Investigation of eco-friendly casein fibre production methods

Reducing cracking sensitivity of CM247LC processed via laser powder bed fusion through composition modification

The purpose of this study was to develop a resorbable, mouldable bone filler that can be used to repair damaged bone. Work was focused on the use of the resorbable polymer poly DL lactide (PDLLA). The ideal formulation was to be hand mouldable and thus the initial step was to carry out a plasticization study on the polymer. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) and tensile testing were conducted on plasticized PDLLA to indicate the effect citrate ester plasticizers had on the production of a mouldable PDLLA compound. Blending PDLLA with different citrate esters resulted in sample compositions which were malleable and flexible, with increasing plasticizer content having an increase effect on the hand mouldable characteristics. This was followed by an investigation into improving the load bearing properties of the plasticized PDLLA, and so an examination into chemically crosslinking the polymer was carried out, initiated by the use of heat, gamma radiation and UV irradiation. The resultant structures were analysed in a series of swelling studies with the most promising crosslinked compositions then analysed by DMTA and tensile testing. Crosslinking was found not to be a viable approach to harden the polylactide filler as not only were high temperatures needed for crosslinking initiation which would cause cellular necrosis, there was also a reduction in the mechanical and physical integrity of the polymer worsening its load bearing properties. An alternative method of producing a polylactide based bone filler was also explored. By combining polylactide particles with the liquid monomer cyanoacrylate, a hand mouldable and putty-like compound was created. With the onset of polymerization of the monomer, the material then hardened. The composition was modified with the addition of plasticizers and a hydroxyapatite (HA) filler. Initial water absorption and tensile testing conducted found that the addition of the plasticizer and the HA decreased the mechanical properties. A study into optimising the compounds composition was then carried out, and a new source of HA was added to the compositions which helped to increase mechanical properties. The new material composition was found to be injectable with setting rates which could be altered. Aging the polymer compound in PBS for 8 weeks did not alter the resultant tensile properties of the compound by a noticeable degree. A tensile modulus of 1.3 GPa, a tensile strength of 40MPa, a fracture toughness of 2.5MPa m- 1/2, a flexural modulus of 1.7GPa, and a flexural strength of 37MPa were the highest mechanical results achieved. Some of important mechanical properties are lower then those found in human cortical bone, however the results are higher than many commercially available bone substitutes. With further modification of compositions, the mechanical properties could be further increased producing a material fulfilling requirements for a bone graft substitute which is currently not commercially available.

Wood composite materials (WCM) are one of the most common materials for the needs of the furniture industry, construction, aircraft, ship and wagon construction. The raw material for the manufacture of WCM is wood. Due to the annual increase in demand for wood raw materials and sparsely forested territory of Ukraine, we have a question about expanding the raw material base. The textile industry is working and developing intensively in Ukraine. Much of the textile waste is not widely used in practice. Most textile waste is thrown out, which requires additional material costs for garbage removal. In addition, textiles are an integral part of solid waste, which is not sorted and goes to landfills. That has negatively affects the environmental situation. Therefore, the question arose about the manufacture of DCM with partial replacement of wood raw materials for textile fibers. Sources of textile fibers are waste from the textile, clothing and knitwear industries, as well as secondary raw materials. The use of textile fibers in the production of WCM requires their previous preparation. Analysis of literature sources showed that it is advisable to use mechanical grinding methods for textile waste (methods of abrasion, impact and division into fiber). The introduction of additional operations in the technological process of manufacturing WCM (particleboard, fiberboard, OSB) with textile fibers is analyzed. The addition of textile fiber waste to various types of composite materials leads to the deterioration of physical and mechanical properties. However, some materials meet the requirements of the standard with minor replacement of wood particles by textile waste. But even such a small saving of wood resources is significant in volumes of production.

This study examines the sustainability and integration of natural dye extraction techniques within Miao Batik craftsmanship in the contemporary textile industry. Highlighting the increasing demand for eco-friendly production methods, this study investigates how traditional Miao Batik techniques contribute to sustainable textile practices, particularly through natural dye extraction. An extensive literature review, content analysis, and case studies, including field visits, participatory observation, and interviews, are conducted for this study. The findings provide insights into the historical and cultural significance of Miao Batik. Furthermore, they reveal that Miao Batik craftsmanship effectively produces natural dyes with minimal environmental impact, offering a viable alternative to synthetic dyes in the textile industry. Participatory observation of the natural dye extraction process at practitioners’ workplaces demonstrates that Miao Batik techniques successfully extract natural dyes, enabling eco-friendly textile dyeing. Integrating Miao Batik’s natural dye extraction techniques into contemporary textile practices presents both challenges and opportunities, contributing to the advancement of eco-conscious textile practices. This study emphasises the importance of preserving and modernising traditional craftsmanship, fostering new perspectives on sustainable innovation in the textile industry.

