(Invited) Structured Electrode Manufacturing for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries

The development of high-energy density and high-power density lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and other large-scale energy storage devices over the last decade has led to continual search on new electrode candidates. The cost-effective, chemically stable (safe), and highly conductive metal as anode electrode that is capable of high capacity due to the large Li stoichiometric ratio, has recently stimulated enormous attention. There have been many efforts to increase the capacity using group IV elements Sn, Ge, Pb, Si and Mg, Al, Ga, Zn, and Bi thus far. Sn, another group IV element, is a promising alternative anode material, as its bulk phase is known to have a higher theoretical capacity of 990 mAh/g (Li4.4Sn) compared to 370 mAh/g of commercial graphite. Sn is also less toxic and less expensive, but huge volume changes up to 300% during Li insertion and extraction limit the energy capacity and cycle lifetime in LIBs. In addition to the volume factor, another obstacle lies in the naturally formed oxide layer, which introduces a non-reversible capacity, although some researchers have found that an ultrathin coating on electrodes could enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries. To maximize the electrochemical performance of Sn, a well-desired configuration that can efficiently prevent the chemo-mechanical failure must be developed. Here we present a novel sub-100nm Sn nano-cage (Sn-NC) comprising an industrially available, pure metal Sn and a conductive oxide surface (not SnOx). The protection of the rigid oxide surface and the adjustable interspace can prevent the pulverization and oxidation of the metal while supplying a fast Li+/e- pathway. The coin/punch cell assembled using Sn-NCs as anode provides a high capacity (>600 mAh/g) with a long cyclability (>500 cycles) at a high charge/discharge rate. The synthesis of Sn-NCs is scalable thus indicating a potential on industrial commercialization.

Lithium metal batteries are widely considered to be a next-generation battery technology due to their high energy density, fast charging capability, and potential to power a wide range of applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles.Compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, which use graphite as the anode material, lithium metal batteries have the potential to offer significantly higher energy density. This is because lithium metal has a much higher theoretical capacity than graphite, meaning it can store more energy per unit weight or volume. As a result, lithium metal batteries could potentially offer longer run times and smaller form factors than lithium-ion batteries, which are already widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles.In addition to their high energy density, lithium metal batteries also offer fast charging capabilities. This is because the lithium metal anode can be charged more quickly than the graphite anode used in conventional lithium-ion batteries. This could enable faster charging times for electric vehicles and other applications, reducing the time required for recharging and improving their overall usability.However, one of the major challenges with lithium metal batteries is dendrite growth, which can occur when lithium metal ions deposit unevenly on the surface of the anode during charging. These dendrites are needle-like structures that can penetrate the separator and cause short-circuits, leading to reduced battery performance and safety issues. As a result, much of the research on lithium metal batteries has focused on developing strategies to prevent dendrite growth, such as using coatings or electrolytes with additives that can stabilize the lithium metal anode.Despite these challenges, lithium metal batteries continue to be a promising next-generation battery technology. Researchers are working on improving their energy density, charging speed, and safety, and they are exploring a range of applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. If these challenges can be overcome, lithium metal batteries could revolutionize the energy storage industry and enable a wide range of new and exciting applications.To address this issue, we have explored the use of various coatings on the lithium metal anode to prevent dendrite growth. In this study, ordered mesoporous silica with different pore sizes and pore structures, such as SBA-15 and KIT-6, were used as coatings between the lithium metal anode and separator.SBA-15 and KIT-6 are two types of mesoporous silica materials that are widely used in various applications due to their unique properties. The synthesis of these materials involves the use of templates to control the pore size and structure.They are synthesized using a combination of a surfactant(pluronic P123 or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide;CTAB) as the template and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) as the silica source. The synthesis involves mixing a solution of surfactant and TEOS in acidic conditions, followed by aging and calcination steps. The resulting materials have a highly ordered hexagonal pore structure(SBA-15) and body-centered cubic pore structure(KIT-6) with a pore size ranging from 5 to 20 nm.By coating the surface of the lithium metal with a uniform pore structure material such as ordered mesoporous silica, dendrite growth can be suppressed and lithium deposition can occur more uniformly.The uniform pore structure material acts as a physical barrier to lithium ion diffusion and helps to control the deposition of lithium ions onto the surface of the lithium metal. When lithium ions are deposited onto the surface of the lithium metal, they can form a layer of lithium that can grow and become thick over time. If the lithium layer is too thick, it can become unstable and form dendrites. However, the uniform pore structure material can help to limit the thickness of the lithium layer and promote the deposition of lithium ions in a more uniform manner, thus reducing the likelihood of dendrite formation.Additionally, the uniform pore structure material can help to reduce the concentration of lithium ions at the surface of the lithium metal, which is another factor that can contribute to dendrite growth. By limiting the concentration of lithium ions at the surface, the uniform pore structure material can help to prevent the formation of high-concentration regions that can promote dendrite growth.Overall, the mechanism by which a uniform pore structure material can suppress dendrite growth involves controlling the deposition of lithium ions onto the surface of the lithium metal, limiting the thickness of the lithium layer, and reducing the concentration of lithium ions at the surface. These factors help to promote more uniform lithium deposition and prevent the formation of dendrites, leading to improved battery performance and safety.

