IoT- Based Smart Farming

To assess possible causes of soil and plant iron deficiency and chlorosis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on calcareous clay loam soils of Karnataka, India, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the availability of iron and calcium at varying levels of CaCO3 and soil water and their influence on pod yield. The CaCO3 levels of the soil achieved by liming were: 5% (C1), 7% (C2), 10% (C3), 15% (C4), and 20% (C5) (on mass basis). Three soil water levels, i.e., 75% (M1), 150% (M2), and 200% (M3) of field capacity, were imposed for one week each at flowering and pegging stages. Amorphous iron oxide-occluded iron, free iron oxide, and water-soluble calcium increased significantly with increasing levels of soil water. The diethyl triamine pentaacetic acid salt (DTPA)-extractable Fe, however, decreased at higher levels of CaCO3 and soil moisture. Conversely, the concentration of bicarbonate ions increased at higher levels of CaCO3 and soil water. The pod yield of groundnut, which was highest under M2C2, decreased at higher levels of CaCO3. This decrease in groundnut yield at higher levels of CaCO3 was attributed to deficiency of available Fe, DTPA-Fe, as caused by the increased concentration of bicarbonate ions.

This capstone project introduces an Intelligent Irri-gation System leveraging IoT technology to enhance agriculture. Using the ESP32 microcontroller and various sensors for soil moisture, water levels, and environmental conditions, the system automates irrigation based on real-time data. It communicates through the Blynk platform, allowing remote monitoring via a mobile app. The project includes a smart algorithm for crop selection and irrigation control, displayed on an LCD and acces- sible through the Blynk app. By considering soil moisture and water availability, the system adapts to different crops like rice, wheat, potato, and corn. The project promotes sustainability by optimizing water usage and encourages efficient crop growth. The integration of a manual crop count for field feedback enhances decision-making. Overall, this system presents a user-friendly and innovative solution for precision agriculture, showcasing the transformative potential of IoT, data analytics, and machine learning in modernizing farming practices.

The effect of soil moisture and pH levels on the vegetative growth of amaranth were studied in the greenhouse during 1990-91. Three soil pH levels: 4.5, 5.3, and 6.4 and four soil water levels: 3, 6, 12 and 18% (w/w) comprised the treatments of the two studies. The plants grown in pH 6.4 were significantly taller and had greater leaf area than plants grown in pH 5.3 or 4.7 soil. There was a significant decrease in all above ground plant parts with each increase in soil acidity. The top fresh weight of plants grown in 5.6 and 4.7 pH soil were 27% and 73% lower, respectively, than plant grown in 6.4 pH soil. Plant grown in 3% soil water had significantly lower leaf, stem and root fresh weights than other soil water levels. There was no significant difference in the performance of plants grown in 6, 12 or 18% soil water, suggesting that amaranth plant is adapted to a wide range of soil moisture conditions.

Forest plays very important roles in global system with about 35% land area producing about 70% of total land net production. It is important to consider both elevated CO(2) concentrations and different soil moisture when the possible effects of elevated CO(2) concentration on trees are assessed. In this study, we grew Cinnamomum camphora seedlings under two CO(2) concentrations (350 micromol/mol and 500 micromol/mol) and three soil moisture levels [80%, 60% and 40% FWC (field water capacity)] to focus on the effects of exposure of trees to elevated CO(2) on underground and aboveground plant growth, and its dependence on soil moisture. The results indicated that high CO(2) concentration has no significant effects on shoot height but significantly impacts shoot weight and ratio of shoot weight to height under three soil moisture levels. The response of root growth to CO(2) enrichment is just reversed, there are obvious effects on root length growth, but no effects on root weight growth and ratio of root weight to length. The CO(2) enrichment decreased 20.42%, 32.78%, 20.59% of weight ratio of root to shoot under 40%, 60% and 80% FWC soil water conditions, respectively. And elevated CO(2) concentration significantly increased the water content in aboveground and underground parts. Then we concluded that high CO(2) concentration favours more tree aboveground biomass growth than underground biomass growth under favorable soil water conditions. And CO(2) enrichment enhanced lateral growth of shoot and vertical growth of root. The responses of plants to elevated CO(2) depend on soil water availability, and plants may benefit more from CO(2) enrichment with sufficient water supply.

Intelligent irrigation system consist of a wireless sensor network that monitors the weather and soil conditions. Wireless sensor network is used for the monitoring purpose. The monitored data is analyzed using the micro-controller and the controlling action is taken, also the data is provided to the farmers through the Android Application on their mobile. Agriculture sector being the base of Indian financial prudence it should be protected and maintained. Security not only for resources, agricultural products do need security and protection at very initial stage. The binding of conventional approach with modern technologies such as Wireless Sensor Networks results into agricultural modernization. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based device which has ability of analyzing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the user. This device can be handled and monitored from distant areas and it can be used in agricultural fields i.e. crop, soil, water level, water pressure, motor related operation purpose. This paper is oriented to accentuate the methods to solve such problems like identification of crop, which is suitable for which soil, level of water in soil, pressure of water, pH of soil. The main aspire of these project is to degrade water consumption & obtain greater yield.