This chapter discusses the sustainable wet processing techniques and their environmental impacts in the textile industries. Wet processing is a main sector in textile industries, which affects the end product and their quality of textiles. Large amount of water, chemicals and energy are required for various stages of wet processing operation. In this wet processing, Water is used as the solvent for the chemicals and dyes, because of its low price and availability. But, during the process, water gets polluted with chemicals and unspent dye stuffs and gives an end product as effluent. The toxic effluent is not easy to treat or biodegrade and is harmful to humans and animals. This kind of contamination and health problems arises normally in the conventional method of wet processing. So, the alternative methods are necessary to improve the sustainability of the textile wet processing. In the recent time, the new eco-friendly methods have been developed and are preferred mostly instead of conventional methods. Plasma, ultrasonic, laser, biotechnology digital inkjet printing are the new innovated eco-friendly technologies, which provide more advantages to wet processing. In these methods, there are no any harmful chemical, wastewater and mechanical hazards to textiles, etc. This study also clearly discusses the various stages of wet processing operations such as desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, finishing and printing with a new innovated trend and their eco-friendly procedures and technologies on the wet processing.

The bio-active and biological affinity with bony tissue effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) marks as a chosen material for implants application. Uniting HA which has low mechanical properties that limit its application with a higher mechanical property of metallic biomaterial 316L stainless steel (316L) to form a biocomposite have been a solution to produce acceptable mechanical properties for human implant. The 316L/HA biocomposite would have attribute vital to current implant materials, like a low Young’s modulus, high compatibility, and bio-inertness. This study concentrates on investigating the mechanical and physical properties of the 316L/HA biocomposite fabricated by metal injection moulding. The synthesis HA was produced from calcium-Phosphate. While, Polypropylene (PP), Stearin Acid (SA) and primary binder, Paraffin wax (PW) used as a binder system. Different weight of HA (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt. %) ratios to SS 316L/HA were prepared. All samples were sintered at 1350 ºC for 2 hours soaking time. The result shows that 10 wt.% HA biocomposite and above have higher porosity and low mechanical strength. However, 5 wt.% HA biocomposite has a high relative density which 87.95% compared to other additive HA % and hardness 127.10 Hv. The Tensile strength and elongation of 316L/HA biocomposite exhibit decreased as the content of HA wt.% increase which similar properties with the human bone that lower than 130 MPa (tensile strength). Therefore, 5 wt.% HA biocomposite is found to be the most excellent powder ratio for 316L/HA biocomposite regarding mechanical and physical properties and to achieve the mechanical strength of the biocomposite is necessary an amount of HA content in the composite are smaller than 15 wt.%.

The paper studies issues related to physicochemical and chemical techniques for the modification of wood-polymer composites with a thermoplastic polymer matrix (WPCs) to improve their physical and mechanical properties. The physicochemical modification was performed by photochemical crosslinking with the exposure of WPC specimens to UV irradiation. Chemical modification was performed by introducing benzoyl peroxide into the material composition, leading to chemical crosslinking of polyethylene macromolecules of the WPC polymer matrix. As a result of the study, quantitative characteristics of the effect of the benzoyl peroxide content in the composite, as well as the WPC specimen UV irradiation intensity and duration on the basic physical and mechanical properties of the material have been obtained. The efficiency of physicochemical techniques for modifying WPCs has been estimated by changing the specimen properties such as Brinell hardness, water absorption, and impact strength. It has been found that the Brinell hardness increases by 80 % as compared to unmodified WPC specimens. Effective modification of wood-polymer composites with polymer matrices based on high-density polyethylene may lead to a significant improvement in the quality of products made of these materials.

The color of textile fibers is typically imparted by submersion in a high-temperature dye bath. However, the treatment of the effluent is challenging and the textile industry is therefore a major source of water pollution. Current fashion trends favor biobased polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) but exhaust dyeing at high temperatures causes hydrolytic degradation, reducing the crystallinity and tenacity of the yarn. To preserve the mechanical properties of PLA-based textiles, an alternative to exhaust dyeing called dope dyeing can be used, wherein colorants are incorporated into the polymer matrix during melt spinning. We evaluated this process by dope dyeing PLA with several colorants, then testing the thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the yarn and the physical properties of circular-knitted fabrics. Although the colorants affected the crystallization behavior at lower cooling rates, during the melt-spinning process, the drawing speed had a greater effect on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of the dyed yarn. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the colorants were well dispersed in the PLA matrix. We found that the colorants did not affect the physical properties of the knitted fabric. Our results can be used to develop more environmentally beneficial dope-dyed PLA yarn with improved mechanical properties.