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a key technology for inexpensive, renewable, and safe energy storage system, but there are a few challenges that need to be addressed to make LIB more efficient. One critical challenge is increasing both energy density and fast charging capability. Increasing electrode thickness can increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, increasing electrode thickness increases transport limitations and the risk of lithium plating, which limit safe fast charging capability. This work analyzes prospective improvements to the conventional lithium-ion cell electrode structure that may facilitate high energy density and fast charging capabilities. A 2D lithium-ion battery model is applied to five different cell designs to understand the impact of thick electrode structure on performance at different charge and discharge rates for a single cell. These five different cell designs consist of one conventional cell and four cells with electrodes modified by varied electrolyte channel arrangements. The simulated electrodes were taken as Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC) for the cathode and graphite for the anode. The simulated electrolyte was 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC). All five cells were simulated under discharge at C/10, C/2 and 1C followed by charge at 1C, 3C, and 5C with no rest time prior to charge. Adding electrolyte channels on the anode side was found to facilitate lithium ion transport and reduce the risk of lithium plating. Modification of both electrodes did not present any benefit compared to the conventional cell. Analysis of cell behavior based on mass transport Fourier number and a dimensionless mass flux parameter was performed to compare different electrodes at different charge and discharge conditions. These dimensionless parameters provide a means for the general assessment of prospective electrode structure modifications.

In conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), active lithium (Li) ions, which function as charge carriers and could only be supplied by the Li-containing cathodes, are also consumed during the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase. Such irreversible Li loss reduces the energy density of LIBs and is highly desired to be compensated by prelithiation additives. Herein, lithium selenide (Li2Se), which could be irreversibly converted into selenide (Se) at 2.5-3.8 V and thus supplies additional Li, is proposed as a cathode prelithiation additive for LIBs. Compared with previously reported prelithiation reagents (e.g., Li6CoO4, Li2O, and Li2S), the delithiation of Li2Se not only delivers a high specific capacity but also avoids gas release and incompatibility with carbonate electrolytes. The electrochemical characterizations show that with the addition of 6 wt % Li2Se to the LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes, a 9% increase in the initial specific capacity in half Li||LFP cells and a 19.8% increase in the energy density (based on the total mass of the two electrodes' materials) could be achieved without sacrificing the other battery performance. This work demonstrates the possibility to use Li2Se as a high-efficiency prelithiation additive for LIBs and provides a solution to the high-energy LIBs.

Along with the rapid growth in robots, mobile electronics and electric vehicles (EVs) technology, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are facing several technical challenges such as higher energy density and fast charging capability. Graphite, currently used anode materials for LIBs, has technical limitations to be used for robots, mobile electronics and EVs in terms of energy density and fast charging capability. To solve these problems, various anode materials have been suggested for alternative graphite anode material. In this work, titanium dioxide coated graphite was investigated as an anode material with fast charging capability for LIBs. The proposed core-shell structure, titanium dioxide coated graphite anode electrode exhibited an excellent rate capability of 96.4 % of the capacity retention at a rate of 10 C compare to that tested at a rate of 0.2 C without any degradation of reversible capacity and long-term cycle performance. The characterization, microstructure and electrochemical properties of the titanium dioxide coated graphite will be discussed in more detail.