Visual impairment significantly hinders daily activities, necessitating innovative solutions. This study develops and tests a smart walking stick using NodeMCU ESP-8266, HCSR-04 ultrasonic sensor, DFPlayer, and GPS, monitored via the Blynk app. Employing a research and development approach, the device demonstrated 100% accuracy in obstacle detection and location tracking, providing real-time feedback through audio notifications and smartphone monitoring. This smart walking stick enhances mobility and safety for visually impaired users, representing a significant advancement in assistive technology. Highlights: Accurate Obstacle Detection: 100% accuracy with HCSR-04 ultrasonic sensor. Real-time Monitoring: GPS tracking via Blynk app. Enhanced Mobility: Increases safety and independence for visually impaired users. Keywords: Visual impairment, Smart walking stick, Ultrasonic sensor, GPS tracking, IoT

We focus on developing an Automatic Plant Watering System using Arduino and ESP32 to enhance plant care through automated irrigation and predictive health analysis. The system integrates a soil moisture sensor to monitor moisture levels continuously and activate a water pump when the soil moisture drops below a specified threshold, ensuring optimal watering. In addition to automated irrigation, the system assesses plant health by analyzing environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture levels. These data are collected in real-time, stored in the cloud, and processed to predict the plant's health status. The real-time data and health predictions are displayed on the Blynk app or website, providing users with a convenient way to monitor their plants remotely. By leveraging IoT technologies, cloud storage, and predictive analytics, this system aims to minimize human intervention, improve plant health management, and offer a sustainable solution for plant care.

The agriculture sector is one of the largest consumers of fresh water. Different types of irrigation systems are available, including center pivot, drip and sprinkler systems, and linear motion systems. However, the complex structure of existing irrigation systems and their high maintenance costs encourage Indian farmers to continue using these methods. Due to its ease of use and low energy consumption, surface irrigation is one of the most popular irrigation techniques. Although the main reasons for poor irrigation application efficiency are uneven irrigation water distribution and deep absorption, using a variety of technologies, countries are trying to increase the sustainability of agriculture. Automated irrigation systems contribute significantly to water conservation. The combination of automation and Internet of Things (IoT) improves agricultural practices. These technologies help farmers understand their crops, minimize their impact on the environment, and preserve resources. They also enable efficient monitoring of the weather, water resources, and soil. This research proposes an intelligent, low-cost field irrigation system. The proposed prototype can measure soil moisture, rain status, wind speed, water level, temperature, and humidity using a hardware sensor and unit. To decide whether to turn on or off the motor, a variety of sensors are used to get a range of readings and conclusions. They enable automatic watering when soil moisture levels are below a certain threshold, and if soil moisture is equal to the required moisture, then the irrigation process stops. Every few minutes, the sensors measure the environmental factors. Data are collected and stored on a ThingSpeak cloud server for analysis. To evaluate the data we collected, we used a variety of models, such as K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes, random forest, and logistic regression. Compared to other Naïve Bayes and random forest models, the accuracy rate was 98.8%, the mean square error was 0.16, and the results of logistic regression, KNN, and SVM were in order: (98.3%/1.66), (99.3%/0.66), and (99.5%/0.5), respectively. In the end, an automated irrigation system run on IoT applications gives farmers access to remote monitoring and control, as well as information about the specifics of the irrigation field.

There are a wide variety of new microprocessors that are easy to program and configure to perform complex tasks, and with the right features, sensors, and additional mechanisms, we can prepare them to monitor and take care of the crops with automated processes. Soil moisture, air temperature, humidity, CO2, and water level are some of the most basic parameters to monitor with sensors, but any type of sensor can be added if the signal is adapted so that the microprocessor can read it. The data read from the sensors allow us to control and automate processes using relays connected to a variety of external components like illumination, refrigeration, and irrigation systems. We present a solution to the environmental monitoring hydroponic system based on IoT. The developed device is a low powered, and the data obtained is transmitted via Zigbee to a central system where we can configure and control all the devices paired, so it is relatively easy to implement and escalate.

The traditional system of agricultural production meets the needs less and less, forcing us to look for new ways and solutions. The Urban Farming movement is gaining more and more popularity around the world in its various manifestations and scales. From the device of farms for growing agricultural crops in urban conditions to small plants for growing flowers and herbs at home or in the office. In both cases, an important advantage is the automation and robotization of the process of growing plants, reducing the complexity of maintenance and minimal human participation. The article discusses the innovative directions of the development of city farming. The development of an installation for growing agricultural crops at home with a control system that provides automatic maintenance of optimal microclimate parameters on the Arduino platform is presented. The control system provides measurement of illumination, temperature and humidity of the air, as well as measures soil moisture and water level in the tank using sensors. A mathematical model is given for optimizing the parameters of the microclimate based on the physical processes of body and mass transfer. Expressions are given for determining the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content in the installation. The conducted studies have shown the efficiency and effectiveness of the experimental installation. The use of robotic mini-greenhouses and installations for growing agricultural crops at home allows you to get fresh vegetables, berries and herbs all year round in an apartment or office, automating and reducing the complexity of the growing process.