This article discusses the challenges and prospects in the national textile industry. As an important industry in economic development, the textile industry needs regulatory support and strategic policies to overcome several upstream and downstream obstacles. From the upstream industry, TPT includes the fiber industry, spinning, and yarn, knitting, stamping, and finishing, while downstream, it includes the apparel industry. Through the right policies, the textile industry is expected to be able to absorb labor, support national economic growth, and realize clothing resilience. This research uses empirical juridical research methods through tracing and studying secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, academic manuscripts, policy recommendations, and scientific papers of experts in the cybersecurity and empowerment of the small and medium enterprises sector. Secondary data are obtained through Library Research from printed and electronic library materials. Doctrinal research is needed to understand the legal norms that are currently in force (Law in the Book) through a statute approach and a conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach). The results showed that some of the obstacles to the textile industry include limited transportation and electricity infrastructure, low quality of human resources, and access to financing, which is still narrow. For this reason, regulations and policies are needed to guarantee the financing of the textile industry, as well as innovation support for research institutions and related institutional cooperation—notably the Indonesia Central Bank (B.I.) and Financial Services Authority.

Solder joints provide mechanical support, and electrical and thermal interconnection between packaging levels in microelectronics assemblies. Proper functioning of these interconnections and the reliability of the electronic packages depend largely on the mechanical properties of the solder joints. Lead free solders typically provide excellent thermo-mechanical properties and are commonly used as interconnections in electronic packages. However, the exposure of lead free solder joints to complicated thermal histories can degrade their mechanical behavior. For example, aging of lead free solders at high temperature leads to microstructural evolution resulting in reduced mechanical properties and increased creep deformations. Previous investigations on mechanical characterization of lead free solders have mainly emphasized mechanical testing at temperatures up to 125 °C. However, many electronic products are deployed in harsh environment applications including well drilling, geothermal energy, automotive power electronics, and aerospace engines, where solders are exposed to very high temperatures from 125-200 °C. Mechanical properties of lead free solders at elevated temperatures are limited.In this work, we have explored Mechanical behavior and aging effects in SAC305 (96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) solder joints at several extreme high testing temperatures (T = 125, 150, 175, and 200 °C) using the method of nanoindentation. A special high temperature stage and test protocols were used within the nanoindentation system to carefully control the testing temperature, and to make the measurements insensitive to thermal drift problems. Solder joints were extracted from 14 x 14 mm PBGA assemblies (0.8 mm ball pitch, 0.46 mm ball diameter) that were built as part of the iNEMI Characterization of Pb-Free Alloy Alternatives Project. Since the properties of SAC solder joints are highly dependent on crystal orientation, polarized light microscopy was utilized to determine the orientation of the tested joints. For all the experiments, only single grain solder joints were used to avoid introducing any unintentional variation from changes in the crystal orientation across the joint cross-section.To study aging effects, solder joints were preconditioned for 0, 1, 5, 10, and 30 days at T = 125 °C in a box oven. Nanoindentation testing was then performed on the aged specimens at four different test temperatures (T = 125, 150, 175, and 200 °C) to extract the elastic modulus, hardness, and creep performance of the aged material. Throughout this study, a constant force of 10 mN was applied for 900 seconds to monitor the creep displacements and measure the creep strain rate as a function of both temperature and prior aging conditions.As expected, our results have shown that mechanical properties and creep strain rate of solder joints are highly dependent on the test temperature and degrade significantly as the temperature increases. In particular, the aging induced degradation rates for high temperature testing (175-200 °C) were about 10000X than those observed at 125 °C. In addition, the effects of aging on solder joints properties become much more significant as the aging time and test temperature increases.

Fabric scrap waste in the textile and garment industry consists of leftover or unused fabric pieces from the cutting and sewing processes. Managing fabric waste is essential for environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness in the textile sector. Common types of fabric scrap include trim waste, cutting room scrap, and defective or off-cut pieces. Efficient scrap management reduces environmental impact, lowers costs, and enhances operational efficiency. As sustainability demands grow, industries are adopting innovative strategies to minimize waste and optimize production. This study investigates the mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and thermal properties of fabric scrap-reinforced composite materials. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to assess their thermal stability. Experimental results revealed that chopped fabric scrap composites outperformed sandwich and laminated forms in mechanical performance. The optimal composition was identified as a 40% reinforcement and 60% matrix weight ratio. According to the test results, the maximum tensile and flexural strength were obtained at chopped orientation, with values of 110 and 112 MPa, respectively. Regarding the hardness test, almost all three orientations showed similar results at the described ratio. The findings suggest that fabric scrap-reinforced polyester composites have significant potential for automotive applications, particularly in vehicle hoods, bumpers, and roofing. Moreover, this study emphasizes the role of recycled textile composites in promoting a circular economy, bridging the automotive and textile industries. By integrating waste materials into high-performance composites, this approach supports sustainability efforts through waste reduction and resource optimization, making it a viable solution for eco-friendly manufacturing.