The transition towards renewable energy sources has led to an increasing reliance on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for applications in electric vehicles and portable electronics. Among the various components of LIBs, silicon-based anode materials are gaining attention due to their high theoretical capacity and the abundant availability of silicon. Despite their potential, silicon anodes encounter significant obstacles during charge-discharge cycles, including substantial volume expansion and poor electrical conductivity. To address these challenges, a range of structural optimization strategies has been investigated. This review highlights recent developments in the structural engineering of silicon-based anodes, particularly focusing on innovations in nanostructure design and composite materials. Nanostructuring silicon helps reduce particle size and optimize microstructures, which mitigates volume expansion, improves cycling stability, and promotes enhanced lithium-ion diffusion. Composite approaches, integrating silicon with carbon and metal oxide materials, further enhance conductivity and mechanical integrity. However, despite substantial advancements, issues such as production cost, long-term durability, and scalability remain significant barriers to the widespread adoption of silicon anodes. Future research should focus on integrating material design with interface engineering and exploring novel synthesis techniques to enable the large-scale implementation of silicon-based anodes in high-energy-density storage systems.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in a variety of applications due to their high energy and power densities, and long cycle life. With the expanding use of LIBs in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, there is very active research into all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), which offer greater energy density than traditional LIBs and eliminate the inherent fire hazards. Since most of the detailed reactions involved in the performance and degradation of a battery are temperature-sensitive, so-called thermal activation processes, it is very important to accurately assess whether a battery can have the high performance and low degradation characteristics required under different climatic conditions. To evaluate the electrochemical properties of electrode materials in LIBs, a half-cell is typically constructed with the electrode of interest as the working electrode (WE) and lithium metal as auxiliary electrode (AE). Here, lithium metal is close to an ideal non-polarizable material, has a large capacity, and maintains a constant potential during charge/discharge, so it is widely used as AE material in LIB research. However, several issues arise when lithium is used as AE in ASSBs: Lithium metal undergoes mechanical deformation due to the relatively high internal pressure required to ensure good contact between lithium and solid electrolyte; When in contact with sulfide-based solid electrolytes, which are currently of interest due to their high ionic conductivity, side reaction products can lead to an increase in interfacial resistance; the growth of lithium dendrites, often observed in conventional LIBs, is still unavoidable. These issues all affect the half-cell signal, potentially causing a distorted evaluation of the WE’s characteristics.Lithium-indium alloy is being utilized as AE for ASSB half-cells to replace lithium metal. It exhibits excellent mechanical ductility and maintains a constant reduction potential over a wide stoichiometric range, ensuring excellent contact property and voltage stability. Moreover, it is very easy to fabricate through simple compression at room temperature. Nevertheless, the limited study on its electrochemical properties leaves uncertainty regarding its full functionality as AE for accurate evaluation of WE, particularly in extreme operational conditions. For instance, lithium-indium alloy are primarily based on alloying/dealloying reactions involving solid-state diffusion of lithium, which is generally considered to be a relatively slow process kinetically, while lithium only involves a kinetically favorable plating/stripping process on the surface. Therefore, a comparative analysis of these different reaction mechanisms in terms of kinetics is necessary. This presentation presents a comparative analysis of the electrochemical properties of lithium metal and lithium-indium alloys used as AEs in ASSB half-cells. In particular, the electrochemical properties of lithium-indium alloys with different reaction mechanisms with lithium are investigated over a range of temperatures and current densities, and these differences are discussed from a kinetic point of view. For this purpose, first, using a three-electrode half-cell with lithium or lithium-indium alloy as AE, we compared the electrochemical properties of these two AEs during half-cell operation by interpreting their potential and over-potential changes, and quantifying their detailed resistances. Then, through dc experiments on lithium and lithium-indium symmetrical cells, we identified differences in overvoltage behavior due to differences in their reaction mechanism. In particular, we noted distinct differences in the overpotential behavior of these two electrodes at low temperatures and high current densities. Furthermore, based on the results of a combined dc/ac electrochemical analysis, we derived the overvoltage that dominates the overall overvoltage at each of the two electrodes. Based on these results, we analyzed how the kinetic differences between the two electrodes affect the cathode half-cell signal, in order to derive key considerations for reliable ASSB half-cell evaluation. In this presentation, the advantages and disadvantages of lithium-indium alloy compared to lithium metal as AE will be discussed from a kinetic perspective, focusing on interfacial and bulk resistance (overpotential). Furthermore, methods for utilizing AE to conduct accurate and reliable half-cell tests will be proposed.