Through proper design and management of a tree-based intercropping system, ‘competitive’ interactions can be reduced and ‘complementary’ interactions promoted so that tree and crop components maximize sharing of resource pools. In this experiment, main and interaction effects of three levels of soil moisture (15 KPa, 15–50 KPa and 15–300 KPa) and three levels of soil N (35, 70 and 140 kg N ha−1), on growth, development and yield of intercropped poplar (Populus spp.) clone DN 177 and barley (Hordeum vulgare, var. OAC Kippen), were investigated in a potted greenhouse experiment. Barley growth and development and grain yield were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the levels of soil moisture and N tested but, growth and development of poplar was not. Moisture and N levels contributed their maximum effect to final grain yield when the other was presented in adequate quantities. However, the treatment combination of highest levels of moisture and N did not significantly affect the grain yield when compared to the combination of medium levels of moisture and N. It appears therefore that an increase in the level of moisture and N beyond an optimum level is not likely to significantly affect final grain yield or above ground biomass. There was no difference in the final grain yield or other parameters between the monocropped and intercropped barley, suggesting that poplar did not compete for moisture or N with barley. The total aboveground biomass produced per pot in the intercropped system was 14% higher than in the monocropped system. As there was no difference in the final grain yield, the tree intercropped treatment has an advantage over monocropped systems in terms of resource utilization.

The relationship between sugarcane genotype and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) remains poorly understood, especially regarding different soil moisture levels. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of soil moisture on the AMF community structure, spore abundance and colonization ratio in a plantation with eight sugarcane genotypes (CTC15, CTC17, RB867515, RB92579, RB931011, RB966928, IAC5000 and NCo376). The study was carried out in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo and Brazil in an experimental plot setup in a randomized block design, with three replicates (blocks). We collected soil and root samples in a greenhouse experiment under two water replenishment levels: 100 and 50% of soil moisture at field capacity (θFC). We extracted spores and assessed the AMF root colonization ratio by using specific dyes and determining the percentage of root length colonized in the different sugarcane genotypes. In addition, we evaluated the AMF community structure by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In general, the spore abundance and root colonization ratio were higher in all varieties at 100% θFC. However, the IAC5000 and RB966928 genotypes showed higher colonization levels even at 50% θFC. The AMF community structure was also influenced by soil water levels with group separations across 100 and 50% θFC. Sugarcane productivity as measured by stalk plus root dry mass was positively correlated with AMF colonization rates in 100% θFC. Thus, the water replenishment levels used in sugarcane cultivation can influence spore abundance, colonization ratios and AMF community structure in the soil. The selection of a sugarcane genotype with greater AMF association under low water replenishment levels may be a primary factor in growing sugarcane in areas with low water availability.

The monitoring system for temperature, humidity and air pressure in the electron accelerator’s room has been designed. This research is based on operational environmental monitoring procedures in the accelerator room that must be carried out before the accelerator operates. We offer a simple and adaptable monitoring solution for the electron accelerator room. Parameter data can be monitored using a smart device. Operators do not need to go into the accelerator room to carry out environmental monitoring. The proposed system uses Arduino technology and the Internet of Things (IoT). Data acquisition programming was performed using Arduino IDE and ESP8266 NodeMCU as microcontrollers. The microcontroller then transmits temperature, humidity, and pressure data parameters to the cloud server, where they are then displayed on the smart device via the Blynk app. The results show that the system that has been designed is able to read and store parameter readings on the sensors used and the system has been able to make decisions in the form of notifications about whether the Electron Beam Machine is ready or not to be operated.

Design of solar powered smart water pump for moisture controller in agriculture sector

The design of an automatic watering tool for telegram-based red ginger plants has been realized using nodemcu esp8266. This study aims to create an automatic plant watering system using the YL-69 sensor and monitor the water supply in the reservoir using an ultrasonic sensor that can be monitored using Telegram application. This tool is assembled with various components such as nodemcu ESP8266 as a microcontroller, YL-69 sensor to detect soil moisture, ultrasonic sensor functions as a water level detector, water pump, and 16×2 LCD. The system works when the sensor reads soil moisture in red ginger plants&gt; 60% then the pump turns off and if &lt;60% then the pump turns on. Based on the results of the study, the tool can run well as indicated by the average accuracy of the YL-69 sensor of 98.61% and the water pump can turn on and off according to soil moisture conditions. In addition, the Telegram application can control and monitor watering either manually with the command /Humidity to check soil moisture, /Distance to monitor the water level in the reservoir, /PumpON to turn on the pump, /PumpOFF to turn off the pump or automatically