Schubert variety if and only if the Schubert variety is rationally smooth. Nous relions des variétés de Schubert dans le variété flag généralisée avec des arrangements des hyperplans. Pour un élément dún groupe de Weyl, nous construisons un certain arrangement graphique des hyperplans. Nous montrons que la fonction génératrice pour les régions de cet arrangement coincide avec le polynome de Poincaré de la variété de Schubert correspondante si et seulement si la variété de Schubert est rationnellement lisse.

Although the Bruhat order on a Weyl group is closely related to the singularities of the Schubert varieties for the corresponding Kac–Moody group, it can be difficult to use this information to prove general theorems. This paper uses the action of the affine Weyl group of type Ã2 on a Euclidean space V≅ℝ2 to study the Bruhat order on W. We believe that these methods can be used to study the Bruhat order on arbitrary affine Weyl groups. Our motivation for this study was to extend the lookup conjecture of Boe and Graham (which is a conjectural simplification of the Carrell–Peterson criterion for rational smoothness) to type Ã2. Computational evidence suggests that the only Schubert varieties in type Ã2 where the "nontrivial" case of the lookup conjecture occurs are the spiral Schubert varieties, and as a step towards the lookup conjecture, we prove it for a spiral Schubert variety X(w) of type Ã2. The proof uses descriptions we obtain of the elements x≤w and of the rationally smooth locus of X(w) in terms of the W-action on V. As a consequence we describe the maximal nonrationally smooth points of X(w). The results of this paper are used in a sequel to describe the smooth locus of X(w), which is different from the rationally smooth locus.

Separable elements in Weyl groups

Eisenstein series are ubiquitous in the theory of automorphic forms. The traditional proofs of the meromorphic continuation of Eisenstein series, due to Selberg and Langlands, start with cuspidal Eisenstein series as a special case, and deduce the general case from spectral theory. We present a “soft” proof which relies only on rudimentary Fredholm theory (needed only in the number field case). It is valid for Eisenstein series induced from an arbitrary automorphic form. The proof relies on the principle of meromorphic continuation. It is close in spirit to Selberg’s later proofs.

We study Whittaker coefficients for maximal parabolic Eisenstein series on metaplectic covers of split reductive groups. By the theory of Eisenstein series these coefficients have meromorphic continuation and functional equation. However they are not Eulerian and the standard methods to compute them in the reductive case do not apply to covers. For “cominuscule” maximal parabolics, we give an explicit description of the coefficients as Dirichlet series whose arithmetic content is expressed in an exponential sum. The exponential sum is then shown to satisfy a twisted multiplicativity, reducing its determination to prime power contributions. These, in turn, are connected to Lusztig data for canonical bases on the dual group using a result of Kamnitzer. The exponential sum at prime powers is shown to simplify for generic Lusztig data. At the remaining degenerate cases, the exponential sum seems best expressed in terms of Gauss sums depending on string data for canonical bases, as shown in a detailed example in GL 4. Thus we demonstrate that the arithmetic part of metaplectic Whittaker coefficients is intimately connected to the relations between these two expressions for canonical bases.

Analytic continuation is proved for certain Eisenstein series on the symplectic group which are associated with nonparabolic forms. In the case of the full modular group an explicit functional equation is obtained, and the singularities of the series are completely described.

We develop a theory of cyclic elements in semisimple Lie algebras. This notion was introduced by Kostant, who associated a cyclic element with the principal nilpotent and proved that it is regular semisimple. In particular, we classfiy all nilpotents giving rise to semisimple and regular semisimple cyclic elements. As an application, we obtain an explicit construction of all regular elements in Weyl groups.

We study the solutions of the integral Kannappan’s and Van Vleck’s functional equations ∫Sf(xyt)dµ(t)+∫Sf(xσ(y)t)dµ(t)= 2f(x)f(y), x,y ∈ S; ∫Sf(xσ(y)t)dµ(t)-∫Sf(xyt)dµ(t)= 2f(x)f(y), x,y ∈ S; where S is a semigroup, σ is an involutive automorphism of S and µ is a linear combination of Dirac measures ( ᵟ zi)I ∈ I, such that for all i ∈ I, ziis in the center of S. We show that the solutions of these equations are closely related to the solutions of the d’Alembert’s classic functional equation with an involutive automorphism. Furthermore, we obtain the superstability theorems for these functional equations in the general case, where σ is an involutive morphism.