Depletion of fossil fuels and concerns over CO2 emission have driven the development of electric vehicles (EVs) with high-energy efficiencies and low emissions. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, compared to lead acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydroxide, and other popular rechargeable batteries, are considered as the most promising candidates for EVs for their high operating voltage and high energy density. Silicon nanowires are considered as lithium-ion battery anodes for their ultra high capacity at 4200 mAh·g-1 (10× higher than conventional graphite anode), as well as stress accommodation for reversible lithiation and delithiation. Silicon nanowires were fabricated via metal assisted electroless etching, and conductive nickel monosilicides ohmic contacts were created via simple one-step thermal annealing procedure between nanowires and nickel electrodes for integration. Composite anodes were prepared from electrolessly fabricated silicon nanowires for lithium-ion batteries, and an addition of only 15 % silicon nanowires results in a two-fold increase in reversible capacities for 15 cycles. Silicon anodes with hydride, methylated and siloxane surface terminations were prepared and tested in lithium-ion cells; another silicon anode was cycled with 5 % trimethoxymethylsilane. Analyses showed methylated and siloxane terminations lead to passivated surfaces, and hydride-terminated nanowires were relatively more reactive with electrolytes. The addition of silane additive results in more OPFx compounds and Si-O-Si bonds at the silicon surface with significantly higher capacities (3287 mAh·g-1). AFM nano-indentation analyses also showed a significant increase in contact stiffness with silane additive, and the increase in contact stiffness may improve the anode’s ability to withstand large volume changes. Although the chemical composition of the SEI is altered with silane additives, performance improvements were mainly associated mechanical effects.

Advanced lithium batteries are crucial for next-generation energy storage systems such as portable electronics and electric vehicles. Due to a low specific capacity (372 mAh/g) batteries using traditional graphite-based anode materials can hardly meet the increasing demands of light weight and high energy density. With theoretical specific capacities that are approximately 10 times higher than that of conventional graphite anodes metallic lithium (3860 mAh/g) and silicon (4200 mAh/g) anodes are regarded as two excellent candidates. Specifically, the energy density of batteries could be dramatically increased approximately from 250 Wh/kg to 440 Wh/kg by replacing graphite with lithium anodes.[1] However these two promising anodes suffer from the dramatic volume change due to microstructure degradation and low coulombic efficiency derived from unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during cycling. In addition, the dendritic and/or fiber-like deposition on lithium anode could initiate an internal short circuit and thus leads to a fast battery failure. Despite great progress recently achieved on improving electrochemical performance, a clear picture of the microstructure degradation of electrode and battery failure mechanisms is still elusive, largely due to a lack of feasible in situ characterization techniques. Synchrotron X-ray imaging has evolved into a tool of choice allowing in situ or operando analysis of the internal morphology/structure evolution non-invasively.[2, 3] With this technique the internal microstructure of a silicon electrode in a lithium ion battery was visualized during battery operation.[4] The silicon particles were found to change their sizes upon lithiation/delithiation and the changes could be quantified. An expansion prolongation phenomenon of Si particle was discovered involving that some particles continue expanding even after switching the battery current direction and shrinkage would be expected. In addition, Li deposition at the Li/separator interface as well as within a porous carbon matrix was visualized and quantified three dimensionally. The study provides new basic insights into expansion/shrinkage processes inside Si particles and uncovers the Li deposition behavior that can hardly be probed by surface imaging techniques. Finally investigations on Li anode degradation mechanisms are presented.[5] References [1] D. Lin, Y. Liu, Y. Cui, Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries. Nature Nanotechnology, 2017, 12, 194. [2] M. Ebner, F. Marone, M. Stampanoni, V. Wood, Visualization and quantification of electrochemical and mechanical degradation in Li ion batteries. Science, 2013, 342, 716-720. [3] K. J. Harry, D. T. Hallinan, D. Y. Parkinson, A. A. MacDowell, N. P. Balsara, Detection of subsurface structures underneath dendrites formed on cycled lithium metal electrodes. Nat Mater, 2014, 13, 69-73. [4] K. Dong, H. Markötter, F. Sun et al., In situ and Operando Tracking of Microstructure and Volume Evolution of Silicon Electrodes by using Synchrotron X-ray Imaging. ChemSusChem, doi:10.1002/cssc.201801969. [5] Fu Sun, Xin He, Xiaoyu Jiang, et al., Advancing Knowledge of Electrochemically Generated Lithium Microstructure and Performance Decay of Lithium Ion Battery by Synchrotron X-ray Tomography, Materials Today, accepted.