The present chapter includes a brief discussion of circular economy, a new economic growth model aiming at reducing waste and decreasing the need for new resources, the economic and environmental cost of which is high. Circular economy is a new product and consumer model, which enables longer use of materials while minimizing the use of natural resources. It requires the transition from a vertical model of production, consumption, and disposal to a closed circular model, based on recovery and reuse of products, which are minimally processed.The survey focuses on the textile industry, particularly the clothing industry, which, due to overproduction and overconsumption, produces excessive waste, thus, affecting societies, economies, and the environment in various ways. The chapter includes a discussion about clothing life span, the five Rs of clothes recycling, the best practices already applied, and an empirical survey investigating Greek people’s recycling awareness and practices as well as their intention to recycle clothes. Finally, conclusions are drawn that demonstrate that in recent years, the serious efforts in Greece as regards clothing and footwear recycling display a growing and positive trend.KeywordsCircular economyRecyclingReuseClothing life cycleClothingSustainable fashionBusiness recycling practices

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has become increasingly important in recent decades due to its superior mechanical properties, especially flexural strength and toughness, compared to normal concrete. FRC has also received significant attention because of its superior fire resistance performance compared to non-fiber concrete. In recent years, studies on the mechanical performance, fire design, and post-fire repair of thermally damaged fibrous and non-fibrous concrete have gained importance. In particular, there are very few studies in the literature on the mechanical performance and flexural behavior of steel and basalt hybrid fiber concretes after high temperature and water re-curing. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties and toughness of concrete containing steel fiber (SF) and basalt fiber (BF) after ambient and high temperature (400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C). Additionally, this study aimed to examine the changes in fire-damaged FRCs as a result of water re-curing. In this context, high temperature and water re-curing were carried out on non-fibrous concrete (control) and four different fiber compositions: in the first mixture, only steel fibers were used, and in the other two mixtures, basalt fibers were substituted at 25% and 50% rates instead of steel fibers. Furthermore, in the fifth mixture, basalt fibers were replaced by polypropylene fibers (PPFs) to make a comparison with the steel and basalt hybrid fiber-reinforced mixture. This study examined the effects of different fiber compositions on the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive and flexural strength of the specimens at ambient temperature and after exposure to elevated temperatures and water re-curing. Additionally, the load–deflection curves and toughness of the mixtures were determined. The study results showed that different fiber compositions varied in their healing effect at different stages. The hybrid use of SF and BF can improve the flexural strength before elevated temperature and particularly after 600 °C. However, it caused a decrease in the recovery rates, especially after re-curing with water in terms of toughness. Water re-curing provided remarkable improvement in terms of mechanical and toughness properties. This improvement was more evident in steel–polypropylene fiber-reinforced concretes.

The long-term geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in underground formations (deep saline aquifers) is the most economically viable option to decrease the emissions of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere which are the main contributing factors for global warming. The injection of CO2 in carbonate aquifers dissolves some of the calcite rock due to the formation of carbonic acid as a result of the interaction between CO2 and brine. This rock dissolution may affect the rock integrity and in turn will affect the rock mechanical properties. The effect of CO2 on the rock mechanical properties is a key parameter to be studied to assess the aquifer performance in the process of geological sequestration and to get safe and effective long-term storage. The main objective of this study is to address the impact of geological sequestration of CO2 on the mechanical properties of carbonate aquifer and cap rocks. In addition, the effect of the storage time on these properties are investigated. Moreover, the effect of CO2 sequestration on rocks with different mechanical properties are studied, and the good candidate carbonate rocks for geologic sequestration are identified. In this study the CO2 was injected and soaked with the brine with the core at high pressure and high temperature (2000 psi and 100°C) to simulate the actual downhole conditions The carbonate cores were analyzed for mechanical properties using indirect tensile strength, unconfined compression, and acoustics testing machines. Results show that CO2 sequestration affected the mechanical properties of the carbonate rocks as well as the cap rocks. Long time soaking of CO2 in brine allowed for the formation of enough carbonic acid to react with the cores and this greatly impacted the rock mechanical and acoustic properties. The significant impact of CO2 storage was noted on Khuff limestone and the good candidate among the carbonate rocks studied here for geological sequestration of CO2 is found to be Indiana limestone.

Fabrication of leather-like yarns using waste leather for textile application