The distinguished involutions with a-value n2−3 n+3 in the Weyl group of type Dn

Minuscule Elements of Weyl Groups, the Numbers Game, andd-Complete Posets

In this paper, we prove the results announced in [L-R] for G = SLn. Let G be a simple algebraic group over the base field k. Let M be a maximal torus in G and B, a Borel subgroup, B ⊃ M. Let W be the Weyl group of G. For w ∈ W, let X(w) = \(\overline {BwB} \) (mod B) be the Schubert variety in G/B associated to w. Let L be an ample line bundle on G/B. We shall denote the restriction of L to X(w) also by just L. Let k[X(w)] = ⊙ H0(X(w),L). In this paper, we construct an algebra kq [X(w)] over k(q), where q is a parameter taking values in k*, as a quantization of k[X(w)], G being SLn. The algebra k q [SL n ]: Let G = SLn. Let T = (tij), 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n. Let Let $$R = \sum\limits_{\mathop {i \ne j}\limits_{i,j = 1} }^n {{e_{ii}}} { \otimes _{jj}} + q\sum\limits_{i \ne i}^n {{e_{ii}}} \otimes {e_{ii}} + \left( {q - {q^{ - 1}}} \right)\sum\limits_{1j < in} {{e_{ij}}} \otimes {e_{ji}}$$ (here, eij’s are the elementary matrices). Let A(R) be the associative algebra (with 1) generated by {tij, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n}, the relations being given by RT1T2 = T2T1R, where T1 = T ⊗ Id, T2 = Id ⊗ T (cf. [F-R-T]). Then A(R) gives a quantization of k[Mn], Mn being the space of n × n matrices and k[Mn], the coordinate ring of Mn. Now A(R) has a bialgebra structure, then comultiplication being given by Δ: A(R) → A(R) ⊗ A(R), \(\Delta = \left( {{t_{ij}}} \right) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {{t_{ik}}} \otimes {t_{kj}}\) In the sequel, we shall denote A(R) by kq [Mn]. Let $$D = \sum\limits_{\sigma \in {s_n}}^n {{t_{ik}}} {\left( { - q} \right)^{ - l{{\left( \sigma \right)}_t}}}1\sigma {\left( 1 \right)^t}2\sigma {\left( 2 \right)^{...}}n\sigma \left( n \right)$$ . we shall refer to D as the q-determinant (or the quantum determinant) of (tij).

Tangent spaces to Schubert varieties of type A were characterized by Lakshmibai and Seshadri [LS84]. This result was extended to the other classical types by Lakshmibai [Lak95, Lak00b], and [Lak00a]. We give a uniform characterization of tangent spaces to Schubert varieties in cominuscule G/P. Our results extend beyond cominuscule G/P; they describe the tangent space to any Schubert variety in G/B at a point xB, where x is a cominuscule Weyl group element in the sense of Peterson. Our results also give partial information about the tangent space to any Schubert variety at any point. Our method is to describe the tangent spaces of Kazhdan–Lusztig varieties, and then to recover results for Schubert varieties. Our proof uses a relationship between weights of the tangent space of a variety with torus action and factors of the class of the variety in torus equivariant K-theory. The proof relies on a formula for Schubert classes in equivariant K-theory due to Graham [Gra02] and Willems [Wil06] and on a theorem on subword complexes due to Knutson and Miller [KM04, KM05].

The Fourier expansions of Eisenstein series for ${\text {GL}}(3,{\mathbf {Z}})$ are obtained by two methods—one analogous to the classical method used by many number theorists, including Weber, in his derivation of the Kronecker limit formula. The other method is analogous to that used by Siegel to obtain Fourier expansions of Eisenstein series for the Siegel modular group. The expansions involve matrix argument $K$-Bessel functions recently studied by Tom Bengtson. These $K$-Bessel functions are natural generalizations of the ordinary $K$-Bessel function which arise when considering harmonic analysis on the symmetric space of the general linear group using a certain system of coordinates.