Lithium Ion Batteries (LIB) offers the highest energy density among rechargeable batteries technologies. However, improvement in materials are needed for LIB in order to increase energy density, safety, durability, decrease cost and allow the further deployment of technologies like electric vehicles and energy storage. One way to improve these batteries is to develop new electrodes, both cathode and anode, resulting in higher energy density. Graphite is today used as anode materials, but Silicon has been extensive studied due to their approximately 10 times higher gravimetrical capacity. However, it is well known that silicon has challenges related to volume expansion during (de)lithiation upon cycling. Several proposed solutions, like nanostructuring, nanowires, encapsulation etc. have been proposed. Here we present initial work, using Silicon kerf (recovered Silicon powders from cutting of silicon ingots). Silicon kerf was delivered by the ECOSOLAR partner Garbo S.r.l. and the materials were cleaned to remove most of the impurities. The electrochemical performance of Silicon kerf was investigated in half cells. The silicon was mixed with Super C 65 carbon black as conducting agent and Na CMC as binder. Na CMC was dissolved in an aqueous solution containing KOH and citric acid at pH 3 to facilitate chemical bonding between the binder and the active material. Electrodes were fabricated by tape casting on plain Cu foil as current collector. Casts with varying thickness were produced to investigate the effect of electrode loading. C2016 coin cells was prepared using electrolyte consisted of 1M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1 by vol) added 5 wt% FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate). Initial studies for using silicon kerf as a source for high capacity anode materials in lithium ion batteries has demonstrated that kerf should be evaluated further to determine the long time cycling stability of this materials. The materials were evaluated both to determine the maximum capacity and stability using capacity limited cycling. The electrodes using Si kerf were stable for 150 cycles during capacity limited cycling using a loading of 0.6 mg/cm3 and a bit lower cycle stability for electrodes with higher loading. It must be highlighted that the electrode structures and composition, electrolyte composition etc. has not been optimized. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 679692.

Instead of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using organic liquid electrolytes, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSBs) employing solid electrolytes (SEs) are promising for applications in high-energy–density power applications and electric vehicles due to their potential for improving safety and achieving high capacity. Although remarkable progress in SEs has been achieved and has resulted in high ionic conductivity, which now reaches values comparable to those of liquid electrolytes, the typical use of a slurry process for the fabrication of conventional ASSBs inevitably causes harmful reactions between sulfide materials and polar solvents. Here, we studied the efficient infiltration process of SE slurry into conventional composite LIB electrodes (NCM622) for achieving high-energy-density ASSBs via a scalable solution-based fabrication process. Two methods are proposed to ensure that SE materials are evenly distributed and sufficiently infiltrated into the porous structures of LIB electrodes. The LPSCl SE solutions were effectively infiltrated into the electrodes at higher processing temperatures and the temperature was subsequently optimized at above the boiling point of the ethanol solvent due to the dynamic motion of SE molecules via a convective flow during solvent vaporization. Moreover, the porous LIB composite electrodes with a mixture of active materials of different particle sizes formed and filled capillary pores resulting in a high electrode density. The LPSCl SE-infiltrated NCM622 electrodes that used this strategy could remarkably improve the initial discharge capacity of ASSBs to as high as 177 mAh/g. These ASSBs also showed excellent performance even at high loading values (about 17 mg/cm2), making them competitive with LIBs using conventional liquid electrolytes.

Enabling fast-charging capability for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

Fast charging technology for electric vehicles (EVs), which promises rapid charging times similar to refueling conventional vehicles, holds promise but encounters hurdles due to kinetic issues within lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These issues include both kinetic and thermodynamic challenges within batteries, resulting in restricted utilization of active materials, Li plating, excessive heat generation, and accelerated capacity degradation.1 Efforts to tackle issues associated with fast charging have predominantly concentrated on modifying the Li salts in the electrolyte or the structure and surface/interface of the anode materials.However, compared to the electrolyte or anode materials, the importance of the cathode in relation to fast charging has not been significantly highlighted. Because properties such as the energy density, thermal stability, and rate performance of LIBs are largely determined by the cathode material, 2 understanding the characteristics of the cathode under high-current-density conditions is essential to comprehensively understand fast charging.In this study, the mechanism responsible for the loss of fast charging capability of Ni-rich cathodes during prolonged cycling is examined via a comparative analysis of Ni-rich cathodes exhibiting different microstructures. The results demonstrate that microcracks and subsequent cathode degradation notably compromise the fast charging capability over extended cycling periods. Formation of thick rocksalt impurity phases throughout the particles due to electrolyte infiltration via microcracks leads to limited kinetics of Li+ ions, resulting in electrochemically inactive regions under high-current conditions, hence leading to the loss of fast charging capability. Therefore, preventing microcrack formation by microstructural modification is imperative to ensure stability in fast charging capability. These findings underscore the need to comprehensively understand the degradation of the cathode during extended cycling, particularly from the perspective of the kinetic loss of utilizable Li+ ions at high currents, rather than just the loss of capacity. Reference s : [1] Y. Liu, Y. Zhu, Y. Cui, Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 540.[2] H.-J. Noh, S. Youn, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, J. Power Sources, 2013, 233, 121.

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully utilized as power sources for various electronic devices (e.g. mobile phone, remote controller, lab-top, etc.). Recently, the application of LIBs is extending to emerging markets such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) for grid-supporting. Unfortunately, conventional LIBs still suffer from safety issues associated with the use of flammable organic electrolytes. To overcome such limitation of LIBs, many attentions have been devoted to the development of all-solid-state batteries (ASBs) that are employing solid electrolytes with excellent structural and electrochemical stabilities. Li1+xAlxGe2–x(PO4)3 (LAGP) is a kind of potential solid electrolytes with a NASICON structure. It offers relatively high bulk ionic conductivity (~10-4 Scm-1) with a wide electrochemical window and great moisture tolerance.[2] Owing to these advantages, LAGP can be a great option as a practical solid electrolyte for realizing ASBs. However, there are some technical issues to be resolved before commercial use of LAGP solid electrolytes as follow; i) a low ionic conductivity arising from the high boundary resistance and ii) a high synthesis temperature (i.e. energy consumable process). In this work, the microstructures of LAGP solid electrolyte are tailored by addition of Bi2O3 and B2O3 with a purpose of improving the ionic conductivity and reducing the fabrication temperature. Based on various structural and electrochemical analyses, we investigate the correlation between microstructure and ionic conductivity of LAGP. In practice, Bi2O3 is able to improve the structural integrity of LAGP with turning down of the sintering temperature, leading to the densification of LAGP [1] and, on the other hand, B2O3 facilitates the grain growth of LAGP during synthesis.[3] As a result of co-addition of Bi2O3 and B2O3, the ionic conductivity of LAGP solid electrolyte increases about one order of magnitude higher than pristine LAGP. This work will provide a practical guideline to develop a highly reliable solid electrolytes for ABSs. (Figure 1 image) SD Lee and KN Jung, ChemSusChem 10, 2175 (2017)Masashi Kotobuki, Keigo Hoshina, Yasuhiro Isshiki, Phosphorus Research Bulletin 24, 061 (2010)Harsharaj S. Jadhav, Ramchandra S. Kalubarme, Seong-Yong Jang, KN Jung, Mo, Dalton Trans. 43, 11723 (2014) Figure 1

Influence of dispersing by extrusion and calendering on the performance of lithium-ion battery electrodes